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Improved bleached eucalyptus kraft pulp-based tissue papers incorporating wet-strength resins 含湿强树脂的改进漂白桉木硫酸盐纸浆基薄纸
IF 2.4 3区 农林科学 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-08-03 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2023-0007
Marina Matos, Ana M. M. S. Carta, P. Pinto, D. Evtuguin
Abstract Common tissue paper manufacturing trends aim at partial or total replacement of softwood pulp with hardwood pulp for its production, such as bleached eucalyptus kraft pulp (BEKP), in order to optimize the process and the final product properties such as softness. However, the use of a single type of hardwood fiber results in lower strengths of both wet and dry webs. To maintain necessary strength and desired properties, the incorporation of several additives is often required. In this context, low molecular weight polyethylene glycol (PEG) and different wet strength resins, such as polyamideamine-epichlorohydrin (PAE) and glyoxalated polyacrylamide (GPAM) resins, were combined to achieve an innovated product with improved properties. In particular, wet and dry tensile strength was significantly improved when combining PEG and wet strength resins, especially observed in tissue papers prepared with PAE resin, high-charge cationic agent and bulk applied aqueous PEG solution. Noteworthy that water absorption capacity and softness of tissue paper were not critically affected by PEG incorporation, regardless of application method used (in bulk or by spray).
常见的生活用纸生产趋势是用硬木纸浆部分或全部替代软木纸浆,如漂白桉树硫酸盐纸浆(BEKP),以优化工艺和最终产品的性能,如柔软性。然而,使用单一类型的硬木纤维会导致湿网和干网的强度降低。为了保持必要的强度和所需的性能,通常需要加入几种添加剂。在这种情况下,低分子量聚乙二醇(PEG)和不同的湿强度树脂,如聚酰胺-环氧氯丙烷(PAE)和乙草酸化聚丙烯酰胺(GPAM)树脂结合在一起,获得了性能更好的创新产品。特别是,当PEG与湿强树脂组合时,湿、干拉伸强度显著提高,特别是在PAE树脂、高电荷阳离子剂和大量应用PEG水溶液制备的生活用纸中。值得注意的是,无论使用何种应用方法(散装或喷雾),PEG掺入对纸巾的吸水能力和柔软度都没有严重影响。
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引用次数: 0
Frontmatter 头版头条
3区 农林科学 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2023-frontmatter8
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引用次数: 0
Site quality impacts tree form, heartwood content and veneer production of plantation-grown Pinus patula 立地质量影响人工林带松的树形、心材含量和单板产量
IF 2.4 3区 农林科学 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-07-27 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2023-0031
J. van der Merwe, Sechaba Madiope, Olwethu Spogter, Hilton Kuisis, J. Potgieter, Oscar Tait, Charles D. Clarke, S. Mansfield
Abstract Plantation forest species were introduced into South Africa due to limited availability of native forests for wood-derived products. Currently, the Mexican pine species, Pinus patula, is the most widely planted softwood species in the country. To study the effect of growth environment on wood and processing properties for the species, sample plots were established in a 20-year rotation covering a wide range of soil geologies and altitudes in Mpumalanga, South Africa. Temperature and seasonal rainfall were also determined for the sample plots. Randomly selected sample trees were harvested from the plots and processed at a plywood plant to determine veneer recovery and quality. Trees grown on sites composed of granite soils, with higher annual maximum temperatures and less rainfall, found in the Highveld region, displayed superior tree size, slenderness, and volume growth, compared to trees grown on dolomite and shale soils common to the Lowveld region. Veneer derived from Lowveld trees had more splits which were largely related to defects. Larger trees also had a greater percentage volumetric heartwood and a smaller live crown, compared to smaller trees. Highveld trees had greater net veneer recovery and produced better quality veneer than trees grown on the Lowveld. In the Mpumalanga forestry region, strong co-relatedness exists between soil geology, altitude, and climate. Although tree form and wood properties were found to differ with varying soil geology and altitude, these differences were primarily related to climate rather than soil properties. These findings highlight the pitfalls associated with neglecting either climate or soil properties when analysing site-specific growing conditions on tree growth and form.
