IET nanobiotechnology最新文献

Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) membrane-coated metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) represent an innovative approach to enhance the uptake and therapeutic efficacy of copper-based MOFs (Cu-MOFs) in tumor cells. By leveraging the natural homing abilities and biocompatibility of MSC membranes, Cu-MOFs can be effectively targeted to tumor sites, promoting increased cellular uptake. This coating not only facilitates superior internalization by cancer cells but also augments the therapeutic outcomes due to the enhanced delivery of copper ions. In vitro studies demonstrate that MSC membrane-coated Cu-MOFs (MSC-Cu-MOFs) significantly improve the cytotoxic effects on tumor cells compared to uncoated Cu-MOFs. This novel strategy presents a promising avenue for advancing the precision and effectiveness of cancer treatment modalities, showcasing potential for clinical applications in oncology.

Background: As a naturally derived inhibitor of autophagy, Kushenol E (KE) is a biprenylated flavonoid and is isolated from Sophora flavescens, which has been used for the treatment of cancer, hepatitis, and skin diseases. However, KE, as a poorly soluble drug, exhibited strong autophagy regulating activity in in vitro cancer cell lines, but no related studies have reported its antiovarian cancer property. Therefore, it is very beneficial to enhance the antineoplastic properties of KE by establishing an ovarian tumor-targeting nanoparticle system modified with tumor-homing c(RGDfK) peptides.

Materials and Methods: In the current study, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-poly(ethylene glycol)-modified with cyclic RGDfK peptide (PLGA-PEG-c(RGDfK))-KE micelles (PPCKM) were prepared to overcome the poor water solubility of KE to meet the requirement of tumor-active targeting. The effect of PPCKM on ovarian cancer was evaluated on SKOV-3 cells and xenograft models in BALB/c nude mice.

Results: The PPCKM showed a higher drug cumulative release ratio (82.16 ± 7.69% vs. 34.96 ± 3.05%, at 1.5 h) with good morphology, particle size (93.41 ± 2.84 nm), and entrapment efficiency (89.7% ± 1.3%). The cell viability, migration, and apoptosis analysis of SKOV-3 cells demonstrated that PPCKM retained potent antitumor effects and promoted apoptosis at early and advanced stages with concentration-dependent. Based on the establishment of xenograft models in BALB/c nude mice, we discovered that PPCKM reduced tumor volume and weight, inhibited proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Ki67 expression, as well as promoted apoptosis by targeting the tumor site.

Conclusion: The findings in this study suggest that PPCKM may serve as an effective therapeutic option for ovarian cancer.

In the present study, arginine–glycine–aspartic acid peptide (RGD) surface functionalized liposomes (Lips) were formulated for the concomitant targeted delivery of two antineoplastic drugs, namely curcumin (Cur) and 5-fluorouracil (5FU) to breast cancer cells. The Lips’ measured size values where 50–100 nm by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and 169 ± 10.2 nm by dynamic light scattering (DLS), which fall within the desired range required for drug delivery purposes. In this study, we assessed the antineoplastic effects of various liposomal formulations for the codelivery of Cur and 5FU to MCF-7 breast cancer cells. We evaluated two liposomal formulations (Lip–Cur–5FU) and (Lip–Cur–5FU–RGD). The treatment of MCF-7 cells with 32 µg/mL of Cur exhibited a significant (p < 0.0001) drop in cell viability among the three formulations, namely Cur and 5Fu in the free form (Lip–Cur–5FU) and liposomal form (Lip–Cur–5FU–RGD); the least viability rate (9.91% ± 1.65%) corresponded to the RGD functionalized concomitantly Cur and 5Fu loaded Lips (Lip–Cur–5FU–RGD) formulation. On the other hand, liposomal Cur increased the rate of early apoptotic cell by 4.88% without altering the rate of late apoptotic cells. Furthermore, the concomitant treatment of MCF-7 cells with Cur and 5FU enhanced the overall apoptosis rate, where Cur–5FU in the RGD functionalized-liposomal form induced the highest (16.8%) apoptosis rate, while other Cur–5FU formulations, free and nonfunctionalized liposomal form, induced lower apoptosis rates (10.4% and 10.9%, respectively). Collectively our results demonstrated that the implementation of RGD-functionalized Lips for the concomitant delivery of Cur and 5FU enhanced their therapeutic efficacy against this breast cancer model.

