Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1590/S0104-59702023000100025
Guilherme Prado Roitberg
This article analyzes the ruptures from and continuations of eugenicist ideology in the work of Salvador de Toledo Piza Jr., a geneticist and professor at the Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz." Documentary research involving articles, correspondence, and notes from this former director of the Boletim de Eugenia investigates the reshaping of eugenics in the post-1945 context, a time when Piza Jr. began to publicize evolutionism. While Piza Jr. stopped publicly defending eugenics in latter half of the twentieth century, he maintained his racialized notions into the 1950s, corresponded with eugenicist groups in the 1960s, and supported a hierarchical interpretation of human evolution until the late 1980s.
本文分析了优生学思想在萨尔瓦多·德·托莱多·皮萨(Salvador de Toledo Piza Jr.)的工作中的断裂和延续,他是遗传学家,也是高等农业大学“路易斯·德·奎罗斯”的教授。文献研究包括文章、信件和这位前博莱蒂姆·德·尤金尼亚(Boletim de Eugenia)主任的笔记,调查了1945年后背景下优生学的重塑,当时小披萨开始宣传进化论。虽然小披萨在20世纪下半叶不再公开为优生学辩护,但他在20世纪50年代仍坚持他的种族化观念,在60年代与优生学团体保持联系,并在20世纪80年代末之前支持人类进化的等级解释。
{"title":"Between scientific dissemination and late-stage eugenics: ruptures and continuations in the intellectual trajectory of Salvador de Toledo Piza Jr., 1898-1988.","authors":"Guilherme Prado Roitberg","doi":"10.1590/S0104-59702023000100025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-59702023000100025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article analyzes the ruptures from and continuations of eugenicist ideology in the work of Salvador de Toledo Piza Jr., a geneticist and professor at the Escola Superior de Agricultura \"Luiz de Queiroz.\" Documentary research involving articles, correspondence, and notes from this former director of the Boletim de Eugenia investigates the reshaping of eugenics in the post-1945 context, a time when Piza Jr. began to publicize evolutionism. While Piza Jr. stopped publicly defending eugenics in latter half of the twentieth century, he maintained his racialized notions into the 1950s, corresponded with eugenicist groups in the 1960s, and supported a hierarchical interpretation of human evolution until the late 1980s.</p>","PeriodicalId":13134,"journal":{"name":"Historia, ciencias, saude--Manguinhos","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10395613/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10146713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1590/S0104-59702023000100031
Jorge Lossio
Between March 2020 and March 2022, more than 213,000 Peruvians died of covid-19. In this research note, we will identify and analyze the various social responses to covid-19 in Peru: denial, panic, search for culprits, search for "magic remedies," and, in some sectors, mistrust towards the State and science. We argue that these social responses have been common throughout history, both in pandemics prior to the development of the bacteriological era and in the most recent ones. We intend to show that, in Peru, scientific ideas around health and disease coexist with religious ideas, conspiracy theories and traditional knowledge.
{"title":"Panic, denial, and the search for \"magic remedies:\" the various social responses to covid-19 in Peru.","authors":"Jorge Lossio","doi":"10.1590/S0104-59702023000100031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-59702023000100031","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Between March 2020 and March 2022, more than 213,000 Peruvians died of covid-19. In this research note, we will identify and analyze the various social responses to covid-19 in Peru: denial, panic, search for culprits, search for \"magic remedies,\" and, in some sectors, mistrust towards the State and science. We argue that these social responses have been common throughout history, both in pandemics prior to the development of the bacteriological era and in the most recent ones. We intend to show that, in Peru, scientific ideas around health and disease coexist with religious ideas, conspiracy theories and traditional knowledge.</p>","PeriodicalId":13134,"journal":{"name":"Historia, ciencias, saude--Manguinhos","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10481588/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10223643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1590/s0104-59702023000100027en
Márcio Couto Henrique
Abstract This article analyzes an experiment to cure leprosy using the assacu plant (Hura crepitans L.) conducted in Santarém, Pará, in 1847, by an Indigenous man named Antonio Vieira dos Passos. The experiment was later repeated in other Brazilian provinces and abroad. This article establishes relationships between medical practices in other parts of the country while focusing on the dialog between official and Indigenous medicine. Newspaper articles and official documents of the time show that Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants was widely recognized and utilized by physicians wishing to incorporate it into the official therapeutic repertoire.