由于南非原生林的木材衍生产品有限,人工林物种被引入南非。目前,墨西哥松是该国种植最广泛的针叶树种。为了研究生长环境对该树种木材和加工特性的影响,在南非Mpumalanga建立了覆盖广泛土壤地质和海拔的样地,每20年轮作一次。还测定了样地的温度和季节降雨量。从地块中随机选择样本树,并在胶合板工厂进行处理,以确定单板的恢复和质量。与生长在低草原地区常见的白云岩和页岩土壤上的树木相比,生长在花岗岩土壤上的树木,年最高温度更高,降雨量更少,在高草原地区发现的树木,表现出更好的树木大小,细细度和体积生长。来自Lowveld树木的贴面有更多的裂缝,这在很大程度上与缺陷有关。与较小的树木相比,较大的树木也有较大的体积心材百分比和较小的活树冠。高原树木比低地树木有更大的净贴面恢复和更好的贴面质量。在普马兰加森林地区,土壤地质、海拔和气候之间存在很强的相关关系。虽然发现树木形态和木材性质随土壤地质和海拔的不同而不同,但这些差异主要与气候有关,而不是与土壤性质有关。这些发现强调了在分析特定地点的生长条件对树木生长和形态的影响时忽视气候或土壤特性所带来的缺陷。
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引用次数: 0
Comparative investigation of chemical and structural properties of charred fir wood samples by Raman and FTIR spectroscopy as well as X-ray-micro-CT technology 利用拉曼光谱和傅里叶红外光谱以及x射线显微ct技术对炭化杉木样品的化学和结构特性进行了对比研究
IF 2.4 3区 农林科学 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-07-24 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2023-0024
D. Ebner, M. Tortora, D. Bedolla, G. Saccomano, L. Vaccari, M. Barbu, J. Grzybek, T. Schnabel
Abstract Wood surface charring is a treatment method commonly employed to enhance weather protection and aesthetic appearance of building exteriors. This study aims to investigate the differences between two wood surface charring processes: the traditional Japanese method known as Yakisugi and an alternative charring technique industrially manufactured with a gas burner. The objective of the study was to assess whether a thicker layer after Yakisugi treatment has any advantages over a thinner layer after the alternative process. Vibrational spectroscopy techniques including UV resonance Raman (UVRR) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, were utilized in conjunction with X-ray-micro-CT analysis. The findings revealed that ATR-FTIR spectroscopy detected the degradation of carbohydrates and changes in lignin within the charred surface, although both processes exhibited similar vibrational contributions. In contrast, UVRR spectroscopy provided insights into the carbonized layers, revealing spectral differences indicating variations in temperature during the charring processes. X-ray micro-CT analysis visually highlighted significant differences in the coal layers, suggesting distinct combustion profiles. Remarkably, the macrostructure of wood treated with Yakisugi remained intact despite a thicker charred layer compared to the alternative charring techniques. However, further investigations are required to assess the weather stability of the alternative charring method for a comprehensive understanding.
摘要木材表面炭化是提高建筑外观耐候性和美观性的常用处理方法。本研究旨在研究两种木材表面炭化工艺之间的差异:日本传统的Yakisugi方法和工业上使用燃气燃烧器制造的替代炭化技术。该研究的目的是评估Yakisugi处理后的较厚层是否比替代工艺后的较薄层有任何优势。振动光谱技术,包括紫外共振拉曼(UVRR)和傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱,与X射线微CT分析结合使用。研究结果表明,ATR-FTIR光谱检测到烧焦表面内碳水化合物的降解和木质素的变化,尽管这两个过程都表现出相似的振动贡献。相比之下,UVRR光谱提供了对碳化层的深入了解,揭示了表明碳化过程中温度变化的光谱差异。X射线显微CT分析直观地突出了煤层的显著差异,表明了不同的燃烧剖面。值得注意的是,与其他炭化技术相比,尽管烧焦层更厚,但用烧木处理的木材的宏观结构仍然完好无损。然而,为了全面了解替代炭化方法的天气稳定性,还需要进行进一步的调查。
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引用次数: 0
Swelling behavior of thermally modified timber from a cellular and chemical perspective 从细胞和化学角度看热改性木材的膨胀行为
IF 2.4 3区 农林科学 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-07-17 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2023-0033
Yufa Gao, Yongdong Zhou, Zongying Fu, J. Van den Bulcke, J. Van Acker
Abstract Thermally modified timber (TMT) reduces hygroscopicity, increases dimensional stability, and decay resistance. Although there is a substantial amount of research on heat-treated wood, investigations on the sensitivity of cell wall swelling behavior to water variation are limited. Therefore, this study focused on the swelling behavior of TMT from cellular and chemical perspectives. The effects of heat treatment on the hygroscopicity and swelling behavior of the wood cell walls were studied using dynamic vapor sorption and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Changes in the chemical composition and cellulose crystallinity were studied using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and X-ray diffraction. The results revealed that the hygroscopic swelling of latewood significantly decreased with increasing treatment temperature, reducing the anisotropy of the wood cell swelling. The hygroscopicity of wood was reduced by heat treatment, and a clear decrease in hysteresis was observed at elevated treatment temperatures. The FTIR spectra indicated that both hemicellulose and lignin were degraded. The crystallinity and lateral size of the cellulose increased after heat treatment. Similar changes in the chemical composition and crystallinity of cellulose were observed in the latewood and earlywood.