Herein, chitosan nanoparticle (CHIT) was used as a safe and biocompatible matrix to carry flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) extract (FSE). The number of main features and bio-interface properties of CHIT-FSE were determined by SEM, DLS, FTIR, XRD, TGA, and zeta potential analyses and compared to those of chitosan lacking FSE. A GC–MS analysis was also conducted to reveal the bioactive compounds of FSE. The active anchoring of the FSE phytomolecules over chitosan nanoparticles with enhanced thermal and structural stability was correspondingly verified. Subsequently, the influence of CHIT-FSE, CHIT-TPP, and FSE supplementation was assessed on hormonal and biochemical markers of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in female rats and compared with untreated and healthy control groups. After 16 days of treatment, CHIT-FSE represented the best performance for controlling the serum levels of the studied biochemical (lipid profile and blood glucose level) and hormonal (insulin, testosterone, luteinizing, and follicle-stimulating hormone) parameters. Considering the negligible therapeutic activity of CHIT-TPP, the enhanced activity of CHIT-FSE compared to only FSE was expounded based on the potent action of chitosan nanoparticles in enhanced stabilization, bioavailability, transport, and permeability of the therapeutically important phytomolecules. As per the results of this investigation, supporting medically important biomolecules over chitosan can enhance their therapeutic effectiveness in controlling PCOS.

Background. Naringenin has shown great promise in the realm of cancer therapeutics, demonstrating excellent cytotoxic action toward cancer cells and the enhanced effects of radiation therapy in vitro. However, the medicinal value of naringenin is severely limited clinically by poor bioavailability. Thus, multiple drug-delivery strategies for overcoming this limitation have been developed, of which liposomes are considered the most suitable due to their amphiphilic, modifiable, and biocompatible characteristics. In this study, we investigated the role of naringenin and liposomal-delivered naringenin as adjuncts to radiotherapy in the MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast cancer cell line in vitro. Materials and Methods. Liposomal-naringenin was synthesized by thin-film hydration and extrusion and was characterized by spectrophotometry, dynamic light scattering, and zeta potential. The effects of free-from naringenin and liposomal-naringenin were evaluated toward MDA-MB-231 cell viability when combined with varying doses of radiation. Additionally, cell growth patterns, morphology, and colony formation were evaluated. Results. The analysis demonstrated IC₅₀ values of 387.5 and 546.6 µg/ml for naringenin and liposomal-naringenin, respectively. Naringenin and liposomal-naringenin significantly lowered cell viability, proliferation, and colony formation dose-dependently, as compared to radiation in isolation. Conclusion. The findings presented herein concur with previous accounts of the radiosensitizing potential of naringenin and further highlight the considerable biomedical application of liposomal-naringenin within the realm of radiotherapy.

The desire to reduce reliance on oil resources arises from the concerns about carbon footprint and nonrenewability. Conversely, the global presence of over 100 million palm trees poses a significant challenge due to the substantial amount of biowaste generated annually. Additionally, the use of nanocellulose (NC) as a cost-effective material is steadily gaining recognition for its growing adaptability over time. The main goal of this study is to biosynthesized NC from Iraqi date palm Phoenix dactylifera leaves waste with low-concentration acid-alkali treatment. The date palm leaves waste yields 20 g of NC from 100 g of leaves before acid hydrolysis treatment. The chemical components of biosynthesized NC were 47.90%, 26.78%, and 24.67% for α-cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, respectively. In order to study their properties, NC from raw date palm leaves was studied by microscopic techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, and atomic force microscope (AFM). SEM results revealed rod-like structured NC as well as combined long-fine fibrous structures rather than compacted bundles with sizes ranging between 31 and 74 nm. With EDX, all spectra exhibit the peaks of carbon and oxygen as the main elements with 63.8% and 10.44%, respectively, in their compositions, which relate to the typical composition of cellulose. The 3D image of AFM NC with a tapping mode presented a highly uniform distribution of NC with a size of ∼15 nm. The statistical roughness analysis shows that the obtained roughness average is 7.20 nm with the root–mean-square roughness value of 21.56 nm, which corresponded relatively with the micrographs of SEM. The results of this study demonstrate the promise of using date palm waste as raw material to produce NC as green nanocomposite from biodegradable nanomaterials for water purification and sustained drug delivery for biomedical applications. In this regard and because of the insufficient reports about the extraction of NC from palm tree leaves waste, the objective of this study was designed to fabricate NC biologically from fibers sourced from the waste of Iraqi date palm P. dactylifera leaves that left in agricultural lands or burned, which can be an ecological and health problem as a bionanocomposites in the medical and industrial field and as alternative resources of wood materials.

