Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007023
Mohammad Ali Karbaschian, D. Soffker
In this contribution, different control strategies for application within series hybrid hydraulic powertrain are designed, applied, and discussed. Common aspects of the introduced control strategies are the low-level component-oriented control realization. In contrast to common supervisory control concepts, the low-level control strategies are more accurate because of application of dynamic model of the system instead of static model. The engine on/off control strategy based on compensation of used accumulator power is compared to accumulator depleting strategy, in which demanded power is mainly supplied using accumulator power, as well as smooth engine strategy, in which the maximum power of the engine is bounded. The effect of control parameters on the performance and efficiency of the hybrid power train is investigated. Simulation results confirm the results and show significant improvement of fuel economy by applying engine on/off strategy as well as accumulator depleting strategy. In addition, the performance of the hybrid powertrain is detected highly depend on the driving cycle.
{"title":"Application and Comparison of Pressure Control Strategies to a Series Hybrid Hydraulic Powertrain","authors":"Mohammad Ali Karbaschian, D. Soffker","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007023","url":null,"abstract":"In this contribution, different control strategies for application within series hybrid hydraulic powertrain are designed, applied, and discussed. Common aspects of the introduced control strategies are the low-level component-oriented control realization. In contrast to common supervisory control concepts, the low-level control strategies are more accurate because of application of dynamic model of the system instead of static model. The engine on/off control strategy based on compensation of used accumulator power is compared to accumulator depleting strategy, in which demanded power is mainly supplied using accumulator power, as well as smooth engine strategy, in which the maximum power of the engine is bounded. The effect of control parameters on the performance and efficiency of the hybrid power train is investigated. Simulation results confirm the results and show significant improvement of fuel economy by applying engine on/off strategy as well as accumulator depleting strategy. In addition, the performance of the hybrid powertrain is detected highly depend on the driving cycle.","PeriodicalId":133160,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127379155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007011
M. Stempfle, S. Bintz, J. Wolfle, J. Roth-Stielow
In electric vehicles abrupt torque steps and changing driving speeds require alternating currents and voltages. The battery voltage varies depending on the state of charge and on operation points. In order to keep the DC voltage of the Three-Level Inverter constant or conform it to the induced voltage of the electric machine (M) to reduce switching losses a DCDC converter is necessary. An alternative to the just mentioned configuration is the Three-Level Z-Source Inverter (3LZSI) that facilitates to boost the DC voltage or keep it constant. The control path has a nonlinear behavior. To design a closed loop state control system and calculate the control parameters the control path has to be linearized by a Taylor series. If the operating point deviates from the approximate steady-state value the system behavior of the control system differs from the assumed one. In order to achieve the desired dynamic system behavior the controllers' parameters have to be adapted in each operation point. In this paper an adaptive closed loop state control system for a 3LZSI is presented. The control system only requires the magnitude and the angle of a voltage vector by way of example the reference torque and electrical angle of a machine. Furthermore if it is necessary the control system initiates the boost of the DC voltage without making any additional arrangements.
{"title":"Adaptive Closed Loop State Control System for a Three-Level Z-Source Inverter","authors":"M. Stempfle, S. Bintz, J. Wolfle, J. Roth-Stielow","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007011","url":null,"abstract":"In electric vehicles abrupt torque steps and changing driving speeds require alternating currents and voltages. The battery voltage varies depending on the state of charge and on operation points. In order to keep the DC voltage of the Three-Level Inverter constant or conform it to the induced voltage of the electric machine (M) to reduce switching losses a DCDC converter is necessary. An alternative to the just mentioned configuration is the Three-Level Z-Source Inverter (3LZSI) that facilitates to boost the DC voltage or keep it constant. The control path has a nonlinear behavior. To design a closed loop state control system and calculate the control parameters the control path has to be linearized by a Taylor series. If the operating point deviates from the approximate steady-state value the system behavior of the control system differs from the assumed one. In order to achieve the desired dynamic system behavior the controllers' parameters have to be adapted in each operation point. In this paper an adaptive closed loop state control system for a 3LZSI is presented. The control system only requires the magnitude and the angle of a voltage vector by way of example the reference torque and electrical angle of a machine. Furthermore if it is necessary the control system initiates the boost of the DC voltage without making any additional arrangements.","PeriodicalId":133160,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130853469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007055
C. Rossi, D. Pontara, D. Casadei
Traction system based on electric driven Continuously Variable Transmission (e-CVT) is widely used in full hybrid powertrains for passenger cars. This paper deals with a new solution for the layout of the e-CVT, which is based on coaxial and concentric arrangement of the electric machines. The hybrid electric transmission based on the e-CVT is proposed for the application on agricultural tractors.