热改性木材(TMT)降低吸湿性,增加尺寸稳定性和抗腐性。虽然有大量的研究对热处理木材,研究的敏感性的细胞壁膨胀行为对水的变化是有限的。因此,本研究主要从细胞和化学角度研究TMT的溶胀行为。采用动态蒸汽吸附和激光共聚焦扫描显微镜研究了热处理对木材细胞壁吸湿性和溶胀性的影响。利用衰减全反射傅里叶变换红外光谱(ATR-FTIR)和x射线衍射研究了纤维素化学成分和结晶度的变化。结果表明:随着处理温度的升高,红木的吸湿性溶胀显著降低,降低了木材细胞溶胀的各向异性;热处理降低了木材的吸湿性,并且在升高的处理温度下观察到迟滞明显减少。红外光谱分析表明,半纤维素和木质素均被降解。热处理后纤维素的结晶度和横向尺寸增大。在晚木和早木中,纤维素的化学成分和结晶度也发生了类似的变化。
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引用次数: 0
Antifungal properties of lauric arginate (LAE) treated wood 月桂酸酯(LAE)处理木材的抗真菌性能
IF 2.4 3区 农林科学 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-07-10 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2023-0013
Courage Alorbu, Joshua Carey, A. McDonald, Li-Juan Cai
Abstract This study investigated the efficacy of lauric arginate (LAE) as a potential preservative against wood deteriorating fungi. First, the antifungal properties of LAE against two brown rot fungi, Gloeophyllum trabeum (G.t.) and Rhodonia placenta (R.p.), and two white rot fungi, Trametes versicolor (T.v.) and Irpex lacteus (I.l.) were examined using malt-agar media as substrate. Then the biological resistance of LAE-treated wood specimens (10, 20, and 25 % LAE solutions) was tested following American Wood Protection Association (AWPA) E10 soil-block test procedures. The in vitro study showed LAE actively inhibited the growth of all the fungi tested compared to growth in control plates but there were no considerable changes observed in the morphology of fungi hyphae. Wood impregnated with LAE showed increased weight percent gain as a function of treatment concentration. Characterization of LAE-treated wood on a thermogravimetric analyzer showed LAE shifted the thermal degradation temperatures to lower stages but did not significantly improve the thermal stability of the treated specimen. LAE in wood significantly suppressed fungus growth, leading to decreased mass loss but it also leached out from wood specimens during fungi exposure.
摘要本研究探讨了月桂精氨酸(LAE)作为木材变质真菌的潜在防腐剂的防腐效果。首先,以麦芽-琼脂培养基为底物,研究了LAE对两种褐腐真菌Gloeophyllum trabeum (g.t.)和Rhodonia胎盘(r.p.)以及两种白腐真菌Trametes versicolor (t.v.)和Irpex lacteus (i.l.)的抑菌性能。然后按照美国木材保护协会(AWPA) E10土块试验程序测试LAE处理的木材样品(10、20和25 % LAE溶液)的生物抗性。体外研究表明,与对照板相比,LAE对所有真菌的生长都有抑制作用,但真菌菌丝形态没有明显变化。LAE浸渍木材的增重率随处理浓度的增加而增加。用热重分析仪对LAE处理过的木材进行表征,结果表明LAE将热降解温度转移到较低的阶段,但并没有显著改善处理过的木材的热稳定性。木材中的LAE显著抑制真菌生长,导致质量损失减少,但在真菌暴露过程中也会从木材样品中浸出。
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引用次数: 0
Natural durability and fungal diversity of five wood species in a field-test site in Jeongseon, Korea 韩国旌善地区5种木材的自然耐久性和真菌多样性
IF 2.4 3区 农林科学 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-07-10 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2023-0034
Sae-Min Yoon, Min-ji Kim, W. Hwang, Hyun-Mi Lee, Yonggun Park, Dong-Won Son, Yeong-Suk Kim, Yong-Seok Choi
Abstract Climate change from global warming raises the risk of wood decay. Knowing the inherent durability period of wood is crucial for long-term use. Hence, the natural durability of five important Korean wood species (Larix kaempferi, Pinus densiflora, Quercus rubra, Quercus variabilis, and Quercus serrata) was evaluated. In addition, the fungal diversity isolated from each wood stake was investigated to compare and analyze the differences in natural durability. The natural durability of the five wood species was determined to be highest in Larix kaempferi and Quercus serrata, followed by Quercus variabilis, Quercus rubra, and Pinus densiflora. Overall, 306 fungal isolates were collected, including 16 species of Ascomycota, 22 species of Basidiomycota, 15 species of Zygomycota, and eight unidentified species, which dominate different positions of the wood stake. Less Basidiomycota diversity was observed in the two wood species with high durability. In addition, the isolation of not only Basidiomycota but also Ascomycota and Zygomycota could affect wood deterioration and explain the association with wood durability. These findings are expected to be useful in improving the durability of useful wood in Korea in an era of climate change, where the risk of wood decay is increasing.