摘要:本文分析了1847年,一位名叫安东尼奥·维埃拉·多斯·帕索斯(Antonio Vieira dos Passos)的土著男子在帕尔圣塔姆进行的一项用assacu植物(Hura crepitans L.)治疗麻风病的实验。这个实验后来在巴西其他省份和国外重复进行。本文建立了该国其他地区医疗实践之间的关系,同时侧重于官方医学与土著医学之间的对话。当时的报纸文章和官方文件表明,土著药用植物知识得到了医生的广泛认可和利用,希望将其纳入官方治疗方案。
{"title":"From Passos the Indian to Doctor Chernoviz: experiments to cure leprosy in nineteenth-century Pará","authors":"Márcio Couto Henrique","doi":"10.1590/s0104-59702023000100027en","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/s0104-59702023000100027en","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article analyzes an experiment to cure leprosy using the assacu plant (Hura crepitans L.) conducted in Santarém, Pará, in 1847, by an Indigenous man named Antonio Vieira dos Passos. The experiment was later repeated in other Brazilian provinces and abroad. This article establishes relationships between medical practices in other parts of the country while focusing on the dialog between official and Indigenous medicine. Newspaper articles and official documents of the time show that Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants was widely recognized and utilized by physicians wishing to incorporate it into the official therapeutic repertoire.","PeriodicalId":13134,"journal":{"name":"Historia, ciencias, saude--Manguinhos","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135947763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1590/S0104-59702023000100032
Denise De Sordi
This article addresses the political choices made by the Brazilian government concerning conditional cash transfer programs during the covid-19 pandemic. The aim is to analyze how the covid-related Emergency Aid (Auxílio Emergencial), the extinction of the Bolsa Família Program, and the implementation of its replacement, Auxílio Brasil, interacted in the rearrangement and dismantling of Brazil's social protection network in a broader context of a generalized impoverishment of Brazilian workers. The article not only presents a record of these actions, but also offers an interpretative approach that, historically contextualized, can shed light on these actions, which ran parallel to the deepening entrenchment of neoliberal policies in the country.
{"title":"[Impoverishment, hunger, and pandemic: Emergency Aid, the end of the Bolsa Família Benefit, and its replacement, Auxílio Brasil, 2019-2022].","authors":"Denise De Sordi","doi":"10.1590/S0104-59702023000100032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-59702023000100032","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article addresses the political choices made by the Brazilian government concerning conditional cash transfer programs during the covid-19 pandemic. The aim is to analyze how the covid-related Emergency Aid (Auxílio Emergencial), the extinction of the Bolsa Família Program, and the implementation of its replacement, Auxílio Brasil, interacted in the rearrangement and dismantling of Brazil's social protection network in a broader context of a generalized impoverishment of Brazilian workers. The article not only presents a record of these actions, but also offers an interpretative approach that, historically contextualized, can shed light on these actions, which ran parallel to the deepening entrenchment of neoliberal policies in the country.</p>","PeriodicalId":13134,"journal":{"name":"Historia, ciencias, saude--Manguinhos","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10481633/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10539678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1590/S0104-59702023000100036
Eliane Cristina Deckmann Fleck, Antonio Dari Ramos
Abstract This text analyzes the way sick slaves were treated at the Office (ofício) of the Jesuit Province of Paraguay and Santa Catalina Farm (estancia) between 1711 and 1745. The sources consulted – Libro de cuentas del Ofício, Memoriales, and Cartas ânuas – reveal that the sickness of the enslaved people generated expenses, not only for medications, clothing, and food, but also for shrouds for their burial. As for the slaves from the Santa Catalina Farm, the sources indicate that depending on the infirmity, they were sometimes sent to Córdoba, where they were treated by laypersons trained in the healing arts, which incurred different expenses, also recorded in the ledgers.
