Pub Date : 2025-10-30DOI: 10.1109/TNB.2025.3627286
Teena tom Dieck;Lukas Brand;Lea Erbacher;Daniela Wegner;Sebastian Lotter;Kathrin Castiglione;Robert Schober;Maximilian Schäfer
This paper presents a novel optically controllable molecular communication (MC) transmitter (TX) design based on vesicular nanodevices (NDs), functionalized for controlled signaling molecule release via transmembrane proteins. All system components are chemically realizable, bridging the gap between MC theory and practical implementation. The NDs enable optical-to-chemical signal conversion, making them suitable as externally controllable TXs in various MC systems. The proposed design comprises two cooperating modules, namely an energizing and a release module, allowing the release of different signaling molecules depending on the module configuration. We introduce a general system model and provide a detailed mathematical analysis of a specific TX realization, deriving both exact and approximate analytical expressions for the released signaling molecule concentration, which are validated via numerical methods. The proposed model also accounts for the impact of buffering media commonly present in experimental or in-body environments. We further incorporate the impact of multiple NDs and parameter randomness inherent to vesicle synthesis into our model. The proposed models for single and multiple ND scenarios enable system parameter optimization, aiding the future experimental realization of the proposed MC TXs.
{"title":"Practical Transmitters for MC: Functionalized Nanodevices Employing Cooperative Transmembrane Transport Proteins","authors":"Teena tom Dieck;Lukas Brand;Lea Erbacher;Daniela Wegner;Sebastian Lotter;Kathrin Castiglione;Robert Schober;Maximilian Schäfer","doi":"10.1109/TNB.2025.3627286","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TNB.2025.3627286","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a novel optically controllable molecular communication (MC) transmitter (TX) design based on vesicular nanodevices (NDs), functionalized for controlled signaling molecule release via transmembrane proteins. All system components are chemically realizable, bridging the gap between MC theory and practical implementation. The NDs enable optical-to-chemical signal conversion, making them suitable as externally controllable TXs in various MC systems. The proposed design comprises two cooperating modules, namely an energizing and a release module, allowing the release of different signaling molecules depending on the module configuration. We introduce a general system model and provide a detailed mathematical analysis of a specific TX realization, deriving both exact and approximate analytical expressions for the released signaling molecule concentration, which are validated via numerical methods. The proposed model also accounts for the impact of buffering media commonly present in experimental or in-body environments. We further incorporate the impact of multiple NDs and parameter randomness inherent to vesicle synthesis into our model. The proposed models for single and multiple ND scenarios enable system parameter optimization, aiding the future experimental realization of the proposed MC TXs.","PeriodicalId":13264,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on NanoBioscience","volume":"25 1","pages":"80-98"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11222784","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145408857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-29DOI: 10.1109/TNB.2025.3615613
Chi Ma;Wei Zheng;Fei Teng;Sifan Tang;Jianli Wang;Jiayu Chen;Yan Mi
As a non-contact physical intervention technique, pulsed magnetic field (PMF) has been shown to regulate cell membrane permeability. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear, and their permeabilization efficiency is relatively low. Building on the advantages of magneto-mechanical regulation with magnetic nanoparticles, this study proposes combining PMF with magnetic nanoparticles. By leveraging magneto-mechanical force (MMF) as the central mechanism, the aim is to enhance cell permeabilization rate through optimization of the applied force magnitude. First, a theoretical analysis of the forces acting on magnetic nanoparticles was performed to guide particle parameter selection. Next, the effects of PMF alone and its combination with magnetic nanoparticles on cell membrane permeability were examined through in vitro experiments. Finally, fluorescence probes were used to investigate the biochemical mechanisms underlying cell permeabilization induced by both treatments. The permeabilization experiment results showed that the combined treatment significantly enhanced cell permeabilization. Compared to PMF treatment alone, the half-maximal effective dose decreased by 27.85%, and the rate of change in permeabilization rate increased by 49.7%. Fluorescence staining further revealed that, unlike the biochemical pathways activated by PMF treatment alone, the combined treatment caused multiple disruptions in cytoskeletal microfilaments, confirming that it induced cell permeabilization through a physical mechanism involving mechanical stress. This study leveraged the MMF generated by magnetic nanoparticles under PMF to regulate cell membrane permeability, providing a novel approach for precise control of cell membrane permeability based on physical parameters.
