IET nanobiotechnology最新文献

The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an asymptomatic common virus that is typically harmless, but in some cases, it can be life threatening. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop novel diagnostic methods and strengthen the efforts to combat this virus. A microcantilever-based biosensor functionalised with the UL83-antibody of HCMV (UL83-HCMV antibody) has been developed to detect the UL83-antigen of HCMV (UL83-HCMV antigen) at different concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 300 ng/ml. The response of the biosensor to the presence of UL83-HCMV antigen was measured through the shift in resonance frequency before and after antigen–antibody binding. The system shows a low detection limit of 84 pg/ml, which is comparable to traditional sensors, and a detection time of less than 15 min was achieved. The selectivity of the sensor was demonstrated using three different proteins with and without the UL83-HCMV antigen. The biosensor shows high selectivity for the UL83-HCMV antigen. Mass loading by the UL83-HCMV antigen was roughly estimated with a sensitivity of ∼30 fg/Hz. This technique is crucial for the fabrication of portable and low-cost biosensors that can be used in real-time monitoring and enables early medical diagnosis.

Today, the increasing use of chemical preservatives in foods is considered one of the main problems in food industries. This study aimed to produce the pasteurised Doogh (Iranian yogurt drink) containing a nanoemulsion of essential oil (EO) with appropriate quality. A factorial test based on a completely randomised design with two treatments in three levels, including EO type (pennyroyal, Gijavash, and their equal combination) and a control sample was applied to assess the physicochemical and sensory properties of Doogh. The highest negative zeta potential and antioxidant activity percentage were observed in the sample containing the nanoemulsion of pennyroyal and enriched with a combination of two essential oils. The microbial evaluation results indicated that the total microorganism count was minimised in the Doogh containing the nanoemulsion of Gijavash. The nanoemulsions of pennyroyal and Gijavash can be added into Doogh formulation to produce a new product with maximum sensory acceptability.

Hyperthermia is an additional treatment method to radiation therapy/chemotherapy, which increases the survival rate of patients without side effects. Nowadays, Auroshell nanoparticles have attracted much attention due to their precise control over heat use for medical purposes. In this research, iron/gold Auroshell nanoparticles were synthesised using green nanotechnology approach. Auroshell gold@hematite nanoparticles were synthesised and characterised with rosemary extract in one step and the green synthesised nanoparticles were characterised by X-ray powder diffraction, SEM, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. Cytotoxicity of Auroshell iron@gold nanoparticles against normal HUVEC cells and glioblastoma cancer cells was evaluated by 2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide method, water bath hyperthermia, and combined method of water bath hyperthermia and nano-therapy. Auroshell gold@hematite nanoparticles with minimal toxicity are safe against normal cells. The gold shell around the magnetic core of magnetite caused the environmental and cellular biocompatibility of these Auroshell nanoparticles. These magnetic nanoparticles with targeted control and transfer to the tumour tissue led to uniform heating of malignant tumours as the most efficient therapeutic agent.

An effective adsorbent was synthesised from nanographene oxide for the removal of the alprazolam drug from the water sample solution. The dispersive solid-phase extraction method was used with α-pyridylamine grafted nanographene oxide to extract and analyse little amounts of alprazolam in biological materials. Before beginning the experimental analysis process, it is critical to use a simple and accessible sample preparation approach. In the current study, a technique for preconcentration and measurement of trace quantities of alprazolam in aqueous samples was introduced. The pH of extraction, the amount and type of elution solvent and the period of extraction were all tuned in the alprazolam analysis technique. Analytical parameters such as the concentration factor, the limit of detection of the technique and relative standard deviation (%) were achieved as 20, 8.0 µg L⁻¹ and 2.4%, respectively.

Fungi can produce many compounds, such as proteins, enzymes, amino acids, and polysaccharides, which are internalised and enriched for metals, and are widely used as reducing and stabilising agents for the biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs). Almost all fungal sources used in the synthesis of the Au NPs are in the form of cell filtrates or mycelial suspensions. However, the culture of cell-free fungal filtrate and mycelium is not comparable to the propagation of fungal substrates in input and operation. Here, we evaluated in vivo biosynthesis of Au NPs in enoki mushrooms (Flammulina velutipes). HAuCl₄ was reduced in the fruiting body of the enoki mushrooms via induction by Pb²⁺, resulting in the generation of Au NPs. We then employed UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscope, and Energy Dispersive Spectrometer to characterise various shapes of the Au NPs. The elemental analysis indicated that the Au NPs were mainly concentrated in organelles of the stalk and cap cells. We also demonstrated that 0.3–0.5 mM HAuCl₄ was the optimal stress treatment concentration based on the changes in physiological indicators of the enoki mushrooms. This work reveals that fungi can be utilised well as nanomaterial bioreactors.

