IET nanobiotechnology最新文献

As biological macromolecules, proteins are involved in important cellular functions ranging from DNA replication and biosynthesis to metabolic signalling and environmental sensing. Protein sequencing can help understand the relationship between protein function and structure, and provide key information for disease diagnosis and new drug design. Nanopore sensors are a novel technology to achieve the goal of label-free and high-throughput protein sequencing. In recent years, nanopore-based biosensors have been widely used in the detection and analysis of biomolecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins. At the same time, computer simulations can describe the transport of proteins through nanopores at the atomic level. This paper reviews the applications of nanopore sensors in protein sequencing over the past decade and the solutions to key problems from a computer simulation perspective, with the aim of pointing the way to the future of nanopore protein sequencing.

Uncontrolled waste generation and management difficulties are causing chaos in the ecosystem. Although it is vital to ease environmental pressures, right now there is no such practical strategy available for the treatment or utilisation of waste material. Because the Earth's resources are limited, a long-term, sustainable, and sensible solution is necessary. Currently waste material has drawn a lot of attention as a renewable resource. Utilisation of residual biomass leftovers appears as a green and sustainable approach to lessen the waste burden on Earth while meeting the demand for bio-based goods. Several biopolymers are available from renewable waste sources that have the potential to be used in a variety of industries for a wide range of applications. Natural and synthetic biopolymers have significant advantages over petroleum-based polymers in terms of cost-effectiveness, environmental friendliness, and user-friendliness. Using waste as a raw material through industrial symbiosis should be taken into account as one of the strategies to achieve more economic and environmental value through inter-firm collaboration on the path to a near-zero waste society. This review extensively explores the different biopolymers which can be extracted from several waste material sources and that further have potential applications in food packaging industries to enhance the shelf life of perishables. This review-based study also provides key insights into the different strategies and techniques that have been developed recently to extract biopolymers from different waste byproducts and their feasibility in practical applications for the food packaging business.

Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) typing is crucial for drug dosage and disease progression. Therefore, a simple and convenient genotyping assay is essential for personalised medicine. Herein, we developed a non-invasive, closed-tube, and visualised method for genotyping. In this method, oral swabs were lysed to directly perform PCR coupled with nested invasive reaction and visualisation based on gold nanoparticle probes in a closed tube. The strategy for genotyping assay depends on the single base recognition property of invasive reaction. This assay allowed quick and simple sample preparation and the detection of 25 copies/μL of CYP2C19*2 and 100 copies/μL of CYP2C19*3 within 90 min. Further, 20 oral swab samples for CYP2C19*2 and CYP2C19*3 were correctly typed, which agreed with pyrosequencing, indicating that this method has great potential for SNP typing in source-limited regions to guide personalised medicine.

The purpose of this study is the design and synthesis of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) conjugated with paclitaxel and to investigate the parameters affecting the stability of synthesised nanoparticles with drug delivery capability. Here, synthesised GNPs were coated with polyethylene glycol. Then these particles were conjugated with paclitaxel under different conditions and the physical and structural characteristics, as well as the factors affecting the loading of paclitaxel on nanoparticles, were evaluated by ultraviolet spectrophotometer, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering and zeta potential apparatus. It was found that pegylated GNPs have a limited loading capacity at the time of 24 h of incubation and the Paclitaxel loading was observed to be pH dependent. The use of these particles in the treatment of breast cancer (MCF7) was also investigated using the MTT test. It was determined that the survival percentage of MCF7 cells in the presence of paclitaxel-bound nanoparticles decreases to about 55% at the maximum measured concentration (690 μM).

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) can be efficiently used in wound healing process; but the main obstacle of its clinical use is its susceptibility to proteolysis and maintaining its effective concentration in the site of action. In this study, chitosan nanoparticles containing EGF is formulated using a simple method to increase its stability in physiological pH as well as protect its biological activity and effectiveness in wound healing process. Nanoparticles with different ratios of chitosan/EGF were prepared and evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Obtained results showed nanoparticles with 2:1 ratio of chitosan/EGF were able to release 80% of encapsulated protein after 12 h. Cell proliferation study demonstrated that prepared nanoparticles could protect EGF functionality in physiological pH. In vivo results showed that nanoparticles with 2:1 ratio of chitosan/EGF could significantly accelerate the wound closure-rate, re-epithelialisation and collagen deposition. In conclusion, the designed nanoparticles in optimal ratio can be considered as a potential vehicle for EGF delivery to wounds with the aim of improving healing process.

