IET nanobiotechnology最新文献

A one-pot bottom-up synthesis method was used to synthesise multi-level leaf-like nano-silver (silver leaf) by simply mixing AgNO₃, L-ascorbic acid, Sodium sodium citrate, and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in the ethanol-water mixed solvents. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) characterisations show that the silver leaves have tertiary structures and their sizes are controllable. In addition, silver leaves exhibit excellent Raman enhancement effect (SERS) and chemical catalytic activities for phenolic molecules. Interestingly, the SERS and catalytic activities increase as the size of the silver leaves decrease within a certain range, but when the size is too small, both of these performances weaken. The nanometre size and interstitial structure have a common amplification effect and influence on these activities. The present work not only showed a new method for the synthesis of silver leaves but also could be generalised to find other metallic leaves that could be used as promising heterogeneous catalysts for various reactions. The production of such small-sized silver leaves will facilitate the analysis of phenolic pollutants through Raman enhancement and treat these pollutants through catalytic degradation.

Renal fibrosis is the pathological outcome of most end-stage renal diseases, yet there are still limited therapeutic options for it. In recent years, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (BM-MSCs) have received much attention. Here, we investigate the therapeutic effect of BM-MSCs on unilateral ureteral occlusion (UUO)-induced interstitial fibrosis in the kidney by modulating prostaglandin E2 receptor 2 (EP2). Renal pathological changes were evident in the UUO group compared to the control group, with significantly increased expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), fibronectin, Ep2 and F4/80⁺CD86⁺ and F4/80⁺CD206⁺ cells in the UUO group (p< 0.05). Pathological changes were alleviated and F4/80⁺CD86⁺ and F480/⁺CD206⁺ cells were reduced after exosome or EP2 agonist intervention compared to the UUO group. These data were further confirmed in vitro. Compared to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) group and the LPS + exosome + Ah6809 group, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) + exosome group and the LPS + butaprost group showed a significant decrease in α-SMA expression, a decrease in the number of F4/80⁺CD86⁺ and F4/80⁺CD206⁺ cells, a decrease in interleukin (IL)-6 and an increase in IL-10 levels. Therefore, we conclude that BM-MSCs can reduce the polarization of M1 and M2 macrophages by activating EP2 receptors, thereby ameliorating renal fibrosis.

In this study, the superparamagnetic adsorbent as Fe@Mg-Al LDH was synthesised by different methods with two steps for the removal of heavy metal ions from water samples. An easy, practical, economical, and replicable method was introduced to remove water contaminants, including heavy ions from aquatic environments. Moreover, the structure of superparamagnetic adsorbent was investigated by various methods including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometer. For better separation, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid ligand was used, forming a complex with antimony ions to create suitable conditions for the removal of these ions. Cadmium and antimony ions were studied by floatation in aqueous environments with this superparamagnetic adsorbent owing to effective factors such as pH, amount of superparamagnetic adsorbent, contact time, sample temperature, volume, and ligand concentration. The model of Freundlich, Langmuir, and Temkin isotherms was studied to qualitatively evaluate the adsorption of antimony ions by the superparamagnetic adsorbent. The value of loaded antimony metal ions with Fe@Mg-Al LDH was resulted at 160.15 mg/g. The standard deviation value in this procedure was found at 7.92%. The desorption volume of antimony metal ions by the adsorbent was found to be 25 ml. The thermodynamic parameters as well as the effect of interfering ions were investigated by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry.

Biosynthesis of metallic oxide nanoparticles is being used and preferred over physical and chemical methods of synthesis since it is simple, inexpensive, environmentally friendly, and green. The aim of this study was to synthesise ZnO and nickel doped ZnO nanoparticles using Euphorbia abyssinica bark extract for antimicrobial activity studies via agar disk diffusion method against some selected microbes. The synthesised nanoparticles were characterised using X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The study results revealed that the biosynthesised nanoparticles had good crystalline nature, with crystal sizes in the range of nanoparticles and structures of hexagonal wurtzite. Both undoped ZnO and nickel doped ZnO nanoparticles demonstrated antibacterial and antifungal activity against four bacterial strains and two fungal genus. Generally, nickel doped ZnO NPs were found to possess more antimicrobial activities than undoped ZnO NPs. Specially, 4% and 5% nickel doped ZnO NPs showed significantly enhanced activity against Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus and Fusarium.