{"title":"e-CVT Power Split Transmission for Off-Road Hybrid-Electric Vehicles","authors":"C. Rossi, D. Pontara, D. Casadei","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007055","url":null,"abstract":"Traction system based on electric driven Continuously Variable Transmission (e-CVT) is widely used in full hybrid powertrains for passenger cars. This paper deals with a new solution for the layout of the e-CVT, which is based on coaxial and concentric arrangement of the electric machines. The hybrid electric transmission based on the e-CVT is proposed for the application on agricultural tractors.","PeriodicalId":133160,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115074464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007094
H. Pires, A. Carreiro, G. Pereira, R. Carreira, J. Trovão, J. Landeck
Public lighting is an important community service, but it can consume 40 percent of a city's energy budget. Moreover, the national energy management sector is slowly passing from government surveillance to the responsibility of local municipalities. The energy efficiency management in cities benefits local government on important energy projects that have environmental characteristics and economic availability. This paper presents the ongoing R&D of the IP@Smart project aimed to develop an energy management methodology applied to eco- efficient public lighting network to transforms streetlights into intelligent, energy-efficient and remotely managed. The illustrative results of the pilot demonstration in Portuguese Municipality are presented.
{"title":"IP@Smart - Energy Management System Applied to Eco-Efficient Public Lighting Networks","authors":"H. Pires, A. Carreiro, G. Pereira, R. Carreira, J. Trovão, J. Landeck","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007094","url":null,"abstract":"Public lighting is an important community service, but it can consume 40 percent of a city's energy budget. Moreover, the national energy management sector is slowly passing from government surveillance to the responsibility of local municipalities. The energy efficiency management in cities benefits local government on important energy projects that have environmental characteristics and economic availability. This paper presents the ongoing R&D of the IP@Smart project aimed to develop an energy management methodology applied to eco- efficient public lighting network to transforms streetlights into intelligent, energy-efficient and remotely managed. The illustrative results of the pilot demonstration in Portuguese Municipality are presented.","PeriodicalId":133160,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"125 8","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120893516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2014.7006995
S. Funke, Patrick Plotz
This paper proposes a simple and effective scheme for Direct Torque Control (DTC) of Brushless DC Motor. Unlike the traditional DTC where both the torque and flux must to be employed in order to deliver the switching table for the inverter, the proposed DTC scheme utilizes only the torque information. By considering the particular operating principle of the motor, the instantaneous torque can be estimated only by using back EMF ratio in an unified differential equation. The simulation results have shown the good performance of the proposed scheme. It can be seen thus a very suitable technique for EV drives which need fast and precise torque response.
