Pub Date : 2024-12-04DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2024.3510758
Eitaro Hamada;Youichi Igarashi;Kazuki Ueno
When operating field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) in a radiation environment, single-event upsets (SEUs) induced in the configuration memory can alter the functionality of the firmware. This alteration can disrupt the correct operation of an FPGA. Even with a typical SEU mitigation design incorporated into the FPGA, unrecoverable errors can still occur, which can only be corrected by re-downloading FPGA firmware. In this study, we developed a Hybrid Scrubber Design that can correct multibit upsets (MBUs), which are one of the main causes of unrecoverable errors. The Hybrid Scrubber Design consists of the Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) soft error mitigation (SEM) and the AMD microprocessor (PicoBlaze). When a single-bit upset (SBU) occurs, the SEM in the FPGA corrects it in a short time. The FPGA communicates with an external computer only when an MBU occurs and then the PicoBlaze corrects it. We incorporated the Hybrid Scrubber Design into the FPGA on the readout electronics for the COherent Muon to Electron Transition (COMET) experiment. We conducted neutron irradiation tests and measured the unrecoverable error rate, which was calculated by dividing the observed number of unrecoverable errors by the neutron fluence. Compared to incorporating the SEM, which is a typical SEU mitigation design, the Hybrid Scrubber Design reduced the unrecoverable error rate by 80%.
{"title":"A Hybrid Scrubber Based on the SEM and the PicoBlaze for Artix-7 FPGAs in the COMET Read-Out Electronics","authors":"Eitaro Hamada;Youichi Igarashi;Kazuki Ueno","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2024.3510758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2024.3510758","url":null,"abstract":"When operating field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) in a radiation environment, single-event upsets (SEUs) induced in the configuration memory can alter the functionality of the firmware. This alteration can disrupt the correct operation of an FPGA. Even with a typical SEU mitigation design incorporated into the FPGA, unrecoverable errors can still occur, which can only be corrected by re-downloading FPGA firmware. In this study, we developed a Hybrid Scrubber Design that can correct multibit upsets (MBUs), which are one of the main causes of unrecoverable errors. The Hybrid Scrubber Design consists of the Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) soft error mitigation (SEM) and the AMD microprocessor (PicoBlaze). When a single-bit upset (SBU) occurs, the SEM in the FPGA corrects it in a short time. The FPGA communicates with an external computer only when an MBU occurs and then the PicoBlaze corrects it. We incorporated the Hybrid Scrubber Design into the FPGA on the readout electronics for the COherent Muon to Electron Transition (COMET) experiment. We conducted neutron irradiation tests and measured the unrecoverable error rate, which was calculated by dividing the observed number of unrecoverable errors by the neutron fluence. Compared to incorporating the SEM, which is a typical SEU mitigation design, the Hybrid Scrubber Design reduced the unrecoverable error rate by 80%.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 3","pages":"240-248"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143645258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-04DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2024.3511550
Rui Gou;Rui Shi;Qian Zhang;Guang Yang;Zhou Wang;Hong-Long Zheng;Xianguo Tuo
Tomographic gamma scanning (TGS) is a nondestructive testing (NDT) method commonly used for radioactive waste. Traditional transmission image reconstruction algorithms require the projection data to match the line integral value of the reconstructed image in the corresponding projection direction and use a single detector for scanning, resulting in cumbersome and time-consuming scanning processes that severely limit the industrial application of TGS. Sparse angular scanning can effectively improve the efficiency of TGS systems. However, the amount of data generated by sparse angular scanning can make it difficult to support traditional algorithms, resulting in blurry artifacts in the reconstructed image. This work utilizes array detectors to achieve fast and high-precision reconstruction for TGS transmission images under sparse angular scanning, based on the algebraic reconstruction technique (ART) and a new residual networks with next generation (ResNeXt). Geant4 simulation and a self-developed TGS device with array detectors were used for both simulation experiments and real experiments to verify the proposed method. The proposed method was compared to other algorithms, including ART, ART-nonlocal mean (NLM), ART-TV, and ART-DenseNet, using two metrics—mean square error (mse) and structural similarity (SSIM)—for evaluation. The experimental results show that the average mse of ResNeXt is 56.3%, 26.5%, 24.4%, and 8.4% lower than ART, ART-NLM, ART-TV, and DenseNet, respectively. The average SSIM of ResNeXt is 36.4%, 14.8%, 15.3%, and 4.8% higher than that of ART, ART-NLM, ART-TV, and DenseNet, respectively. It can be concluded that when using the same sparse projection data, the improved ART-ResNeXt reconstruction methods generate TGS transmission images with better reconstruction quality and faster reconstruction speed compared to reconstruction methods such as ART, ART-NLM, ART-TV, and ART-DenseNet. The improved ResNeXt exhibits significant adaptability. Even when encountering gamma-ray energy and medium types that are not present in the neural network training set, the reconstruction process achieves the highest quality while maintaining the fastest speed possible.