{"title":"Magnetomechanical Force-Driven Cell Permeabilization via Pulsed Magnetic Field and Magnetic Nanoparticles","authors":"Chi Ma;Wei Zheng;Fei Teng;Sifan Tang;Jianli Wang;Jiayu Chen;Yan Mi","doi":"10.1109/TNB.2025.3615613","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TNB.2025.3615613","url":null,"abstract":"As a non-contact physical intervention technique, pulsed magnetic field (PMF) has been shown to regulate cell membrane permeability. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear, and their permeabilization efficiency is relatively low. Building on the advantages of magneto-mechanical regulation with magnetic nanoparticles, this study proposes combining PMF with magnetic nanoparticles. By leveraging magneto-mechanical force (MMF) as the central mechanism, the aim is to enhance cell permeabilization rate through optimization of the applied force magnitude. First, a theoretical analysis of the forces acting on magnetic nanoparticles was performed to guide particle parameter selection. Next, the effects of PMF alone and its combination with magnetic nanoparticles on cell membrane permeability were examined through in vitro experiments. Finally, fluorescence probes were used to investigate the biochemical mechanisms underlying cell permeabilization induced by both treatments. The permeabilization experiment results showed that the combined treatment significantly enhanced cell permeabilization. Compared to PMF treatment alone, the half-maximal effective dose decreased by 27.85%, and the rate of change in permeabilization rate increased by 49.7%. Fluorescence staining further revealed that, unlike the biochemical pathways activated by PMF treatment alone, the combined treatment caused multiple disruptions in cytoskeletal microfilaments, confirming that it induced cell permeabilization through a physical mechanism involving mechanical stress. This study leveraged the MMF generated by magnetic nanoparticles under PMF to regulate cell membrane permeability, providing a novel approach for precise control of cell membrane permeability based on physical parameters.","PeriodicalId":13264,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on NanoBioscience","volume":"25 1","pages":"108-119"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145191714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-25DOI: 10.1109/TNB.2025.3608884
{"title":"IEEE Transactions on NanoBioscience Information for Authors","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TNB.2025.3608884","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNB.2025.3608884","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13264,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on NanoBioscience","volume":"24 4","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11180170","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145134930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-16DOI: 10.1109/TNB.2025.3610622
Nihit Bhatnagar;Aneerban Roy;Sandeep Joshi
In this work, we consider a three-dimensional slow diffusive heterogeneous media-based mobile molecular communication (MC) system, with the communicating devices as point transmitters and passive spherical-shaped receiver nanomachines (NMs). For the considered slow diffusive MC system, we propose a time-varying stochastic diffusivity-based model for communicating devices and information-carrying molecules, and we characterize the mobile MC channel by the channel impulse response (CIR) and derive its mean. For the considered slow and stochastic diffusivity-based mobile MC system, we propose a novel silence-based multi-type hybrid transmission scheme, which combines communication through silence (CtS) with molecular shift keying (MoSK) and concentration shift keying (CSK) and we derive the closed-form expression for the average probability of error. For the slow diffusive environment, we compare the proposed transmission scheme with the position and concentration-based run-length aware, MoSK, and CSK transmission schemes. For the proposed silence-based multi-type hybrid and considered position and concentration-based run-length aware transmission schemes, we design their respective maximum likelihood (ML) threshold detectors. The proposed scheme outperforms and shows robust behavior in the presence of inter-symbol interference.
