Pub Date : 2025-08-19DOI: 10.1109/TNB.2025.3599580
Junwei Sun;Qi'an Sun;Zicheng Wang;Yanfeng Wang
Operant conditioning is a learning mechanism by which animals adapt to its external environment and past experiences. In the field of artificial intelligence, DNA strand displacement (DSD) technology has performed well in various aspects. Chemical reaction networks (CRNs) are constructed using stochastic DSD technology to study operant conditioning, and the simulation results are verified by Visual DSD software. In this paper, the DSD technology is utilized to construct CRNs to achieve different kinds of learning and forgetting processes and generalization in operant conditioning. A comparative analysis is carried out on the four simulation results, and the peak acquisition values of each experiment are compared. The stochastic DSD technology is used to design stochastic CRNs to construct probabilistic decision making systems. The two-way probabilistic decision making of and the three-way probabilistic decision making of animal behaviors are studied. This paper presents the weight variations for each experiment in tabular form. Finally, a comparative analysis is conducted on the probabilistic outcomes of the two-way and three-way probabilistic decision-making experiments. CRNs can be used to achieve realistic behaviors in engineered bionic systems. It provides a direction for the integration of biology and psychology.
{"title":"Probabilistic Modeling of Operant Conditioning Behaviors via Stochastic DNA Strand Displacement Cascades","authors":"Junwei Sun;Qi'an Sun;Zicheng Wang;Yanfeng Wang","doi":"10.1109/TNB.2025.3599580","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TNB.2025.3599580","url":null,"abstract":"Operant conditioning is a learning mechanism by which animals adapt to its external environment and past experiences. In the field of artificial intelligence, DNA strand displacement (DSD) technology has performed well in various aspects. Chemical reaction networks (CRNs) are constructed using stochastic DSD technology to study operant conditioning, and the simulation results are verified by Visual DSD software. In this paper, the DSD technology is utilized to construct CRNs to achieve different kinds of learning and forgetting processes and generalization in operant conditioning. A comparative analysis is carried out on the four simulation results, and the peak acquisition values of each experiment are compared. The stochastic DSD technology is used to design stochastic CRNs to construct probabilistic decision making systems. The two-way probabilistic decision making of and the three-way probabilistic decision making of animal behaviors are studied. This paper presents the weight variations for each experiment in tabular form. Finally, a comparative analysis is conducted on the probabilistic outcomes of the two-way and three-way probabilistic decision-making experiments. CRNs can be used to achieve realistic behaviors in engineered bionic systems. It provides a direction for the integration of biology and psychology.","PeriodicalId":13264,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on NanoBioscience","volume":"25 1","pages":"33-44"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144882734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-31DOI: 10.1109/TNB.2025.3589269
Sepideh Sahragard;Ali Naghizadeh
This study examines the adsorption efficacy of bentonite nanoparticles for removing Trimethoprim (TMP) and Penicillin G (PNG) antibiotics from aqueous solutions, emphasizing cost-effectiveness and operational efficiency. The bentonite nanoparticles, characterized by a surface area of 210–250 m2/g and a point of zero charge (pH${}_{text {zpc}}text {)}$ of ~6, demonstrated optimal performance under acidic conditions (pH 3). At an adsorbent dosage of 0.1 g/L, initial antibiotic concentration of 100 mg/L, and contact time of 90 minutes (25°C), maximum adsorption capacities of 36.07 mg/g (TMP) and 39.43 mg/g (PNG) were achieved. Adsorption kinetics adhered to a pseudo-second-order model (R${}^{{2}} =0.97$ for TMP; R${}^{{2}} =0.99$ for PNG), suggesting chemisorption as the rate-limiting step. Isotherm studies aligned with the Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevich models, indicating heterogeneous surface interactions and predominantly physical adsorption mechanisms.