{"title":"A Comparison of Different Means to Increase Daily Range of Electric Vehicles: The Potential of Battery Sizing, Increased Vehicle Efficiency and Charging Infrastructure","authors":"S. Funke, Patrick Plotz","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2014.7006995","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7006995","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a simple and effective scheme for Direct Torque Control (DTC) of Brushless DC Motor. Unlike the traditional DTC where both the torque and flux must to be employed in order to deliver the switching table for the inverter, the proposed DTC scheme utilizes only the torque information. By considering the particular operating principle of the motor, the instantaneous torque can be estimated only by using back EMF ratio in an unified differential equation. The simulation results have shown the good performance of the proposed scheme. It can be seen thus a very suitable technique for EV drives which need fast and precise torque response.","PeriodicalId":133160,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121213571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007066
Khalil Maleej, S. Kelouwani, Y. Dubé, K. Agbossou
This work investigates an event-based electric vehicle mass and grade estimation using a Recursive Least Squares (RSL) with variable forgetting factors method. Given the vehicle speed and electric power consumption, we proposed a two-layer identification architecture in which the first layer provides acceleration and cruise motion periods, whereas the second layer is responsible for mass and grade parameter estimations. The forgetting factors are updated based on the vehicle acceleration values. The proposed method does not require torque measurements from the propulsion system. Therefore, it can be used for different type of vehicles. The preliminary comparative study suggests that the proposed method is efficient and can provide satisfactory results even in presence of noisy measurements.
{"title":"Event-Based Electric Vehicle Mass and Grade Estimation","authors":"Khalil Maleej, S. Kelouwani, Y. Dubé, K. Agbossou","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007066","url":null,"abstract":"This work investigates an event-based electric vehicle mass and grade estimation using a Recursive Least Squares (RSL) with variable forgetting factors method. Given the vehicle speed and electric power consumption, we proposed a two-layer identification architecture in which the first layer provides acceleration and cruise motion periods, whereas the second layer is responsible for mass and grade parameter estimations. The forgetting factors are updated based on the vehicle acceleration values. The proposed method does not require torque measurements from the propulsion system. Therefore, it can be used for different type of vehicles. The preliminary comparative study suggests that the proposed method is efficient and can provide satisfactory results even in presence of noisy measurements.","PeriodicalId":133160,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124880751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007064
S. Carpiuc, C. Lazar
The speed control problem of permanent magnet synchronous machine drives is a challenging problem which has to deal with physical and computational constraints. Moreover, the speed control has to provide also the references of the stator currents. The goal of this paper is to develop an effective control methodology for speed control in permanent magnet synchronous machine drives using a two step approach. Firstly, a model predictive speed control scheme based on control Lyapunov functions is developed from which results the torque reference which has to be converted in references for the stator currents in order to be used by the inner current control loop. Then, secondly, a piecewise affine approximation of the torque function, which is a non-linear non-convex function, is made by gridding the current and torque spaces. As a result, the current reference generation problem is reduced to a convex optimization problem providing guarantees about the error bound introduced by the reference generation procedure. Simulation results are reported and analyzed in order to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed solution. The obtained results based on realistic simulation scenarios show that the proposed solution can handle both the performance and the existing constraints showing an improvent when comparing to the classical PI control.
{"title":"Energy-Efficient Model Predictive Speed Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine Based Automotive Traction Drives","authors":"S. Carpiuc, C. Lazar","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007064","url":null,"abstract":"The speed control problem of permanent magnet synchronous machine drives is a challenging problem which has to deal with physical and computational constraints. Moreover, the speed control has to provide also the references of the stator currents. The goal of this paper is to develop an effective control methodology for speed control in permanent magnet synchronous machine drives using a two step approach. Firstly, a model predictive speed control scheme based on control Lyapunov functions is developed from which results the torque reference which has to be converted in references for the stator currents in order to be used by the inner current control loop. Then, secondly, a piecewise affine approximation of the torque function, which is a non-linear non-convex function, is made by gridding the current and torque spaces. As a result, the current reference generation problem is reduced to a convex optimization problem providing guarantees about the error bound introduced by the reference generation procedure. Simulation results are reported and analyzed in order to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed solution. The obtained results based on realistic simulation scenarios show that the proposed solution can handle both the performance and the existing constraints showing an improvent when comparing to the classical PI control.","PeriodicalId":133160,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125162988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007068
A. Allègre, S. Astier, A. Bouscayrol, L. Chevallier, X. Cimetiere, S. Clénet, B. Lemaire-Semail, P. Maussion, J. Sergent
Organizing international conferences leads to emission of greenhouse gases (GHG). Even though, some conferences are devoted to "greener" systems (e.g. IEEE VPPC), the transport of attendees and the local organization of the conference are not "carbon free". Consequently, some experiences are reported in this paper in order to reduce the ecological footprint of the conference itself and also to mitigate the emitted GHG for international congresses.