{"title":"Silence-Based Multi-Type Hybrid Transmission Scheme for Mobile Molecular Communication System","authors":"Nihit Bhatnagar;Aneerban Roy;Sandeep Joshi","doi":"10.1109/TNB.2025.3610622","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TNB.2025.3610622","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, we consider a three-dimensional slow diffusive heterogeneous media-based mobile molecular communication (MC) system, with the communicating devices as point transmitters and passive spherical-shaped receiver nanomachines (NMs). For the considered slow diffusive MC system, we propose a time-varying stochastic diffusivity-based model for communicating devices and information-carrying molecules, and we characterize the mobile MC channel by the channel impulse response (CIR) and derive its mean. For the considered slow and stochastic diffusivity-based mobile MC system, we propose a novel silence-based multi-type hybrid transmission scheme, which combines communication through silence (CtS) with molecular shift keying (MoSK) and concentration shift keying (CSK) and we derive the closed-form expression for the average probability of error. For the slow diffusive environment, we compare the proposed transmission scheme with the position and concentration-based run-length aware, MoSK, and CSK transmission schemes. For the proposed silence-based multi-type hybrid and considered position and concentration-based run-length aware transmission schemes, we design their respective maximum likelihood (ML) threshold detectors. The proposed scheme outperforms and shows robust behavior in the presence of inter-symbol interference.","PeriodicalId":13264,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on NanoBioscience","volume":"25 1","pages":"70-79"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145075109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-16DOI: 10.1109/TNB.2025.3610506
Abhishesh Pal;K. S. Deepak;Prasanta Kalita;Satish Kumar Dubey;Sanket Goel
The development of reliable point-of-source devices for soil nutrient profiling holds the key to unlocking maximum agricultural output while promoting sustainable practices with minimal environmental impact. The dynamic nature of the soil, its testing protocols, and multistep pre-processing of samples results in time-dependent responses from the sensors increasing the testing time and cost requires additional peripheral equipment. Thus, portability along with precision gets affected simultaneously. Moreover, signal processing, data generation, and acquisition also compromise the soil nutrient assessment. In this work, a standalone device was developed with an alternate soil nutrient quantification protocol for nitrate and potassium, leveraging the capillary forces in the cellulose substrate owed to porous architecture and inter-cellulose fiber voids to eliminate conventional protocols like extraction, centrifugation, and filtration (to eliminate matrix effects) to achieve single-step soil nutrient quantification. Additionally, the use of external 24-bit analog-to-digital conversion (ADC), a quick 2-point calibration smartphone was employed to increase the resolution of the measurements and accuracy of the nutrient measurements. Compared to traditional soil testing methods, the proposed system demonstrated a detection limit and quantization limit of 0.1 mM, with a linear response range of 0.5–21 mM for potassium and 0.2–1.4 mM for nitrate. Precision tests across 15 reuse cycles showed average variability below ±5%, confirming the reliability and repeatability of the sensor. The proposed approach can have broader implications such as the development of portable, low-cost, processing-free, and reliable soil nutrient sensors for in-field applications.
