IET nanobiotechnology最新文献

The authors' previous study showed that zirconium oxide nanoparticles (ZrO₂ NPs) induce toxic effects in MC3T3-E1 cells; however, its toxicological mechanism is still unclear. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry/time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used to reveal the metabolite profile and toxicological mechanism of MC3T3-E1 cells in response to ZrO₂ NPs. The results demonstrated that MC3T3-E1 cells treated with ZrO₂ NPs for 24 and 48 h presented different metabolic characteristics. Following ZrO₂ NP treatment for 24 h, 96 upregulated and 129 downregulated metabolites in the positive ion mode, as well as 91 upregulated and 326 downregulated metabolites in the negative ion mode were identified. Following ZrO₂ NP treatment for 48 h, 33 upregulated and 174 downregulated metabolites were identified in the positive ion mode, whereas 37 upregulated and 302 downregulated metabolites were confirmed in the negative ion mode. Among them, 42 differential metabolites were recognised as potential metabolites contributing to the induced toxic effects of ZrO₂ NPs in MC3T3-E1 cells. Most of the differential metabolites were lysophosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylethanolamide, indicating that exposure to ZrO₂ NPs may have a profound impact on human cellular function by impairing the membrane system. The results also provide new clues for the toxicological mechanism of ZrO₂ NP dental materials.

Trace amounts of Cu (II), Pb (II), and Cd (II) in a wastewater sample were preconcentrated with a novel cross-linked magnetic chitosan modified with a new synthesised methionine-glutaraldehyde Schiff's base (MG-Chi/Fe₃ O₄ ) as a dispersive solid-phase extraction (DSPE) adsorbent. The adsorbed metal ions were then eluted with a specific volume of suitable solution and determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). Various parameters affecting the extraction efficiency of the metal ions were investigated and optimised, including pH, amount of adsorbent, extraction time, type and volume rate of eluent, elution time, sample volume, and effect of interfering ions. The adsorption kinetics are more consistent with the pseudo-second order model. The results were statistically interpreted and the analytical performance of the proposed method was found to have preconcentration factors of 55, 60, and 50 μg L^-1 for Cu(II), Pb(II), and Cd(II), respectively, limits of detection were 0.22, 0.24, and 0.10 μg L^-1 for Cu(II), Pb(II), and Cd(II), respectively, with a relative standard deviation (1.5%-2.8 %), and the liner range was 5-1000 for Cu(II) and Pb(II) and 2.5-1000 for Cd(II). It was concluded that this method was suitable for successful simultaneous determination of Cu(II), Pb(II), and Cd(II) in industrial wastewater samples.

Nanomaterials (NMs) have abundant applications in areas such as electronics, energy, environment industries, biosensors, nano devices, theranostic platforms, etc. Nanoparticles can increase the solubility and stability of drug-loaded materials, enhance their internalisation, protect them from initial destruction in the biological system, and lengthen their circulation time. The biological interaction of proteins present in the body fluid with NMs can change the activity and natural surface properties of NMs. The size and charge of NMs, properties of the coated and uncoated NMs, nature of proteins, cellular interactions direct their internalisation pathway in the cellular system. Thus, the present review emphasises the impact of coated, uncoated NMs, size and charge, nature of proteins on nano-bio surface interactions and on internalisation with specific focus on cancer cells. The increased activity of NPs may also result in toxicity on health and environment, thus emphasis should be given to assess the toxicity of NMs in the medical field. The e-data sharing portals of NMs have also been discussed in this review that will be helpful in providing the information about the chemical, physical, biological properties and toxicity of NMs.

