Pub Date : 2024-07-09DOI: 10.1109/MSPEC.2024.10589685
Gwendolyn Rak
NEARLY EVERY DAY since she was a child, Alex Leow, a psychiatrist and computer scientist at the University Chicago, has played the piano. Some days she of Illinois plays well and other days her tempo lags and her fingers hit the wrong keys. Over the years, she noticed a pattern: How well she plays depends on her mood. A bad mood or lack of sleep almost always leads to sluggish, mistake-prone music.
{"title":"The Shrink in Your Pocket","authors":"Gwendolyn Rak","doi":"10.1109/MSPEC.2024.10589685","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MSPEC.2024.10589685","url":null,"abstract":"NEARLY EVERY DAY since she was a child, Alex Leow, a psychiatrist and computer scientist at the University Chicago, has played the piano. Some days she of Illinois plays well and other days her tempo lags and her fingers hit the wrong keys. Over the years, she noticed a pattern: How well she plays depends on her mood. A bad mood or lack of sleep almost always leads to sluggish, mistake-prone music.","PeriodicalId":13249,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Spectrum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141583592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-09DOI: 10.1109/MSPEC.2024.10589681
Emily Waltz;Luigi Avantaggiato
INSIDE a shipping container in an industrial area of Venice, the Italian startup 9-Tech is taking a crack at a looming global problem: how to responsibly recycle the 54 million to 160 million tonnes of solar modules that are expected to reach the end of their productive lives by 2050. Recovering the materials won't be easy. Solar panels are built to withstand any environment on Earth for 20 to 30 years, and even after sitting in the sun for three decades, the hardware is difficult to dismantle. In fact, most recycling facilities trash the silicon, silver, and copper—the most valuable but least accessible materials in old solar panels—and recover only the aluminum frames and glass panes.
{"title":"Spent But Not Trashed: An Italian Startup Recovers Valuable Materials from Old Solar Panels","authors":"Emily Waltz;Luigi Avantaggiato","doi":"10.1109/MSPEC.2024.10589681","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MSPEC.2024.10589681","url":null,"abstract":"INSIDE a shipping container in an industrial area of Venice, the Italian startup 9-Tech is taking a crack at a looming global problem: how to responsibly recycle the 54 million to 160 million tonnes of solar modules that are expected to reach the end of their productive lives by 2050. Recovering the materials won't be easy. Solar panels are built to withstand any environment on Earth for 20 to 30 years, and even after sitting in the sun for three decades, the hardware is difficult to dismantle. In fact, most recycling facilities trash the silicon, silver, and copper—the most valuable but least accessible materials in old solar panels—and recover only the aluminum frames and glass panes.","PeriodicalId":13249,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Spectrum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141583591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-09DOI: 10.1109/MSPEC.2024.10589680
Harry Goldstein
Fifty years ago, DRAM inventor and IEEE Medal of Honor recipient Robert Dennard created what essentially became the semiconductor industry's path to perpetually increasing transistor density and chip performance. That path became known as Dennard scaling, and it helped codify Gordon Moore's postulate about device dimensions shrinking by half every 18 to 24 months. For decades it compelled engineers to push the physical limits of semiconductor devices.
{"title":"Moore on Chip Scaling: Scaling Compute to Satiate AI's Appetite Will Take Extreme Measures","authors":"Harry Goldstein","doi":"10.1109/MSPEC.2024.10589680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MSPEC.2024.10589680","url":null,"abstract":"Fifty years ago, DRAM inventor and IEEE Medal of Honor recipient Robert Dennard created what essentially became the semiconductor industry's path to perpetually increasing transistor density and chip performance. That path became known as Dennard scaling, and it helped codify Gordon Moore's postulate about device dimensions shrinking by half every 18 to 24 months. For decades it compelled engineers to push the physical limits of semiconductor devices.","PeriodicalId":13249,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Spectrum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10589680","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141583596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-06DOI: 10.1109/MSPEC.2024.10551787
Emily Waltz
This year, the sun will reach solar maximum, a period of peak magnetic activity that occurs approximately once every 11 years. That means more sunspots and more frequent intense solar storms. Here on Earth, these result in beautiful auroral activity, but also geomagnetic storms and the threat of electromagnetic pulses (EMPs), which can bring widespread damage to electronic equipment and communications systems.
{"title":"5 Questions for Yilu Liu: How to EMP-Proof a Building","authors":"Emily Waltz","doi":"10.1109/MSPEC.2024.10551787","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MSPEC.2024.10551787","url":null,"abstract":"This year, the sun will reach solar maximum, a period of peak magnetic activity that occurs approximately once every 11 years. That means more sunspots and more frequent intense solar storms. Here on Earth, these result in beautiful auroral activity, but also geomagnetic storms and the threat of electromagnetic pulses (EMPs), which can bring widespread damage to electronic equipment and communications systems.","PeriodicalId":13249,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Spectrum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10551787","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141286620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-06DOI: 10.1109/MSPEC.2024.10551785
Edd Gent
Arthur Erickson discovered drones during his first year at college studying aerospace engineering. He immediately thought the sky was the limit for how the machines could be used, but it took years of hard work and some nimble decisions to turn that enthusiasm into a successful startup.