{"title":"Capillary Soil Nutrient Profiling Device: Pre-Processing Free Approach for Rapid Soil Nutrient Assessment","authors":"Abhishesh Pal;K. S. Deepak;Prasanta Kalita;Satish Kumar Dubey;Sanket Goel","doi":"10.1109/TNB.2025.3610506","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TNB.2025.3610506","url":null,"abstract":"The development of reliable point-of-source devices for soil nutrient profiling holds the key to unlocking maximum agricultural output while promoting sustainable practices with minimal environmental impact. The dynamic nature of the soil, its testing protocols, and multistep pre-processing of samples results in time-dependent responses from the sensors increasing the testing time and cost requires additional peripheral equipment. Thus, portability along with precision gets affected simultaneously. Moreover, signal processing, data generation, and acquisition also compromise the soil nutrient assessment. In this work, a standalone device was developed with an alternate soil nutrient quantification protocol for nitrate and potassium, leveraging the capillary forces in the cellulose substrate owed to porous architecture and inter-cellulose fiber voids to eliminate conventional protocols like extraction, centrifugation, and filtration (to eliminate matrix effects) to achieve single-step soil nutrient quantification. Additionally, the use of external 24-bit analog-to-digital conversion (ADC), a quick 2-point calibration smartphone was employed to increase the resolution of the measurements and accuracy of the nutrient measurements. Compared to traditional soil testing methods, the proposed system demonstrated a detection limit and quantization limit of 0.1 mM, with a linear response range of 0.5–21 mM for potassium and 0.2–1.4 mM for nitrate. Precision tests across 15 reuse cycles showed average variability below ±5%, confirming the reliability and repeatability of the sensor. The proposed approach can have broader implications such as the development of portable, low-cost, processing-free, and reliable soil nutrient sensors for in-field applications.","PeriodicalId":13264,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on NanoBioscience","volume":"25 1","pages":"99-107"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145075084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced by stem cells are nanoscale carriers of bioactive compounds with regenerative and immunomodulatory capabilities similar to those of their parent cells. Their therapeutic potential outperforms traditional stem cell therapies by lowering hazards such tumorigenicity and allowing for precise delivery. To provide a high-efficiency platform for selectively isolating stem cell EVs from minimal serum quantities while overcoming the constraints of traditional approaches such as ultracentrifugation, we developed an immunoaffinity-based capture system utilizing SiO2 wafers functionalized with gold nanoparticles (GNPs), polyethylene glycol (HS-PEG-COOH), and stem cell-specific antibodies. The platform was evaluated to isolate EVs from $20~mu $ L serum samples. The technique efficiently and selectively isolates EVs, including stem cell-derived subtypes, with yields of up to $10^{8}$ particles. Western blot testing demonstrated high purity and low protein contamination, demonstrating the capture mechanism’s selectivity. This nanoparticle-enhanced platform allows for scalable, high-purity EV extraction from small sample volumes, which aids in downstream molecular analysis and therapeutic development. Its capacity to distinguish across EV subtypes has potential in personalized medicine, regenerative therapies, and non-invasive diagnostics.
{"title":"High-Yield Isolation of Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Using a Gold Nanoparticle-Enhanced SiO2 Immunoaffinity Platform","authors":"Krishna Thej Pammi Guru;Nusrat Praween;Palash Kumar Basu","doi":"10.1109/TNB.2025.3606977","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TNB.2025.3606977","url":null,"abstract":"Extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced by stem cells are nanoscale carriers of bioactive compounds with regenerative and immunomodulatory capabilities similar to those of their parent cells. Their therapeutic potential outperforms traditional stem cell therapies by lowering hazards such tumorigenicity and allowing for precise delivery. To provide a high-efficiency platform for selectively isolating stem cell EVs from minimal serum quantities while overcoming the constraints of traditional approaches such as ultracentrifugation, we developed an immunoaffinity-based capture system utilizing SiO<sub>2</sub> wafers functionalized with gold nanoparticles (GNPs), polyethylene glycol (HS-PEG-COOH), and stem cell-specific antibodies. The platform was evaluated to isolate EVs from <inline-formula> <tex-math>$20~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>L serum samples. The technique efficiently and selectively isolates EVs, including stem cell-derived subtypes, with yields of up to <inline-formula> <tex-math>$10^{8}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> particles. Western blot testing demonstrated high purity and low protein contamination, demonstrating the capture mechanism’s selectivity. This nanoparticle-enhanced platform allows for scalable, high-purity EV extraction from small sample volumes, which aids in downstream molecular analysis and therapeutic development. Its capacity to distinguish across EV subtypes has potential in personalized medicine, regenerative therapies, and non-invasive diagnostics.","PeriodicalId":13264,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on NanoBioscience","volume":"25 1","pages":"62-69"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145023205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01DOI: 10.1109/TNB.2025.3604755
Bethuel Daurai;Manashjit Gogoi;Manob Jyoti Saikia
Pancreatitis is a serious condition characterized by increased in $alpha $ -amylase concentration in the blood serum. We designed and developed of a point-of-care device for estimating $alpha $ -amylase levels using CdS/ZnS quantum dots (QDs). QDs were synthesized, capped with polyethylene glycol, and conjugated with starch, a substrate for $alpha $ -amylase. The quantum quenching effect was determined by adding artificial blood serum (ABS) with varying concentrations of $alpha $ -amylase. A handheld fluoroscopic device was developed to estimate emission intensities relating to the quantum quenching effects. The device demonstrated excellent sensitivity with an R2 value of 0.966 and a detection limit of 49.76 U/L with a linear range of 42-420 U/L. When compared to CNPG3 method, Pearson’s correlation coefficient was -0.98, showing an inverse relation to each other. The developed device was tested with ABS. It showed promising results in laboratory conditions. However, the device needs to be clinically validated before deploying for detection of acute pancreatitis, especially in remote areas, and it can be further improvised with wireless technology and spectral sensors.