{"title":"Investigating the Adsorption Potential of Bentonite Nanoparticles as an Economical Adsorbent for Decontamination of Antibiotics From Aqueous Solution: Kinetics and Regeneration Studies","authors":"Sepideh Sahragard;Ali Naghizadeh","doi":"10.1109/TNB.2025.3589269","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TNB.2025.3589269","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the adsorption efficacy of bentonite nanoparticles for removing Trimethoprim (TMP) and Penicillin G (PNG) antibiotics from aqueous solutions, emphasizing cost-effectiveness and operational efficiency. The bentonite nanoparticles, characterized by a surface area of 210–250 m2/g and a point of zero charge (pH<inline-formula> <tex-math>${}_{text {zpc}}text {)}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of ~6, demonstrated optimal performance under acidic conditions (pH 3). At an adsorbent dosage of 0.1 g/L, initial antibiotic concentration of 100 mg/L, and contact time of 90 minutes (25°C), maximum adsorption capacities of 36.07 mg/g (TMP) and 39.43 mg/g (PNG) were achieved. Adsorption kinetics adhered to a pseudo-second-order model (R<inline-formula> <tex-math>${}^{{2}} =0.97$ </tex-math></inline-formula> for TMP; R<inline-formula> <tex-math>${}^{{2}} =0.99$ </tex-math></inline-formula> for PNG), suggesting chemisorption as the rate-limiting step. Isotherm studies aligned with the Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevich models, indicating heterogeneous surface interactions and predominantly physical adsorption mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":13264,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on NanoBioscience","volume":"24 4","pages":"498-511"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144759984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-30DOI: 10.1109/TNB.2025.3593879
Shees Zulfiqar;Ozgur B. Akan
Molecular Communication (MC) utilizes chemical molecules to transmit information, introducing innovative strategies for pharmaceutical interventions and enhanced immune system monitoring. This paper explores Molecular communication-based approach to disrupt Quorum Sensing (QS) pathways to bolster immune defenses against antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Quorum Sensing enables bacteria to coordinate critical behaviors, including virulence and antibiotic resistance, by exchanging chemical signals, known as autoinducers. By interfering with this bacterial communication, we can disrupt the synchronization of activities that promote infection and resistance. One of the key points is a discussion of the RNAIII-inhibitor (RIP) that blocks RNAII and RNAIII synthesis in the Accessory Gene Regulator (AGR) system, being important transcripts determining the production of toxins and immune evasion in Staphylococcus aureus. This interference in effect cripples the bacterial defensive mechanisms against immune responses hence promoting the host capability to recognize and kill the pathogen. In addition, QS inhibitors such as RIP can be combined with established antimicrobials to synergistically lower the necessary dose of the latter agent to alleviate the resistance selective pressure. Overall, this MC-based method does not only focus on taking care of bacterial virulence on a communication level but also allows to create an environment that promotes a more effective and stronger immune response, which seems a highly encouraging trend in managing resistant bacterial infections.