本文分析了1711年至1745年间,巴拉圭耶稣会省办公室(ofício)和圣卡塔利娜农场(牧场)对患病奴隶的待遇。查阅的资料来源- Libro de cuentas del Ofício、Memoriales和Cartas nuas -显示,被奴役者的疾病不仅产生了药物、衣服和食物的费用,而且还产生了埋葬他们的裹尸布的费用。至于圣卡塔利娜农场的奴隶,消息来源表明,根据他们的身体状况,他们有时被送到Córdoba,在那里由受过治疗艺术训练的外行治疗,这产生了不同的费用,也记录在分类账中。
{"title":"[On \"the remedies and medications which were given to ailing negroes:\" health and death spending on slaves by the Office of the Jesuit Province of Paraguay, 1711-1745].","authors":"Eliane Cristina Deckmann Fleck, Antonio Dari Ramos","doi":"10.1590/S0104-59702023000100036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-59702023000100036","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This text analyzes the way sick slaves were treated at the Office (ofício) of the Jesuit Province of Paraguay and Santa Catalina Farm (estancia) between 1711 and 1745. The sources consulted – Libro de cuentas del Ofício, Memoriales, and Cartas ânuas – reveal that the sickness of the enslaved people generated expenses, not only for medications, clothing, and food, but also for shrouds for their burial. As for the slaves from the Santa Catalina Farm, the sources indicate that depending on the infirmity, they were sometimes sent to Córdoba, where they were treated by laypersons trained in the healing arts, which incurred different expenses, also recorded in the ledgers.","PeriodicalId":13134,"journal":{"name":"Historia, ciencias, saude--Manguinhos","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10425153/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10140635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1590/S0104-59702023000100029
Lina Faria, Rocío Elizabeth Chavez Alvarez, Luiz Antonio de Castro Santos
Inequality is a global, structural problem that is particularly marked in the world's poorest countries. The covid-19 pandemic exacerbated this historic problem in Latin America and the Caribbean and deepened uncertainties in relation to basic human needs. This study presents an overview of the subject on the basis of official reports from international agencies (PAHO, WHO, ECLAC) between 2019 and 2022 and discusses some paths for the training of health professionals in Brazil. It also investigates how health practices could be changed to ensure greater social protection for vulnerable populations, based on the proposals of Paulo Freire and Edgar Morin, which highlight current social and health problems.
{"title":"Socioeconomic inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean: the post-pandemic future for the training of health professionals.","authors":"Lina Faria, Rocío Elizabeth Chavez Alvarez, Luiz Antonio de Castro Santos","doi":"10.1590/S0104-59702023000100029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-59702023000100029","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Inequality is a global, structural problem that is particularly marked in the world's poorest countries. The covid-19 pandemic exacerbated this historic problem in Latin America and the Caribbean and deepened uncertainties in relation to basic human needs. This study presents an overview of the subject on the basis of official reports from international agencies (PAHO, WHO, ECLAC) between 2019 and 2022 and discusses some paths for the training of health professionals in Brazil. It also investigates how health practices could be changed to ensure greater social protection for vulnerable populations, based on the proposals of Paulo Freire and Edgar Morin, which highlight current social and health problems.</p>","PeriodicalId":13134,"journal":{"name":"Historia, ciencias, saude--Manguinhos","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10481621/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10223641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1590/S0104-59702022000500009
Ulrich Koch
This essay situates the history of "the relationship" as a therapeutic technology within the broader context of changing social relations in the twentieth-century United States. More specifically, it outlines the emergence and subsequent diffusion of practices that aim to cultivate a social bond between therapist and patient that may serve as a psychotherapeutic tool. The article highlights the transformations of this technology as its institutional and epistemic foundations became challenged. Initially conceived as an "artificial" social relation designed to help with "personal adjustment," the therapeutic relationship was soon also deployed by non-experts and became a model for more healthful social relations. More recently, it has been fashioned as collaborative and combined with a range of other methods.