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) 1 and 2 are viruses that infect individuals worldwide and for which there is no cure or vaccine available. The protective response against herpes is mostly mediated by CD8 T lymphocytes that respond to the immunodominant SSIEFARL epitope. However, there are some obstacles concerning the use of free SSIEFARL for vaccine or immunotherapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of nanoencapsulation of SSIEFARL and its immunostimulatory properties. Nano/SSIEFARL was produced by interfacial polymerization in methylmetacrylate, and the physico-chemical properties, morphology and immunobiological parameters were evaluated. To evaluate the ex vivo capacity of Nano/SSIEFARL, we used splenocytes from HSV-1-infected mice to enhance the frequency of SSIEFARL-specific CD8 T lymphocytes. The results indicate that Nano/SSIEFARL has a spherical shape, an average diameter of 352 ± 22 nm, the PDI was 0.361 ± 0.009 and is negatively charged (-26.30 ± 35). The stability at 4°C was 28 days. Also, Nano/SSIEFARL is not toxic for cells at low concentrations in vitro and it is taken up by JAWS II dendritic cells. No histopathological changes were observed in kidneys, liver and lymph nodes of animals treated with Nano/SSIEFARL. Nan/SSIEFARL increased the production of IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-12 by the dendritic cells. Finally, Nano/SSIEFARL expanded the frequency of SSIEFARL-specific CD8+T lymphocytes at the same rate as free SSIEFARL. In conclusion all data together indicate that SSIEFARL is suitable for nanoencapsulation, and the system produced presents some immunoadjuvant properties that can be used to improve the immune response against herpes.

Hernia is a defect of the abdominal wall. Treatment is principally surgical mesh implantation. Non-degradable surgical meshes produce numerous complications and side-effects such as inflammatory response, mesh migration and chronic pain. In contrast, the biodegradable, poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) based polymers have excellent chemical, mechanical and biological properties and after their degradation no chronic pain can be expected. The toxicology of PVA solution and fibers was investigated with Human dermal fibroblast- Adult cell line. Implantation tests were observed on long-term contact (rat) and large animal (swine) models. To measure the adhesion formation, Diamond and Vandendael score were used. Macroscopical and histological responses were graded from the samples. In vitro examination showed that PVA solution and fibers are biocompatible for the cells. According to the implantation tests, all samples were integrated into the surrounding tissue, and there was no foreign body reaction. The average number of adhesions was found on the non-absorbable suture line. The biocompatibility of the PVA nanofiber mesh was demonstrated. It has a non-adhesive, non-toxic and good quality structure which has the potential to be an alternative solution for the part of the hernia mesh.

Glioblastoma is the most life-threatening tumour of the central nervous system. Temozolomide (TMZ) is the first-choice oral drug for the treatment of glioblastoma, although it shows low efficacy. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been shown to exhibit biocidal activity in a variety of microorganisms, including some pathogenic microorganisms. Herein, the antiproliferative effect of AgCl-NPs on glioblastoma cell lines (GBM02 and GBM11) and on astrocytes was evaluated through automated quantitative image-based analysis (HCA) of the cells. The cells were treated with 0.1-5.0 μg/ml AgCl-NPs or with 9.7-48.5 μg/ml TMZ. Cells that received combined treatment were also analysed. At a maximum tested concentration of AgCl-NPs, GBM02 and GBM11, the growth decreased by 93% and 40%, respectively, following 72 h of treatment. TMZ treatment decreased the proliferation of GBM02 and GBM11 cells by 58% and 34%, respectively. Combinations of AgCl-NPs and TMZ showed intermediate antiproliferative effects; the lowest concentrations caused an inhibition similar to that obtained with TMZ, and the highest concentrations caused inhibition similar to that obtained with AgCl-NPs alone. No significant changes in astrocyte proliferation were observed. The authors' findings showed that HCA is a fast and reliable approach that can be used to evaluate the antiproliferative effect of the nanoparticles at the single-cell level and that AgCl-NPs are promising agents for glioblastoma treatment.