{"title":"Molecular Communication-Based Quorum Sensing Disruption for Enhanced Immune Defense","authors":"Shees Zulfiqar;Ozgur B. Akan","doi":"10.1109/TNB.2025.3593879","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TNB.2025.3593879","url":null,"abstract":"Molecular Communication (MC) utilizes chemical molecules to transmit information, introducing innovative strategies for pharmaceutical interventions and enhanced immune system monitoring. This paper explores Molecular communication-based approach to disrupt Quorum Sensing (QS) pathways to bolster immune defenses against antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Quorum Sensing enables bacteria to coordinate critical behaviors, including virulence and antibiotic resistance, by exchanging chemical signals, known as autoinducers. By interfering with this bacterial communication, we can disrupt the synchronization of activities that promote infection and resistance. One of the key points is a discussion of the RNAIII-inhibitor (RIP) that blocks RNAII and RNAIII synthesis in the Accessory Gene Regulator (AGR) system, being important transcripts determining the production of toxins and immune evasion in Staphylococcus aureus. This interference in effect cripples the bacterial defensive mechanisms against immune responses hence promoting the host capability to recognize and kill the pathogen. In addition, QS inhibitors such as RIP can be combined with established antimicrobials to synergistically lower the necessary dose of the latter agent to alleviate the resistance selective pressure. Overall, this MC-based method does not only focus on taking care of bacterial virulence on a communication level but also allows to create an environment that promotes a more effective and stronger immune response, which seems a highly encouraging trend in managing resistant bacterial infections.","PeriodicalId":13264,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on NanoBioscience","volume":"25 1","pages":"23-32"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144753230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-23DOI: 10.1109/TNB.2025.3591912
Saba Jalilian;Mohammad Javad Hoseinifar;Zahra Asadi;Elham Arkan;Nahid Moarrefzadeh;Faranak Aghaz
Prostate cancer (PCa) presents a significant challenge globally due to drug resistance and the severe side effects linked to conventional treatments. In this study, we developed vincristine-loaded nanoliposome-based lipids derived from Pseudomonas putida bacteria (VCR-NLPs) utilizing a thin-layer method. The produced bacteria-lipid-based nanoliposomes represented a critical advancement in drug delivery, offering superior drug encapsulation, controlled release, and enhanced biocompatibility. VCR-NLPs were thoroughly characterized, displaying a spherical morphology with an average particle size of approximately 145 nm, a final zeta potential of −13.1 mV, and a biphasic release profile of VCR. The formulation exhibited efficient drug loading, with 50% release at pH 7.4 and 70% at pH 6, reflecting pH-responsive release behavior tailored to the acidic tumor microenvironment, thereby enhancing therapeutic efficacy. Our flow-cytometric analysis confirmed an efficient induction of late-stage apoptosis in PC3 cells after treatment with VCR-NLPs. These findings suggest that Pseudomonas putida-Lipid-based VCR-NLPs offer a promising nanocarrier system for targeted prostate cancer therapy, due to inducing controlled release of VCR and improving biocompatibility of it, for clinical treatments.
{"title":"The Effectiveness of Lipids Derived From Pseudomonas Putida Bacteria in the Formulation of Nanoliposomes Enhances the Delivery of Vincristine for the Treatment of Prostate Cancer","authors":"Saba Jalilian;Mohammad Javad Hoseinifar;Zahra Asadi;Elham Arkan;Nahid Moarrefzadeh;Faranak Aghaz","doi":"10.1109/TNB.2025.3591912","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TNB.2025.3591912","url":null,"abstract":"Prostate cancer (PCa) presents a significant challenge globally due to drug resistance and the severe side effects linked to conventional treatments. In this study, we developed vincristine-loaded nanoliposome-based lipids derived from Pseudomonas putida bacteria (VCR-NLPs) utilizing a thin-layer method. The produced bacteria-lipid-based nanoliposomes represented a critical advancement in drug delivery, offering superior drug encapsulation, controlled release, and enhanced biocompatibility. VCR-NLPs were thoroughly characterized, displaying a spherical morphology with an average particle size of approximately 145 nm, a final zeta potential of −13.1 mV, and a biphasic release profile of VCR. The formulation exhibited efficient drug loading, with 50% release at pH 7.4 and 70% at pH 6, reflecting pH-responsive release behavior tailored to the acidic tumor microenvironment, thereby enhancing therapeutic efficacy. Our flow-cytometric analysis confirmed an efficient induction of late-stage apoptosis in PC3 cells after treatment with VCR-NLPs. These findings suggest that Pseudomonas putida-Lipid-based VCR-NLPs offer a promising nanocarrier system for targeted prostate cancer therapy, due to inducing controlled release of VCR and improving biocompatibility of it, for clinical treatments.","PeriodicalId":13264,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on NanoBioscience","volume":"25 1","pages":"10-22"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144698438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-26DOI: 10.1109/TNB.2025.3579900