{"title":"Careers: Arthur Erickson: This Aerospace Engineer Builds Crop-Spraying Drones for Farmers","authors":"Edd Gent","doi":"10.1109/MSPEC.2024.10551785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MSPEC.2024.10551785","url":null,"abstract":"Arthur Erickson discovered drones during his first year at college studying aerospace engineering. He immediately thought the sky was the limit for how the machines could be used, but it took years of hard work and some nimble decisions to turn that enthusiasm into a successful startup.","PeriodicalId":13249,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Spectrum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10551785","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141286671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-06DOI: 10.1109/MSPEC.2024.10551786
Henri Barde
The accelerating build-out of solar farms on Earth is already hitting speed bumps, including public pushback against the large tracts of land required and a ballooning backlog of requests for new transmission lines and grid connections. Energy experts have been warning that electricity is likely to get more expensive and less reliable unless renewable power that waxes and wanes under inconstant sunlight and wind is backed up by generators that can run whenever needed. To space enthusiasts, that raises an obvious question: Why not stick solar power plants where the sun always shines?
{"title":"Castles in the Sky?: A Skeptic's Take on Beaming Power to Earth from Space","authors":"Henri Barde","doi":"10.1109/MSPEC.2024.10551786","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MSPEC.2024.10551786","url":null,"abstract":"The accelerating build-out of solar farms on Earth is already hitting speed bumps, including public pushback against the large tracts of land required and a ballooning backlog of requests for new transmission lines and grid connections. Energy experts have been warning that electricity is likely to get more expensive and less reliable unless renewable power that waxes and wanes under inconstant sunlight and wind is backed up by generators that can run whenever needed. To space enthusiasts, that raises an obvious question: Why not stick solar power plants where the sun always shines?","PeriodicalId":13249,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Spectrum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141286667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-06DOI: 10.1109/MSPEC.2024.10551790
Casey Sackett;Devin Harper;Aaron Pavez
The mental-health app Woebot launched in 2017, back when “chatbot” wasn't a familiar term and someone seeking a therapist could only imagine talking to a human being. Woebot was something exciting and new: a way for people to get on-demand mental-health support in the form of a responsive, empathic, AI-powered chatbot. Users found that the friendly robot avatar checked in on them every day, kept track of their progress, and was always available to talk something through. ¶ Today, the situation is vastly different. Demand for mental-health services has surged while the supply of clinicians has stagnated. There are thousands of apps that offer automated support for mental health and wellness. And ChatGPT has helped millions of people experiment with conversational AI. ¶ But even as the world has become fascinated with generative AI, people have also seen its downsides. As a company that relies on conversation, Woebot Health had to decide whether generative AI could make Woebot a better tool, or whether the technology was too dangerous to incorporate into our product. ¶ Woebot is designed to have structured conversations through which it delivers evidence-based tools inspired by cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), a technique that aims to change behaviors and feelings. Throughout its history, Woebot Health has used technology from a subdiscipline of AI known as natural-language processing (NLP). The company has used AI artfully and by design—Woebot uses NLP only in the service of better understanding a user's written texts so it can respond in the most appropriate way, thus encouraging users to engage more deeply with the process.
心理健康应用 Woebot 于 2017 年推出，当时 "聊天机器人 "还不是一个耳熟能详的词，人们在寻求治疗师时只能想象与人类交谈。Woebot 是一个令人兴奋的新事物：人们可以通过一个反应灵敏、感同身受、人工智能驱动的聊天机器人，按需获得心理健康支持。用户发现，这个友好的机器人化身每天都会查看他们的情况，跟踪他们的进展，并随时与他们沟通。如今，情况已大不相同。心理健康服务的需求激增，而临床医生的供应却停滞不前。有成千上万的应用程序为心理健康和保健提供自动支持。而 ChatGPT 已经帮助数百万人尝试了对话式人工智能。但是，即使全世界都对生成式人工智能着迷，人们也看到了它的弊端。作为一家依赖对话的公司，Woebot Health 不得不决定，生成式人工智能是否能让 Woebot 成为更好的工具，或者这项技术是否太过危险，不能将其纳入我们的产品。Woebot 的设计目的是进行结构化对话，通过对话提供循证工具，其灵感来自认知行为疗法（CBT），这是一种旨在改变行为和情感的技术。在整个发展历程中，Woebot Health 一直在使用人工智能的一个分支学科--自然语言处理（NLP）的技术。该公司巧妙地使用了人工智能，并在设计上进行了改进--Woebot 使用 NLP 只是为了更好地理解用户的书面文字，以便以最合适的方式做出回应，从而鼓励用户更深入地参与到这一过程中来。
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