摘要全球变暖引起的气候变化增加了木材腐烂的风险。了解木材固有的耐用性对于长期使用至关重要。因此,对五种重要的韩国木材(山奈落叶松、赤松、红栎、栓皮栎和锯齿栎)的自然耐久性进行了评估。此外,还对从每个木桩中分离出的真菌多样性进行了调查,以比较和分析天然耐久性的差异。五种木材的自然耐久性最高的是山奈落叶松和锯齿栎,其次是栓皮栎、红栎和赤松。总共收集了306个真菌分离株,包括16种子囊菌门、22种担子菌门、15种接合菌门和8个未鉴定的物种,它们在木桩的不同位置占主导地位。在具有高耐久性的两种木材中观察到较少的担子菌门多样性。此外,不仅担子菌门的分离,而且子囊菌门和结霉菌门的分离都可能影响木材的劣化,并解释其与木材耐久性的关系。在气候变化时代,木材腐烂的风险正在增加,这些发现有望有助于提高韩国有用木材的耐用性。
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引用次数: 0
Kraft cooking of birch wood chips: differences between the dissolved organic material in pore and bulk liquor 桦木木屑的硫酸盐蒸煮:孔隙与散装液中溶解有机物的差异
IF 2.4 3区 农林科学 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-07-07 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2023-0018
Linus Kron, Carolina Marion de Godoy, Merima Hasani, H. Theliander
Abstract The delignification of birch chips during kraft pulping was investigated, targeting both the impregnation and cooking steps. Wood chips were impregnated using white liquor, white liquor + NaCl, water or NaCl aqueous solution. Then, the chips were cooked in batch autoclaves applying the same constant composition cooking conditions for all samples. Pulp and two fractions of black liquor (bulk liquor and centrifuged liquor representing the liquor inside the wood chips and fibers) were collected after different pulping times and analyzed for lignin and carbohydrate content. The dissolved wood components were precipitated from selected samples and characterized with respect to composition, molecular weight distribution and structural motifs. Cooking chemicals in the impregnation liquors led to faster delignification and xylan removal during cooking. Higher contents of lignin and xylan were measured in the lumen than in the bulk. The concentration profiles also showed accumulation of dissolved material in the lumen over time, suggesting significant mass transport limitation from lumen to bulk. Further analysis revealed higher fragmentation/degradation of dissolved material with increasing pulping time and in the bulk when compared to the lumen liquor, as demonstrated by the lower molecular weights and the changes in chemical shifts in the NMR spectra.