{"title":"IEEE Transactions on NanoBioscience Information for Authors","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TNB.2025.3579900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNB.2025.3579900","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13264,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on NanoBioscience","volume":"24 3","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11052636","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144492263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-16DOI: 10.1109/TNB.2025.3580172
Nazeer Abdul Azeez;Sung-Hoon Ahn
Drug delivery to the brain across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) has been a challenge for drugs unable to passively diffuse through it. Various parameters of the drugs contribute to the potency to cross the barrier made up of tight junctions of the epithelial cell membrane. For drugs with low permeability, novel nanoscale drug carriers have been developed to enhance delivery into the brain by circumventing the BBB. The carriers are fabricated in nanoscale for better penetration of the tight junctions in BBB. Understanding the physiology of the blood-brain barrier and the mechanism of molecular transport across it is crucial for designing effective drug carriers. Physiologically based pharmacokinetics (PBPK) modeling is a powerful tool for simulating the permeability of drugs and drug carriers across the BBB. The perfusion-limited kinetics and permeability-limited kinetics are two key equations that describe the transport of the drug into the brain and aiding in the determination of whether surface modifications to the drug carrier are necessary to improve the permeability. This review discusses the mechanisms of molecule transfer across the BBB, the parameters that filter drugs from the blood, the role of nanocarriers in enhancing permeability, the significance of PBPK modeling in extrapolating ${boldsymbol {i}n}~boldsymbol {vivo}$ permeability data of the drugs, and the recommended surface modifications to optimize drug delivery to the brain.
{"title":"Understanding the Crossing of Blood–Brain Barrier Using Nanocarriers: Current Trends and the Role of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling","authors":"Nazeer Abdul Azeez;Sung-Hoon Ahn","doi":"10.1109/TNB.2025.3580172","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TNB.2025.3580172","url":null,"abstract":"Drug delivery to the brain across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) has been a challenge for drugs unable to passively diffuse through it. Various parameters of the drugs contribute to the potency to cross the barrier made up of tight junctions of the epithelial cell membrane. For drugs with low permeability, novel nanoscale drug carriers have been developed to enhance delivery into the brain by circumventing the BBB. The carriers are fabricated in nanoscale for better penetration of the tight junctions in BBB. Understanding the physiology of the blood-brain barrier and the mechanism of molecular transport across it is crucial for designing effective drug carriers. Physiologically based pharmacokinetics (PBPK) modeling is a powerful tool for simulating the permeability of drugs and drug carriers across the BBB. The perfusion-limited kinetics and permeability-limited kinetics are two key equations that describe the transport of the drug into the brain and aiding in the determination of whether surface modifications to the drug carrier are necessary to improve the permeability. This review discusses the mechanisms of molecule transfer across the BBB, the parameters that filter drugs from the blood, the role of nanocarriers in enhancing permeability, the significance of PBPK modeling in extrapolating <inline-formula> <tex-math>${boldsymbol {i}n}~boldsymbol {vivo}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> permeability data of the drugs, and the recommended surface modifications to optimize drug delivery to the brain.","PeriodicalId":13264,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on NanoBioscience","volume":"24 4","pages":"473-484"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11037453","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144309903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-05DOI: 10.1109/TNB.2025.3576227
Parvindar M. Sah;Smita G. Gite;Harshala S. Naik;Ratnamala Sonawane;Julia Nadrowska;Patrycja Golińska;Rajesh W. Raut;Aniket K. Gade
Silver doping into zinc oxide nanoparticles (Ag-ZnO NPs) were prepared via the co-precipitation method. The XRD analysis revealed the hexagonal structure characteristic of ZnO nanoparticles. The diminishing intensity of the peaks in Ag-ZnO NPs’ XRD pattern indicated the successful incorporation of Ag metal within the ZnO lattice. Elemental composition validation was performed through energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), while FTIR spectroscopy elucidated the functional groups present in both ZnO and Ag nanoparticles. A judicious approach of 3% silver doping was employed to overcome silver’s toxicity potential at higher concentrations. Remarkably, the Ag-ZnO NPs exhibited exceptional, reusable photocatalytic prowess over four cycles in the degradation of methylene blue. Furthermore, the Ag-ZnO NPs showcased potent antibacterial efficacy against select pathogens, including Escherichia coli ATCC 27853, Salmonella typhi CT18, Staphylococcus aureus NCTC8325, and Bacillus subtilis QST 713. Notably, these nanoparticles also exhibited significant anticancer activity against Hep-G2, a human hepatoma cell line. Silver-doped zinc oxide emerges as a promising asset against wastewater dye pollution and holds promising applications in liver cancer.