Global concerns due to the negative impacts of untreatable wounds, as well as the growing population of these patients, emphasize the critical need for advancements in the wound healing materials and techniques. Nanotechnology offers encouraging avenues for improving wound healing process. In this context, nanoparticles (NPs) and certain natural materials, including chitosan (CS) and aloe vera (AV), have demonstrated the potential to promote healing effects. The objective of this investigation is to assess the effect of novel fabricated nanocomposite gel containing CS, AV, and zinc oxide NPs (ZnO NPs) on the wound healing process. The ZnO NPs were synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. Then, CS/AV gel with different ratios was prepared and loaded with ZnO NPs. The obtained formulations were characterized in vitro based on an antimicrobial study, and the best formulations were used for the animal study to assess their wound healing effects in 21 days. The ZnO NPs were produced with an average 33 nm particle size and exhibited rod shape morphology. Prepared gels were homogenous with good spreadability, and CS/AV/ZnO NPs formulations showed higher antimicrobial effects against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The wound healing findings showed significant wound area reduction in the CS/AV/ZnO NPs group compared to negative control at day 21. Histopathological assessment revealed the advantageous impact of this formulation across various stages of the wound healing process, including collagen deposition (CS/AV/ZnO NPs (2 : 1), 76.6 ± 3.3 compared to negative control, 46.2 ± 3.7) and epitheliogenesis (CS/AV/ZnO NPs (2 : 1), 3 ± 0.9 compared to negative control, 0.8 ± 0.8). CS/AV gel-loaded ZnO NPs showed significant effectiveness in wound healing and would be suggested as a promising formulation in the wound healing process. Further assessments are warranted to ensure the robustness of our findings.

Background. Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease, and the activation and infiltration of phagocytes are critical steps of DN. This study aimed to explore the mechanism of exosomes in macrophages and diabetes nephropathy and the role of miRNA-34a, which might provide a new path for treating DN. Materials and Methods. The DN model was established, and the success of the model establishment was confirmed by detecting general indicators, HE staining, and immunohistochemistry. Electron microscopy and NanoSight Tracking Analysis (NTA) were used to see the morphology and size of exosomes. MiRNA-34a inhibitor, miRNA-34a mimics, pc-PPARGC1A, and controls were transfected in macrophages with or without kidney exosomal. A dual-luciferase reporter gene experiment verifies the targeting relationship between miRNA-34a and PPARGC1A. After exosomal culture, macrophages are co-cultured with normal renal tubular cells to detect renal tubular cell fibrosis. Q-PCR and western blot were undertaken to detect related RNA and proteins. Results. An animal model of diabetic nephropathy was successfully constructed. Macrophages could phagocytose exosomes. After ingesting model exosomes, M1 macrophages were activated, while M2 macrophages were weakened, indicating the model mice’s kidney exosomes caused the polarization. MiRNA-34a inhibitor increased PPARGC1A expression. MiRNA-34a expressed higher in diabetic nephropathy Model-Exo. MiRNA-34a negatively regulated PPARGC1A. PPARGC1A rescued macrophage polarization and renal tubular cell fibrosis. Conclusion. Exosomal miRNA-34a of tubular epithelial cells promoted M1 macrophage activation in diabetic nephropathy via negatively regulating PPARGC1A expression, which may provide a new direction for further exploration of DN treatment.

Prostate cancer is the second most frequent type of cancer death in men. This study refers to the novel hyperthermia application of poloxamer-coated cobalt ferrite as a new approach for thermal eradication of DU-145 human prostate cancerous cells under a radio frequency magnetic field (RF-MF). The hydrothermal method was applied for the synthesis of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles. Then, the structure, size, and morphology of nanoparticle were characterized. The cytotoxicity of the synthesized nanoparticles and RF-MF exposure on DU-145 prostate cancer cells was investigated separately or in combination with colony formation methods and MTT [3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide] assay. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed the spherical morphology of nanoparticles with a size of 5.5 ± 2.6 nm. The temperature of cells treated with nanoparticles under RF-MF reached 42.73 ± 0.2°C after 15 min. RF-MF treatment or nanoparticles have not affected cell viability significantly. However, the combination of them eradicated 53% ± 4% of cancerous cells. In-vitro hyperthermia was performed on human prostate cancer cells (DU-145) with cobalt ferrite nanoparticles at specific concentrations that demonstrated a decrease in survival fraction based on colony formation assay compared to cells that were treated alone with nanoparticles or with RF-MF.

Cancer vaccines based on tumor cell components have shown promising results in animal and clinical studies. The vaccine system contains abundant tumor antigen components, which can activate the immune system by antigens. However, their efficacy has been limited by the inability of antigens delivery, which are the core components of vaccines, further fail to be presented and activation of effective cells. Nanotechnology offers a novel platform to enhance the immunogenicity of tumor-associated antigens and deliver them to antigen-presenting cells (APCs) more efficiently. In addition, nanotreatment of tumor cells derivate active ingredients could also help improve the effectiveness of cancer vaccines. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the development of cancer vaccines by the combination of nanotechnology and tumor-based ingredients, including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, metallic nanoparticles, virus-like particles and tumor cells membrane, tumor lysate, and specific tumor antigens. These nanovaccines have been designed to increase antigen uptake, prolong antigen presentation, and modulate immune responses through codelivery of immunostimulatory agents. We also further discuss challenges and opportunities in the clinical translation of these nanovaccines.