In the present study, metal and metal oxide nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using Aspergillus kambarensis. UV–Vis spectroscopy showed maximum absorbance of 417 nm for silver (AgNPs), 542 nm for gold (AuNPs), 582 nm for copper (CuNPs) and 367 nm for zinc oxide (ZnONPs) nanoparticles. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated the presence of various mycochemicals with diverse functional groups in the fungal cell-free filtrate. Transmission electron microscopy revealed mono and poly dispersed particles with an estimate size of 50 nm and different shapes for synthesized manufacture metallic nanoparticles (MNPs. Dynamic light scattering confirmed that MNPs were dispersed in the size range less than 50 nm. Zeta potential analysis showed values of −41.32 mV (AgNPs), −41.26 mV (AuNPs), −34.74 mV (CuNPs) and 33.72 mV (ZnONPs). X-ray diffraction analysis demonstrated crystalline nature for MNPs. All the synthesized MNPs except AuNPs showed strong antifungal and antibacterial activity in disc diffusion assay with growth inhibition zones of 13.1–44.2 mm as well as anticancer activity against HepG-2 cancer cell line with IC₅₀ in the range of 62.01–77.03 µg/ml. Taken together, the results show that biologically active MNPs synthesized by A. kambarensis for the first time could be considered as promising antimicrobial and anticancer agents for biomedical applications.

Prescription of anti-inflammatory drugs may be considered as a promising strategy in chronic wound healing where the inflammatory disturbance has delayed the healing process. It seems that hydrocortisone 17-butyrate (HB17) would be promising in the form of a nano-formulation to enhance drug delivery efficacy. In the present study, transdermal delivery of nano-HB17 in combination with iontophoresis was investigated ex vivo. Ethosomal-HB17 was synthesised using lecithin, ethanol and cholesterol with a different ratio by hot method. The negative ethosomal-HB17 particle size was around 244 ± 4.3 nm with high stability of up to 30 days. Additionally, evaluated entrapment efficiency of HB17 in ethosomes by high performance liquid chromatography was 40.6 ± 2.21%. Moreover, the permeation speed and amount of H17B in complete-thickness rat skin in the presence and absence of iontophoresis showed that the penetration of free H17B and ethosomal-H17B formulations were zero and 7.98 μg/cm² in 120 min, respectively. Whereas in the case of applying iontophoresis, permeation amount obtained was zero and 19.69 μg/cm² in 30 min in free H17B and ethosomal-H17B formulations, respectively. It has been concluded that transdermal delivery of ethosomal-H17B is an effective strategy to enhance drug delivery and it will be improved when it is combined with iontophoresis.

In this study, new molecularly imprinted polymer particles (MIP) were synthesised to extract Cu²⁺ ions from aqueous solutions using radical polymerisation. MIP was developed using the methacrylamide-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) cross linking agent, methacrylamide monomer, and ACV initiator by the radical polymerisation method. A comparison of various cross linking agents in MIP production showed that the best cross linking agents are EGDMA and gallic acid. The template ions were removed by leaching with 0.100 M HCl. The polymer particles were characterised by FTIR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effect of different parameters such as cross linkers, pH, time, maximum adsorption capacity, and kinetic and isotherm adsorption were investigated. The best conditions were determined (pH = 8.0, t = 10 min, and q_m = 262.53 mg g⁻¹). The adsorption data were best fitted by Freundlich isotherm and pseudo second order kinetic models, as well. Due to its high adsorption capacity and multi-layer behaviour, this method is an easy, fast and safe way to extract cations. Removal of Cu²⁺ in certified tap water and rain water was demonstrated and the industrial wastewater sample (Charmshahr, Iran) with which the MIP was developed using Methacrylamide- Ethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate (EGDMA) was good enough for Cu²⁺ determination in matrices containing components with similar chemical property such as Co²⁺, Zn²⁺, Fe².