{"title":"Experiences on Carbon Care Conferences","authors":"A. Allègre, S. Astier, A. Bouscayrol, L. Chevallier, X. Cimetiere, S. Clénet, B. Lemaire-Semail, P. Maussion, J. Sergent","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007068","url":null,"abstract":"Organizing international conferences leads to emission of greenhouse gases (GHG). Even though, some conferences are devoted to \"greener\" systems (e.g. IEEE VPPC), the transport of attendees and the local organization of the conference are not \"carbon free\". Consequently, some experiences are reported in this paper in order to reduce the ecological footprint of the conference itself and also to mitigate the emitted GHG for international congresses.","PeriodicalId":133160,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127273689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007040
Thomas Bruen, J. Marco, M. Gama
An electric vehicle battery pack may employ cells connected electrically in parallel to meet energy and power requirements. For the battery management system, cells connected in parallel are often treated as a single larger component. However, research has identified that the state of charge and cell current may not be equal due to differences in capacity, impedance and cell temperature. In this paper, the authors develop a parallel cell model validated against experimental data. The model is used to evaluate cell energy variation and the impact this can have on the design of highly parallelized battery systems.
{"title":"Current Variation in Parallelized Energy Storage Systems","authors":"Thomas Bruen, J. Marco, M. Gama","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007040","url":null,"abstract":"An electric vehicle battery pack may employ cells connected electrically in parallel to meet energy and power requirements. For the battery management system, cells connected in parallel are often treated as a single larger component. However, research has identified that the state of charge and cell current may not be equal due to differences in capacity, impedance and cell temperature. In this paper, the authors develop a parallel cell model validated against experimental data. The model is used to evaluate cell energy variation and the impact this can have on the design of highly parallelized battery systems.","PeriodicalId":133160,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131140376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007036
F. Zenith, J. Tjønnås, I. Halvorsen
The aim of this work is how to analyse controllability and design a suitable control structure for a commercial stationary micro combined heat and power system (mchp) where the focus is to optimise the life time of the fuel cell, which is the central component in the system and the most critical with respect to durability. A three-layered control approach is proposed, building on the pre-existing low-level regulatory layer. A middle-level controller handles reversible degradation phenomena before they cause lasting damage, inducing temporary deviations from the steady state to recover from e.g. catalyst contamination or electrode flooding. A high-level optimising controller sets the nominal operating conditions to maximise a specific objective function, based on prognostics and health management, in which the lifetime of the stack is of pivotal importance.
{"title":"Control Structure of a Micro Combined Heat and Power Fuel-Cell System for Lifetime Maximisation","authors":"F. Zenith, J. Tjønnås, I. Halvorsen","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007036","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this work is how to analyse controllability and design a suitable control structure for a commercial stationary micro combined heat and power system (mchp) where the focus is to optimise the life time of the fuel cell, which is the central component in the system and the most critical with respect to durability. A three-layered control approach is proposed, building on the pre-existing low-level regulatory layer. A middle-level controller handles reversible degradation phenomena before they cause lasting damage, inducing temporary deviations from the steady state to recover from e.g. catalyst contamination or electrode flooding. A high-level optimising controller sets the nominal operating conditions to maximise a specific objective function, based on prognostics and health management, in which the lifetime of the stack is of pivotal importance.","PeriodicalId":133160,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129165441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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