This article analyses the effect of the size reduced Silver (Ag) loaded hydrogel by (a) lyophilisation (S1) (b) ball milling (S2) techniques and its effect on anti-bacterial activity. The g loaded hydrogel, S1 and S2 shows an increase in swelling with an increase in pH. The swelling is more for Ag loaded hydrogel in low pH. For pH above 7, the swelling ratio of Ag loaded hydrogel and S1 are almost the same while S2 shows very less swelling. The anti-bacterial studies reveal that S1 and Ag loaded hydrogel reacted well in S. aureus (Staphylococcus aureus) but no zone formation was seen in S2 .whereas no zone was formed in S1 and S2 for E-coli (Escherichia coli). As the next step, the anti-bacterial activity of Ag loaded hydrogel with the addition of curcumin (CS1-size reduced by lyophilisation, CS2-size reduced by ball milling) and turmeric (TS1-size reduced by lyophilisation, TS2-size reduced by ball milling) were investigated. In case of E.coli, a zonal formation of 1.2 cm for TS1 and 1.1 cm for TS2 and 1 cm for CS1 and 0.2 cm for CS2 was observed. For S.aureus, 1.1  and 1 cm were seen for TS1 and CS1. TS2 and CS2 did not show any zone formation. These studies clearly show that size reduction by lyophilisation (S1, TS1 and CS1) is more efficient in all the cases when compared to the ball milling technique (S2, TS2 and CS2). Comparing TS1 with S1 and CS1, TS1 has highly efficient/effective anti-bacterial properties than S1 and CS1. Therefore, lyophilised hydrogel incorporating turmeric and silver (TS1) is an excellent choice compared to using curcumin for wound dressing applications.

Neutral nanoparticles (NPs) of copper (Cu), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) are widely used in agriculture. Polymer seed coating with different metal NPs may supply important nutrients during plant growth and consequently enhances yields. In this research, three kinds of metal NPs were conducted to optimize the optimal concentration through seed coating for improving plant growth and productivity of tomato. Seeds of Venice tomato cultivars were coated by polymer-based mixture with different concentrations of Cu, Fe and Zn NPs, respectively. At harvest, seed germination, internode length, average weight of single fruit, yield and fruit shape index were measured. When compared with control, the internode length increased by 7.3% and 6.8% with low concentration of Fe NPs and Zn NPs, respectively. The average weight per fruit improved over control by 10.2% and 7.5% with low concentration of Cu NPs and Fe NPs, respectively. The yield with low concentration of Cu NPs and Fe NPs increased the yield by 10.7% and 6.5% compared with control. These results indicated that polymer seed coating with low concentration of metal NPs may promote the uptake of some nutrient and thus improve the productivity of tomato.

The drug nanoparticles free of additional carriers hold great promise in drug delivery and are suitable for the therapy of cancers. Herein, we developed a one-pot method to prepare chlorin e6 (Ce6) nano-precipitations (Ce6 NPs) for effective photodynamic therapy of colorectal cancer. The drug loading of Ce6 NPs was around 81% and showed acceptable stability, high biocompatibility as well as effective reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation capability. As a result, the Ce6 NPs can produce significantly elevated ROS upon laser irradiations and achieved better anticancer benefits than free Ce6.

Intelligent inorganic nanoparticles were designed and produced for use in imaging and annihilating tumour cells by radio-frequency (RF) hyperthermia. Nanoparticles synthesised to provide RF hyperthermia must have magnetite properties. For this purpose, magnetite nanoparticles were first synthesised by the coprecipitation method (10–15 NM). These superparamagnetic nanoparticles were then covered with gold ions without losing their magnetic properties. In this step, gold ions are reduced around the magnetite nanoparticles. Surface modification of the gold-coated magnetic nanoparticles was performed in the next step. A self-assembled monolayer was created using cysteamine (2-aminoethanethiol) molecules, which have two different end groups (SH and NH₂). These molecules react with the gold surface by SH groups. The NH₂ groups give a positive charge to the nanoparticles. After that, a monoclonal antibody (Monoclonal Anti-N-CAM Clone NCAM-OB11) was immobilised by the 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide/N-hydroxysuccinimide method. Then, the antenna RF system (144.00015 MHz) was created for RF hyperthermia. The antibody-nanoparticle binding rate and cytotoxicity tests were followed by in vitro and in vivo experiments. As the main result, antibody-bound gold-coated magnetic nanoparticles were successfully connected to tumour cells. After RF hyperthermia, the tumour size decreased owing to apoptosis and necrosis of tumour cells.