The authors' previous study showed that zirconium oxide nanoparticles (ZrO₂ NPs) induce toxic effects in MC3T3-E1 cells; however, its toxicological mechanism is still unclear. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry/time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used to reveal the metabolite profile and toxicological mechanism of MC3T3-E1 cells in response to ZrO₂ NPs. The results demonstrated that MC3T3-E1 cells treated with ZrO₂ NPs for 24 and 48 h presented different metabolic characteristics. Following ZrO₂ NP treatment for 24 h, 96 upregulated and 129 downregulated metabolites in the positive ion mode, as well as 91 upregulated and 326 downregulated metabolites in the negative ion mode were identified. Following ZrO₂ NP treatment for 48 h, 33 upregulated and 174 downregulated metabolites were identified in the positive ion mode, whereas 37 upregulated and 302 downregulated metabolites were confirmed in the negative ion mode. Among them, 42 differential metabolites were recognised as potential metabolites contributing to the induced toxic effects of ZrO₂ NPs in MC3T3-E1 cells. Most of the differential metabolites were lysophosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylethanolamide, indicating that exposure to ZrO₂ NPs may have a profound impact on human cellular function by impairing the membrane system. The results also provide new clues for the toxicological mechanism of ZrO₂ NP dental materials.

Trace amounts of Cu (II), Pb (II), and Cd (II) in a wastewater sample were preconcentrated with a novel cross-linked magnetic chitosan modified with a new synthesised methionine-glutaraldehyde Schiff's base (MG-Chi/Fe₃ O₄ ) as a dispersive solid-phase extraction (DSPE) adsorbent. The adsorbed metal ions were then eluted with a specific volume of suitable solution and determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). Various parameters affecting the extraction efficiency of the metal ions were investigated and optimised, including pH, amount of adsorbent, extraction time, type and volume rate of eluent, elution time, sample volume, and effect of interfering ions. The adsorption kinetics are more consistent with the pseudo-second order model. The results were statistically interpreted and the analytical performance of the proposed method was found to have preconcentration factors of 55, 60, and 50 μg L^-1 for Cu(II), Pb(II), and Cd(II), respectively, limits of detection were 0.22, 0.24, and 0.10 μg L^-1 for Cu(II), Pb(II), and Cd(II), respectively, with a relative standard deviation (1.5%-2.8 %), and the liner range was 5-1000 for Cu(II) and Pb(II) and 2.5-1000 for Cd(II). It was concluded that this method was suitable for successful simultaneous determination of Cu(II), Pb(II), and Cd(II) in industrial wastewater samples.

Nanomaterials (NMs) have abundant applications in areas such as electronics, energy, environment industries, biosensors, nano devices, theranostic platforms, etc. Nanoparticles can increase the solubility and stability of drug-loaded materials, enhance their internalisation, protect them from initial destruction in the biological system, and lengthen their circulation time. The biological interaction of proteins present in the body fluid with NMs can change the activity and natural surface properties of NMs. The size and charge of NMs, properties of the coated and uncoated NMs, nature of proteins, cellular interactions direct their internalisation pathway in the cellular system. Thus, the present review emphasises the impact of coated, uncoated NMs, size and charge, nature of proteins on nano-bio surface interactions and on internalisation with specific focus on cancer cells. The increased activity of NPs may also result in toxicity on health and environment, thus emphasis should be given to assess the toxicity of NMs in the medical field. The e-data sharing portals of NMs have also been discussed in this review that will be helpful in providing the information about the chemical, physical, biological properties and toxicity of NMs.