The aim of this study was to provide a new effective carrier for rescuing the sensitivity of drug-resistant in breast cancer cells. Nano-gold micelles loaded with Dox and Elacridar (FP-ssD@A-E) were chemically synthesised. With the increase in the amount of Dox and Elacridar, the encapsulation rate of FP-ssD@A-E gradually increased, and the drug loading rate gradually decreased. FP-ss@A-E had a sustained-release effect. Dox, Elacridar, FP-ss@AuNPs, and FP-ssD@A-E significantly improved cell apoptosis, in which, FP-ssD@A-E was the most significant. FP-ssD@A-E significantly decreased the cell viability and improved the Dox uptake. The levels of VEGFR-1, P-gp, IL-6, and i-NOS were significantly decreased after Dox, Dox + Elacridar, FP-ss@AuNPs, and FP-ssD@A-E treatment. It was worth noting that FP-ssD@A-E had the most significant effects. The prepared FP-ssD@A-E micelles, which were spherical in shape, uniform in particle size distribution, and had good drug loading performance and encapsulation efficiency.

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have great potential to contribute to numerous application fields of biomedicine, which are highly dependent on their physicochemical properties, such as size and shape. Due to the final characteristics, nanoparticles (NPs) are primarily affected by different factors of reaction conditions; the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of manipulating the main physical parameters of the Turkevich method to optimise the fabrication of citrated capped AuNPs in a spherical shape, desirable final size, and efficiency. For this purpose, various experiments of citrate-capped spherical AuNPs synthesis were designed to study the roles of a wide range of initial pH values and temperature of reaction, Na₃Cit/HAuCl₄ molar ratio, and two order reagent additions, method I and method II, in the final characterisations and reaction efficacy. Prepared NPs synthesised with different experiments were characterised by dynamic light scattering, UV-Visible, and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Furthermore, NPs obtained from optimised synthesis conditions were more detailed using UV-Visible, transmission electron microscopy, and XRD. The findings indicated that the final size and synthesis efficacy of citrated capped spherical AuNPs were significantly affected by all studied synthesis parameters and the order addition of reagents. The higher initial reaction temperature and Na₃Cit/HAuCl₄ Molar ratio provided a smaller particle size with desirable synthesis efficacy. Besides, final optimised NPs were provided in cubic crystal structures, and each NP's single crystal was obtained. In sum, our findings indicated that optimising synthesis conditions could improve size distribution, morphology, crystallite size, and structures of final NPS, as well as efficiency, which is a principal factor associated with future cost-effective productions on large scales. Further studies are needed in this regard.

Alopecia is a treatable disorder that usually occurs due to high levels of 5-alpha dihydrotestosterone in hair follicles. To enhance the storage capacity of hair follicles and alleviate the inherent characteristics of dutasteride, 5-alpha reductase inhibitor, a prolonged-release nanocarrier was synthesised, and its influence on rat abdomen's skin was investigated. Results showed the lower ratio of S/Co (higher ethanol concentration) increased the hydrodynamic nanocarriers' particle size due to thermodynamic disturbance and Ostwald ripening. In contrast, an increase in surfactant through a decrease in interfacial tension resulted in smaller nanocarriers of 32.4 nm. Moreover, an increase in viscosity had an inverse correlation with the nanoemulsions' particle size. Nanocarriers containing ethanol showed less entrapment efficacy, perhaps due to the rapid dissolution of dutasteride into ethanol during nanoemulsification, while, based on Stokes' equation, the addition of ethanol resulted in smaller particle size and stability of the system. Skin permeation analysis using Franz diffusion cells showed nanocarriers could pass through the skin and release dutasteride for 6 days. In conclusion, the optimum concentration of ingredients is decisive in guaranteeing the ideal particle size, stability, and skin permeation of nanocarriers. The Present dutasteride nanocarrier would promise a prolonged and sustained-release drug delivery system for Alopecia therapy.

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) can be proliferated on completely synthetic materials under xeno-free cultivation conditions using biomaterials grafted with extracellular matrix protein (ECM)-derived peptides. However, cell culture biomaterials grafted with ECM-derived peptides must be prepared using a high concentration of peptide reaction solution (e.g. 1000 μg/ml), whereas the ECM concentration of the ECM-coated surface for hPSC culture is typically 5 μg/ml. We designed a polyethylene glycol (PEG) joint nanosegment (linker) to be used between base cell culture biomaterials and bioactive ECM-derived peptides to enhance the probability of contact between ECM-derived peptides and cell binding receptors of hPSCs. Vitronectin-derived peptides with glycine joint nanosegments (GCGG) were conjugated onto poly (vinyl alcohol-co-itaconic acid) hydrogels via PEG joint nanosegments, and human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) were cultivated on these hydrogels. hESCs could successfully be cultivated on hydrogels while maintaining their pluripotency and differentiation potential to differentiate into cells that are induced from three germ layers in vitro and in vivo, where only a 50 μg/ml ECM-derived peptide concentration was used when the PEG joint nanosegments were introduced into peptides that were grafted onto hydrogel surfaces. The joint nanosegments between bioactive peptides and base cell culture biomaterials were found to contribute to efficient hESC attachment and proliferation.