With the development of single-cell RNA sequencing technology (scRNA-seq), we have the ability to study biological questions at the level of the individual cell transcriptome. Nowadays, many analysis tools, specifically suitable for single-cell RNA sequencing data, have been developed. In this review, the currently commonly used scRNA-seq protocols are discussed. The upstream processing flow pipeline of scRNA-seq data, including goals and popular tools for reads mapping and expression quantification, quality control, normalization, imputation, and batch effect removal is also introduced. Finally, methods to evaluate these tools in both cellular and genetic dimensions, clustering and differential expression analysis are presented.

Restoration of damaged bone and cartilage tissue with biomaterial scaffolds is an area of interest in orthopaedics. Chitosan is among the low-cost biomaterials used as scaffolds with considerable biocompability to almost every human tissue. Considerable osteoconductivity, porosity, and appropriate pore size distribution have made chitosan an appropriate scaffold for loading of stem cells and a good homing place for differentiation of stem cells to bone tissue. Moreover, the similarity of chitosan to glycosaminoglycans and its potential to be used as soft gels, which could be lasting more than 1 week in mobile chondral defects, has made chitosan a polymer of interest in repairing bone and cartilage defects. Different types of scaffolds using chitosan in combination with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are discussed. MSCs are widely used in regenerative medicine because of their regenerative ability, and recent line evidence reviewed demonstrated that the combination of MSCs with a combination of chitosan with different materials, including collagen type 1, hyaluronic acid, Poly(L-lacticacid)/gelatin/β-tricalcium phosphate, gamma-poly[glutamic acid] polyelectrolyte/titanium alloy, modified Poly(L-Lactide-co-Epsilon-Caprolactone), calcium phosphate, β-glycerophosphate hydrogel/calcium phosphate cement (CPC), and CPC-Chitosan-RGD, can increase the efficacy of using MSCs, and chitosan-based stem cell delivery can be a promising method in restoration of damaged bone and cartilage tissue.

In this study, the nanoemulsions containing angelica essential oil (AEO) was used as a novel nano-carrier for enrichment of dairy dessert. Firstly, oil-in-water nanoemulsions were prepared by different levels of GE (1%, 5%, 10%, and 15%) as the dispersed phase, Tween 80 as surfactant with a constant surfactant to essential oil ratio (1:1), and distillated water as a continuous phase. Droplet size, free radical scavenging capacity, antimicrobial activity against gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus (25923 ATCC)) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli H7 O157 (700728 ATCC)) were evaluated for produced nanoemulsions. The mean droplet size of nanoemulsion increased from 75 to 95 nm and antioxidant capacity also enhanced from 15.4% to 30.2% by increasing AEO level from 1% to 15%. Antimicrobial analysis by disk diffusion methods for nanoemulsions containing different levels of AEO cleared that nanoemulsions with high levels of AEO showed the stronger antimicrobial activity against both used bacteria and especially more activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The results of the total count and yeast and mould count show that the nanoemulsions with different levels of AEO have been effective on the number of microorganisms, particularly during storage. The incorporation of pure essential oil and nanoemulsions with different levels of AEO did not affect significantly the pH of different dessert samples however, they affected the dry matter and free radical scavenging capacity. Adding of nanoemulsions with different levels of AEO to the desserts had a considerable effect on the rheological properties including apparent viscosity, Gʹ, G", Tan δ and complex viscosity and all samples showed shear-thining behaviour. Results from organoleptic characteristics (taste, odour colour, mouthfeel and total acceptance) showed that enriched samples by nanoemulsions, particularly with higher level of AEO had higher sensorial scores. In general, samples containing free AEO (not encapsulated) had the lower scores in all organoleptic characteristics.