{"title":"A Point-of-Care Optical Biosensor for α-Amylase Estimation Using CdS/ZnS Quantum Dots","authors":"Bethuel Daurai;Manashjit Gogoi;Manob Jyoti Saikia","doi":"10.1109/TNB.2025.3604755","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TNB.2025.3604755","url":null,"abstract":"Pancreatitis is a serious condition characterized by increased in <inline-formula> <tex-math>$alpha $ </tex-math></inline-formula>-amylase concentration in the blood serum. We designed and developed of a point-of-care device for estimating <inline-formula> <tex-math>$alpha $ </tex-math></inline-formula>-amylase levels using CdS/ZnS quantum dots (QDs). QDs were synthesized, capped with polyethylene glycol, and conjugated with starch, a substrate for <inline-formula> <tex-math>$alpha $ </tex-math></inline-formula>-amylase. The quantum quenching effect was determined by adding artificial blood serum (ABS) with varying concentrations of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$alpha $ </tex-math></inline-formula>-amylase. A handheld fluoroscopic device was developed to estimate emission intensities relating to the quantum quenching effects. The device demonstrated excellent sensitivity with an R<sup>2</sup> value of 0.966 and a detection limit of 49.76 U/L with a linear range of 42-420 U/L. When compared to CNPG3 method, Pearson’s correlation coefficient was -0.98, showing an inverse relation to each other. The developed device was tested with ABS. It showed promising results in laboratory conditions. However, the device needs to be clinically validated before deploying for detection of acute pancreatitis, especially in remote areas, and it can be further improvised with wireless technology and spectral sensors.","PeriodicalId":13264,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on NanoBioscience","volume":"25 1","pages":"52-61"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144952450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Three-electrode miniaturized interdigitated system (IDEs) for electrochemical measurements with enhanced sensitivity and performance was reported here. The system included a reference electrode, a counter electrode, and a working electrode, all configured as interconnected electrodes. Present work focused on optimizing the number of working electrodes and their geometric parameters to achieve peak performance, with bench marking system Potassium Ferricyanide. This optimization addressed the critical interplay between capacitance, resistance, sensitivity, and aspect ratio. Unlike previous configurations where the reference electrode was separated from the interdigitated design, the present approach integrates the reference electrode into the interdigitated configuration, greatly increasing sensitivity. Despite using a low-cost conductive material such as carbon PLA (polylactic acid) for 3D printed (3DP) electrodes, in a three-electrode interdigitated system, the current observed at the oxidation peak showed a significant increase of 97-98%, while the reduction peak exhibits an increase of 65-66% compared to the two-electrode interdigitated system. The screen-printed (SP) electrodes used for design validation exhibited minimal variation in cycles in a two working electrode interdigitated configuration. This progress highlighted the potential of interconnected electrodes in developing susceptible and efficient electrochemical sensors.