{"title":"Ag-Doped ZnO Nanoparticles: A Versatile Multifunctional Nanomaterial for Anticancer, Antibacterial, and Recyclable Photocatalyst","authors":"Parvindar M. Sah;Smita G. Gite;Harshala S. Naik;Ratnamala Sonawane;Julia Nadrowska;Patrycja Golińska;Rajesh W. Raut;Aniket K. Gade","doi":"10.1109/TNB.2025.3576227","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TNB.2025.3576227","url":null,"abstract":"Silver doping into zinc oxide nanoparticles (Ag-ZnO NPs) were prepared via the co-precipitation method. The XRD analysis revealed the hexagonal structure characteristic of ZnO nanoparticles. The diminishing intensity of the peaks in Ag-ZnO NPs’ XRD pattern indicated the successful incorporation of Ag metal within the ZnO lattice. Elemental composition validation was performed through energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), while FTIR spectroscopy elucidated the functional groups present in both ZnO and Ag nanoparticles. A judicious approach of 3% silver doping was employed to overcome silver’s toxicity potential at higher concentrations. Remarkably, the Ag-ZnO NPs exhibited exceptional, reusable photocatalytic prowess over four cycles in the degradation of methylene blue. Furthermore, the Ag-ZnO NPs showcased potent antibacterial efficacy against select pathogens, including Escherichia coli ATCC 27853, Salmonella typhi CT18, Staphylococcus aureus NCTC8325, and Bacillus subtilis QST 713. Notably, these nanoparticles also exhibited significant anticancer activity against Hep-G2, a human hepatoma cell line. Silver-doped zinc oxide emerges as a promising asset against wastewater dye pollution and holds promising applications in liver cancer.","PeriodicalId":13264,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on NanoBioscience","volume":"24 4","pages":"465-472"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144233997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-03DOI: 10.1109/TNB.2025.3576231
Uche A. K. Chude-Okonkwo;Athanasios V. Vasilakos
Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the leading cardiovascular pathologies that often result in mortality. One of the methods to improve patient outcomes and lower mortality in MI occurrence is early detection. This requires access to individuals’ real-time vital cardiac signs to detect the onset of MI. However, most known vital cardiac signs and biomarkers of MI are either not always present in MI episodes or are not unique to MI. Hence, there is a need to develop a framework that can uniquely determine the onset of MI. This work proposes a framework for early detection of the MI onset that leverages the MI biomarker sensing capability of the Graphene-field effect transistor (G-FET), the remote vital cardiac indicators transmission ability of a communication network, and the real-time adaptive potential of recursive Bayesian updating based on an individual’s changing condition. The resultant posterior probability associated with the Bayesian updating, which is dynamically modified as new data is received in real-time, indicates the MI onset. This ensures early detection of MI. Considering an MI onset detection window of 30 to 60 minutes as a critical time to ensure that MI effects are salvageable, numerical results are provided. The numerical results demonstrate that the proposed framework provides early detection of MI onset, crucial to salvaging its effects and lowering mortality. The influence of some of the design parameters on the system performance is also evaluated.