摘要研究了桦木木质素在硫酸盐制浆过程中的脱木质素作用,主要包括浸渍和蒸煮两个步骤。用白液、白液+ NaCl、水或NaCl水溶液浸渍木屑。然后,所有样品在相同的恒定成分烹饪条件下,在批量高压灭菌器中烹饪芯片。在不同的制浆次数后,收集纸浆和两份黑液(散装液和代表木屑和纤维内部的离心液),分析木质素和碳水化合物的含量。从选定的样品中沉淀出溶解的木材成分,并对其组成、分子量分布和结构基序进行表征。浸渍液中的烹饪化学物质导致在烹饪过程中更快地脱木质素和去除木聚糖。管腔中木质素和木聚糖的含量高于体中。浓度曲线还显示溶解物质随时间在管腔内积累,表明从管腔到体的质量运输有明显限制。进一步的分析表明,与管腔液相比,随着制浆时间和体积的增加,溶解物质的破碎/降解程度更高,这可以通过核磁共振光谱中较低的分子量和化学位移的变化来证明。
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引用次数: 0
Clarifying the decay process by Inonotus obliquus in Japanese white birch naturally grown in Nikko, Japan 阐明日本日光白桦树中斜孔菌的腐烂过程
IF 2.4 3区 农林科学 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-07-06 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2022-0152
I. Nezu, Nuerdong Nueraihaimaiti, Dwi Sukma Rini, F. Ishiguri, Takumi Sato, Keisuke Mitsukuni, Tomohiro Suzuki, N. Habu, J. Ohshima, S. Yokota
Abstract Decay process of wood of Japanese white birch [Betula platyphylla Sukaczev var. japonica (Miq.) H. Hara] tree by Inonotus obliquus (Fr.) Pilát was clarified by using the regression model in wood color and chemical components as a function of height position (1, 2, 3, and 4 m above the ground), wood type (sound wood and decayed wood), and their interactions, and anatomical observations. The 3 m height position, at which a sclerotium of I. obliquus was found, showed the highest decayed area percentage among four height positions. By the results of two-way analysis of variance, wood type affected all color indice. In addition, all factors (height position, wood type, and their interaction) were significant in all wood chemical components except for Klason lignin and hemicellulose. In the wood of the reaction zone, some substances were formed in the lumens of many vessels and a few wood fibers. Based on the results, we proposed the decay process of I. obliquus in naturally grown Japanese white birch, and the proposed process will contribute to a full understanding of the interactions between I. obliquus and Japanese white birch in the future.
摘要利用木材颜色和化学成分与高度位置(1、2、3和4 m)、木材类型(完好木材和腐朽木材)及其相互作用和解剖观察。3 在四个高度位置中,m高度位置发现了一个斜方菌菌核,其腐朽面积百分比最高。双向方差分析结果表明,木材类型对所有颜色指标均有影响。此外,除Klason木质素和半纤维素外,所有因素(高度位置、木材类型及其相互作用)在所有木材化学成分中都是显著的。在反应区的木材中,许多容器和少量木材纤维的内腔中形成了一些物质。在此基础上,我们提出了自然生长的日本白桦树中弯孢的腐烂过程,该过程将有助于在未来充分了解弯孢与日本白桦木之间的相互作用。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of alkali charge on the performance of Eucalyptus globulus kraft pulps for tissue applications 碱负荷对组织用蓝桉硫酸盐浆性能的影响
IF 2.4 3区 农林科学 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-07-03 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2023-0006
A. Henriques, D. Evtuguin
Abstract The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of active alkali charge, in kraft cooking of Eucalyptus globulus wood, on the properties of the laboratory-produced tissue paper. Eucalyptus wood chips were cooked under similar conditions at four different active alkali (AA) levels of 16, 19, 21, and 23 % and DEDED sequence was used for subsequent ECF bleaching. Pulps were analyzed for their intrinsic viscosity, chemical composition, and fiber morphology, while the corresponding papers (20 g/m2) were examined for their strength properties, absorptivity, and softness. It was demonstrated that changes in the AA upon cooking, not only affected the chemical composition of the obtained pulps and their intrinsic viscosity, but also the fiber’s shape (e.g., curl and kink). These changes caused variations in the properties of laboratory-produced tissue papers. Thus, the increase in AA led to paper with lower tensile strength, but with better softness. Even though the increase of AA in cooking led to bulkier papers, their absorptivity was not significantly enhanced. This was explained, at least in part, by the lower water retention of the pulps obtained from cooking with higher AA.
摘要本研究旨在评价蓝桉木材硫酸盐蒸煮过程中活性碱电荷对实验室生产的纸巾性能的影响。在相同条件下,桉木屑在16、19、21和23 %的活性碱(AA)水平下进行蒸煮,采用DEDED序列进行ECF漂白。对纸浆的特性粘度、化学成分和纤维形态进行了分析,同时对相应纸张(20 g/m2)的强度、吸收率和柔软度进行了检测。结果表明,蒸煮过程中氨基酸的变化不仅会影响纸浆的化学成分及其固有粘度,还会影响纤维的形状(如卷曲和扭结)。这些变化引起了实验室生产的薄纸性能的变化。因此,AA含量的增加导致纸张的抗拉强度降低,但柔软性较好。虽然蒸煮过程中AA含量的增加导致纸张体积增大,但其吸收率并没有显著提高。这至少在一定程度上可以解释为,用高AA蒸煮得到的纸浆的保水率较低。
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引用次数: 0
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Holzforschung
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