Pub Date : 2026-01-12DOI: 10.1109/MSPEC.2026.11345547
Allison Marsh
In 1907, the Columbia Graphophone Co., an outgrowth of Alexander Graham Bell's Volta Laboratory Association, trademarked “Dictaphone” for its mechanical dictation machines. As a “dictator,” you would speak into the tube, and a needle would trace the sound wave on a wax cylinder. The cylinder would then be handed off to a secretary for transcription. Typists used playback machines with foot pedals to control the speed of the recording and to reverse and repeat as necessary. The Dictaphone competed with Thomas Edison's Ediphone, which used similar technology. But the Dictaphone won in a sense, in that “dictaphone” is used generically to describe all dictation machines.
1907年，亚历山大·格雷厄姆·贝尔（Alexander Graham Bell）的沃尔塔实验室协会（Volta Laboratory Association）旗下的哥伦比亚留声机公司（Columbia grapaphone Co.）为其机械听写机注册了“Dictaphone”商标。作为一个“独裁者”，你会对着管子说话，一根针会在蜡筒上追踪声波。然后将圆筒交给秘书誊写。打字员使用带有脚踏板的重放机器来控制录音的速度，并在必要时进行反转和重复。这款录音机与使用类似技术的托马斯·爱迪生的埃迪福电话竞争。但从某种意义上说，听写机获胜了，因为“听写机”通常用来描述所有的听写机。
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Pub Date : 2025-12-10DOI: 10.1109/MSPEC.2025.11297129
David Schneider
When you get an MRI scan, the machine exploits a phenomenon called nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Certain kinds of atomic nuclei—including those of the hydrogen atoms in a water molecule—can be made to oscillate in a magnetic field, and these oscillations can be detected with coils of wire. Medical MRI scanners employ intense magnetic fields that create resonance at tens to hundreds of megahertz. However, another NMR-based instrument involves oscillations at a much lower frequency: a proton-precession magnetometer, often used to measure Earth's magnetic field.
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Pub Date : 2025-12-10DOI: 10.1109/MSPEC.2025.11297112
Margo Anderson
For years, Gwen Shaffer has been leading Long Beach, Calif., residents on “data walks,” pointing out public Wi-Fi routers, security cameras, smart water meters, and parking kiosks. The goal, according to the professor of journalism and public relations at California State University, Long Beach, was to learn how residents felt about the ways in which their city collected data on them.
多年来，格温·谢弗（Gwen Shaffer）一直带领加州长滩的居民进行“数据漫步”，指出公共Wi-Fi路由器、安全摄像头、智能水表和停车亭。据这位长滩加州州立大学（California State University, Long Beach）新闻与公共关系教授说，这样做的目的是了解居民对城市收集他们数据的方式的感受。
{"title":"5 Questions: Gwen Shaffer: Citizens of Smart Cities Need a Way to Opt Out","authors":"Margo Anderson","doi":"10.1109/MSPEC.2025.11297112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MSPEC.2025.11297112","url":null,"abstract":"For years, Gwen Shaffer has been leading Long Beach, Calif., residents on “data walks,” pointing out public Wi-Fi routers, security cameras, smart water meters, and parking kiosks. The goal, according to the professor of journalism and public relations at California State University, Long Beach, was to learn how residents felt about the ways in which their city collected data on them.","PeriodicalId":13249,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Spectrum","volume":"62 12","pages":"21-21"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11297112","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145712565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-10DOI: 10.1109/MSPEC.2025.11297125
Matthew S. Smith
Today, most users interact with LLMs via an online, browser-based interface. The more technically inclined might use an application programming interface or command line interface. In either case, the queries are sent to a data center, where the model is hosted and run. It works well, until it doesn't; a data-center outage can take a model offline for hours. Plus, some users might be unwilling to send personal data to an anonymous entity.
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Pub Date : 2025-12-10DOI: 10.1109/MSPEC.2025.11297114
This past July, in a chilly stone hut high in the Italian Alps, six young lepidopterists sat around a big wooden table at the crack of dawn scrutinizing dozens of moths captured the night before. They were taking part in Project Psyche, an intensive effort to sequence a genome for every one of the 11,000 species of moths and butterflies in Europe. The project is developing best practices for capturing, identifying, transporting, and sequencing creatures, and it's part of a larger, wildly ambitious effort to sequence a representative of every named species on Earth.
{"title":"Inside the Ambitious Project to Sequence All of Europe's Lepidoptera","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/MSPEC.2025.11297114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MSPEC.2025.11297114","url":null,"abstract":"This past July, in a chilly stone hut high in the Italian Alps, six young lepidopterists sat around a big wooden table at the crack of dawn scrutinizing dozens of moths captured the night before. They were taking part in Project Psyche, an intensive effort to sequence a genome for every one of the 11,000 species of moths and butterflies in Europe. The project is developing best practices for capturing, identifying, transporting, and sequencing creatures, and it's part of a larger, wildly ambitious effort to sequence a representative of every named species on Earth.","PeriodicalId":13249,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Spectrum","volume":"62 12","pages":"2-2"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11297114","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145712575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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