{"title":"Real-Time Detection of Myocardial Infarction Onset Using Communication Network-Enabled Recursive Bayesian Updating","authors":"Uche A. K. Chude-Okonkwo;Athanasios V. Vasilakos","doi":"10.1109/TNB.2025.3576231","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TNB.2025.3576231","url":null,"abstract":"Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the leading cardiovascular pathologies that often result in mortality. One of the methods to improve patient outcomes and lower mortality in MI occurrence is early detection. This requires access to individuals’ real-time vital cardiac signs to detect the onset of MI. However, most known vital cardiac signs and biomarkers of MI are either not always present in MI episodes or are not unique to MI. Hence, there is a need to develop a framework that can uniquely determine the onset of MI. This work proposes a framework for early detection of the MI onset that leverages the MI biomarker sensing capability of the Graphene-field effect transistor (G-FET), the remote vital cardiac indicators transmission ability of a communication network, and the real-time adaptive potential of recursive Bayesian updating based on an individual’s changing condition. The resultant posterior probability associated with the Bayesian updating, which is dynamically modified as new data is received in real-time, indicates the MI onset. This ensures early detection of MI. Considering an MI onset detection window of 30 to 60 minutes as a critical time to ensure that MI effects are salvageable, numerical results are provided. The numerical results demonstrate that the proposed framework provides early detection of MI onset, crucial to salvaging its effects and lowering mortality. The influence of some of the design parameters on the system performance is also evaluated.","PeriodicalId":13264,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on NanoBioscience","volume":"24 4","pages":"485-497"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144215709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used for their antimicrobial properties but pose risks like environmental contamination and potential harm to human health. Nanoparticles’ small size facilitates translocation within the body, often bringing them into contact with blood. Most toxicological research focuses on chemically synthesized AgNPs (CAgNPs) and their effects on microbes and animal cells. Fewer studies explore biologically synthesized AgNPs (BAgNPs) on animal cells, and their impact on blood components is uncertain with varied findings due to differences in size and stability. This study examined BAgNPs’ effects on blood components in healthy and diseased states, using algae Parachlorella kessleri for synthesis. Nanoparticle size and morphology were assessed via TEM and UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Exposure to BAgNPs resulted in an increased number of echinocytes, reduced neutrophils, and decreased leukocyte viability. Unlike CAgNPs, BAgNPs did not increase macrophage proliferation. Differences in biological properties between BAgNPs and CAgNPs stem from their colloidal stability in varying environments. CAgNPs, stabilized electrostatically, exhibited greater aggregation in environments with higher salinity and lower pH, diminishing their biological effects in human blood. Hence, electrostatically stabilized chemically produced AgNPs may not be suitable for biomedical applications.
{"title":"Differences in Immunological Impact of Chemically and Biologically Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles","authors":"Vlasta Demeckova;Veronika Demcakova;Jana Sedlakova-Kadukova","doi":"10.1109/TNB.2025.3564822","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TNB.2025.3564822","url":null,"abstract":"Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used for their antimicrobial properties but pose risks like environmental contamination and potential harm to human health. Nanoparticles’ small size facilitates translocation within the body, often bringing them into contact with blood. Most toxicological research focuses on chemically synthesized AgNPs (CAgNPs) and their effects on microbes and animal cells. Fewer studies explore biologically synthesized AgNPs (BAgNPs) on animal cells, and their impact on blood components is uncertain with varied findings due to differences in size and stability. This study examined BAgNPs’ effects on blood components in healthy and diseased states, using algae Parachlorella kessleri for synthesis. Nanoparticle size and morphology were assessed via TEM and UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Exposure to BAgNPs resulted in an increased number of echinocytes, reduced neutrophils, and decreased leukocyte viability. Unlike CAgNPs, BAgNPs did not increase macrophage proliferation. Differences in biological properties between BAgNPs and CAgNPs stem from their colloidal stability in varying environments. CAgNPs, stabilized electrostatically, exhibited greater aggregation in environments with higher salinity and lower pH, diminishing their biological effects in human blood. Hence, electrostatically stabilized chemically produced AgNPs may not be suitable for biomedical applications.","PeriodicalId":13264,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on NanoBioscience","volume":"24 4","pages":"434-442"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10978870","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144011633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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