{"title":"The \"therapeutic relationship:\" emergence, eclipse, and transformations of a social technology.","authors":"Ulrich Koch","doi":"10.1590/S0104-59702022000500009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-59702022000500009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This essay situates the history of \"the relationship\" as a therapeutic technology within the broader context of changing social relations in the twentieth-century United States. More specifically, it outlines the emergence and subsequent diffusion of practices that aim to cultivate a social bond between therapist and patient that may serve as a psychotherapeutic tool. The article highlights the transformations of this technology as its institutional and epistemic foundations became challenged. Initially conceived as an \"artificial\" social relation designed to help with \"personal adjustment,\" the therapeutic relationship was soon also deployed by non-experts and became a model for more healthful social relations. More recently, it has been fashioned as collaborative and combined with a range of other methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":13134,"journal":{"name":"Historia, ciencias, saude--Manguinhos","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9563243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1590/S0104-59702023000100024
Ramon Feliphe Souza
Resumo O artigo analisa a epidemia de gripe de 1918 em Diamantina, no interior de Minas Gerais. A partir de fontes bibliográficas e documentais, discute como o ramal ferroviário da Estrada de Ferro Vitória a Minas, inaugurado em 1914, contribuiu para a chegada da doença à cidade que, até então, era representada no discurso de suas elites como isolada e salubre. Aborda as imbricadas relações entre a expansão dos sistemas de transportes pelo interior do Brasil, o meio ambiente, o conhecimento científico e os processos saúde/doença.
这篇文章分析了1918年发生在巴西米纳斯吉拉斯州迪亚曼蒂纳镇的流感疫情。参考文献和文献资料被用来调查Vitória-Minas铁路(Estrada de Ferro Vitória a Minas)的影响,该铁路于1914年开通,对疾病在该镇的到来产生了影响,直到那时,在其精英的话语中,疾病一直被认为是不健康和孤立的。讨论了交通系统在巴西的传播、环境、科学知识和健康-疾病过程之间的相互关系。
{"title":"[The train and the \"Spanish señorita\":the flu epidemic in Diamantina, 1918].","authors":"Ramon Feliphe Souza","doi":"10.1590/S0104-59702023000100024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-59702023000100024","url":null,"abstract":"Resumo O artigo analisa a epidemia de gripe de 1918 em Diamantina, no interior de Minas Gerais. A partir de fontes bibliográficas e documentais, discute como o ramal ferroviário da Estrada de Ferro Vitória a Minas, inaugurado em 1914, contribuiu para a chegada da doença à cidade que, até então, era representada no discurso de suas elites como isolada e salubre. Aborda as imbricadas relações entre a expansão dos sistemas de transportes pelo interior do Brasil, o meio ambiente, o conhecimento científico e os processos saúde/doença.","PeriodicalId":13134,"journal":{"name":"Historia, ciencias, saude--Manguinhos","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10395612/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10146711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1590/s0104-59702023000100023en
Vinícius Maurício de Lima, Maria Gabriela Silva Martins da Cunha Marinho
Abstract This article describes the associations and controversies between indigenous and western uses of ayahuasca between 1850 and 1950 in relation to the “psychedelic renaissance.” This movement has gained scientific attention since 2000, but hearkens back to the 1960s and 1970s, when anti-drug policy halted research on the “therapeutic potential” of psychoactive substances. Pioneering studies on ayahuasca date back to the early twentieth century and mention reports of expeditions to Amazonia from 1850 onward. Here, these articles and reports are analyzed according to the historical aspect of actor-network theory and recent studies. We infer that history casts light on the current political debate about indigenous uses, classifications, and meanings, pharmaceutical interest in ayahuasca, and the debate on “drugs.”
{"title":"Reports by explorers and travelers and the first scientific studies on ayahuasca (dating from 1850 to 1950) within the current debate on the “psychedelic renaissance”","authors":"Vinícius Maurício de Lima, Maria Gabriela Silva Martins da Cunha Marinho","doi":"10.1590/s0104-59702023000100023en","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/s0104-59702023000100023en","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article describes the associations and controversies between indigenous and western uses of ayahuasca between 1850 and 1950 in relation to the “psychedelic renaissance.” This movement has gained scientific attention since 2000, but hearkens back to the 1960s and 1970s, when anti-drug policy halted research on the “therapeutic potential” of psychoactive substances. Pioneering studies on ayahuasca date back to the early twentieth century and mention reports of expeditions to Amazonia from 1850 onward. Here, these articles and reports are analyzed according to the historical aspect of actor-network theory and recent studies. We infer that history casts light on the current political debate about indigenous uses, classifications, and meanings, pharmaceutical interest in ayahuasca, and the debate on “drugs.”","PeriodicalId":13134,"journal":{"name":"Historia, ciencias, saude--Manguinhos","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86458948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}