{"title":"Enhanced Electrochemical Sensitivity and Performance Using 3D Printed and Screen Printed Interdigitated Three-Electrode System","authors":"Ankit Patil;Arindam Kushagra;Khairunnisa Amreen;BVVSN Prabhakar Rao;Satish Kumar Dubey;Sanket Goel","doi":"10.1109/TNB.2025.3604284","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TNB.2025.3604284","url":null,"abstract":"Three-electrode miniaturized interdigitated system (IDEs) for electrochemical measurements with enhanced sensitivity and performance was reported here. The system included a reference electrode, a counter electrode, and a working electrode, all configured as interconnected electrodes. Present work focused on optimizing the number of working electrodes and their geometric parameters to achieve peak performance, with bench marking system Potassium Ferricyanide. This optimization addressed the critical interplay between capacitance, resistance, sensitivity, and aspect ratio. Unlike previous configurations where the reference electrode was separated from the interdigitated design, the present approach integrates the reference electrode into the interdigitated configuration, greatly increasing sensitivity. Despite using a low-cost conductive material such as carbon PLA (polylactic acid) for 3D printed (3DP) electrodes, in a three-electrode interdigitated system, the current observed at the oxidation peak showed a significant increase of 97-98%, while the reduction peak exhibits an increase of 65-66% compared to the two-electrode interdigitated system. The screen-printed (SP) electrodes used for design validation exhibited minimal variation in cycles in a two working electrode interdigitated configuration. This progress highlighted the potential of interconnected electrodes in developing susceptible and efficient electrochemical sensors.","PeriodicalId":13264,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on NanoBioscience","volume":"25 1","pages":"45-51"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144952387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-25DOI: 10.1109/TNB.2025.3569127
Mohammad Ataee Zolfaghari;Ali Jahanian
DNA strands have been used recently as one of the ideal materials in molecular computation because of the fascinating properties of these molecules, like high parallelism and programmability. Several architectures are proposed in recent years for design DNA-based logic gates. These gates have improved through time in several properties like scalability, time responsiveness, output quality, and material utilization. However, as their fundamental limitations, these gates are considered to be disposable, and also, can impose high costs. The mentioned issues can decrease their practicality. Hence, in recent years, researchers have proposed several methods to address these limitations. However, the reported methods have some drawbacks, such as low restoration quality and degraded output concentration. Also, some of these gates use the dual-rail design that results in high complexity and cost. This paper introduces a design scheme to solve the disposability of a DNA-based gate with better gate-restoration and output quality compared to the addressed methods considerably. So that, in this work successful to restoration the gate up to the 90% than existing methods, and achieved the output quality about four-fold than the previous method. Moreover, it uses the single-rail method for representing the inputs and output signals that decrease the manufacturing cost of the system.
{"title":"Quality and Cost Improved Renewable Time-Responsive DNA Logic Gates","authors":"Mohammad Ataee Zolfaghari;Ali Jahanian","doi":"10.1109/TNB.2025.3569127","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TNB.2025.3569127","url":null,"abstract":"DNA strands have been used recently as one of the ideal materials in molecular computation because of the fascinating properties of these molecules, like high parallelism and programmability. Several architectures are proposed in recent years for design DNA-based logic gates. These gates have improved through time in several properties like scalability, time responsiveness, output quality, and material utilization. However, as their fundamental limitations, these gates are considered to be disposable, and also, can impose high costs. The mentioned issues can decrease their practicality. Hence, in recent years, researchers have proposed several methods to address these limitations. However, the reported methods have some drawbacks, such as low restoration quality and degraded output concentration. Also, some of these gates use the dual-rail design that results in high complexity and cost. This paper introduces a design scheme to solve the disposability of a DNA-based gate with better gate-restoration and output quality compared to the addressed methods considerably. So that, in this work successful to restoration the gate up to the 90% than existing methods, and achieved the output quality about four-fold than the previous method. Moreover, it uses the single-rail method for representing the inputs and output signals that decrease the manufacturing cost of the system.","PeriodicalId":13264,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on NanoBioscience","volume":"25 1","pages":"2-9"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144952479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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