{"title":"ResNeXt Deep Learning Model-Based Transmission Image Reconstruction of Tomographic Gamma Scanning With Array Detectors","authors":"Rui Gou;Rui Shi;Qian Zhang;Guang Yang;Zhou Wang;Hong-Long Zheng;Xianguo Tuo","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2024.3511550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2024.3511550","url":null,"abstract":"Tomographic gamma scanning (TGS) is a nondestructive testing (NDT) method commonly used for radioactive waste. Traditional transmission image reconstruction algorithms require the projection data to match the line integral value of the reconstructed image in the corresponding projection direction and use a single detector for scanning, resulting in cumbersome and time-consuming scanning processes that severely limit the industrial application of TGS. Sparse angular scanning can effectively improve the efficiency of TGS systems. However, the amount of data generated by sparse angular scanning can make it difficult to support traditional algorithms, resulting in blurry artifacts in the reconstructed image. This work utilizes array detectors to achieve fast and high-precision reconstruction for TGS transmission images under sparse angular scanning, based on the algebraic reconstruction technique (ART) and a new residual networks with next generation (ResNeXt). Geant4 simulation and a self-developed TGS device with array detectors were used for both simulation experiments and real experiments to verify the proposed method. The proposed method was compared to other algorithms, including ART, ART-nonlocal mean (NLM), ART-TV, and ART-DenseNet, using two metrics—mean square error (mse) and structural similarity (SSIM)—for evaluation. The experimental results show that the average mse of ResNeXt is 56.3%, 26.5%, 24.4%, and 8.4% lower than ART, ART-NLM, ART-TV, and DenseNet, respectively. The average SSIM of ResNeXt is 36.4%, 14.8%, 15.3%, and 4.8% higher than that of ART, ART-NLM, ART-TV, and DenseNet, respectively. It can be concluded that when using the same sparse projection data, the improved ART-ResNeXt reconstruction methods generate TGS transmission images with better reconstruction quality and faster reconstruction speed compared to reconstruction methods such as ART, ART-NLM, ART-TV, and ART-DenseNet. The improved ResNeXt exhibits significant adaptability. Even when encountering gamma-ray energy and medium types that are not present in the neural network training set, the reconstruction process achieves the highest quality while maintaining the fastest speed possible.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 1","pages":"61-72"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142992858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-02DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2024.3509919
Vivek Jaiswal;P. Vigneshwara Raja
A systematic calibration procedure is carried out to accurately model the state-of-the-art experimental I–V and charge collection efficiency (CCE) of a 4-hexagonal silicon carbide (4H-SiC) Schottky barrier diode (SBD) alpha-particle detector in the technology computer-aided design (TCAD) simulator. At first, the simulated forward I–V is validated by adjusting the Schottky metal work function, mobility, and saturation velocity. The conventional models, such as barrier lowering (BL) and nonlocal tunneling (NLT), underestimate the reverse I–V. After several iterations, the reverse I–V is perfectly matched by activating the nonlocal trap-assisted tunneling (TAT) model with the deep-level acceptor trap ${Z} _{1/2}$ at ${E} _{C}$ –0.73 eV. On the other hand, employing the TAT model with other omnipresent Ti traps at ${E} _{C}$ –0.19 eV overestimates the leakage current, indicating that the proper trap selection is necessary to model the TAT current. The linear energy transfer (LET) data extracted from the stopping and range of ions in matter (SRIM) tool is incorporated in the heavy-ion (HI) TCAD model for simulating CCE. The default HI model predominantly predicts only drift-induced charge contributions in the detector and underestimates the diffusion component of CCE at low voltages. Thus, a novel HI TCAD model is considered to match the CCE in the entire voltage range, which includes both drift- and diffusion-induced transient currents contributing to the CCE. The temperature-induced variations in the CCE are also reported.
{"title":"Accurate TCAD Simulation Model for High-Performance 4H-SiC Alpha-Particle Detectors","authors":"Vivek Jaiswal;P. Vigneshwara Raja","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2024.3509919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2024.3509919","url":null,"abstract":"A systematic calibration procedure is carried out to accurately model the state-of-the-art experimental I–V and charge collection efficiency (CCE) of a 4-hexagonal silicon carbide (4H-SiC) Schottky barrier diode (SBD) alpha-particle detector in the technology computer-aided design (TCAD) simulator. At first, the simulated forward I–V is validated by adjusting the Schottky metal work function, mobility, and saturation velocity. The conventional models, such as barrier lowering (BL) and nonlocal tunneling (NLT), underestimate the reverse I–V. After several iterations, the reverse I–V is perfectly matched by activating the nonlocal trap-assisted tunneling (TAT) model with the deep-level acceptor trap <inline-formula> <tex-math>${Z} _{1/2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> at <inline-formula> <tex-math>${E} _{C}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>–0.73 eV. On the other hand, employing the TAT model with other omnipresent Ti traps at <inline-formula> <tex-math>${E} _{C}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>–0.19 eV overestimates the leakage current, indicating that the proper trap selection is necessary to model the TAT current. The linear energy transfer (LET) data extracted from the stopping and range of ions in matter (SRIM) tool is incorporated in the heavy-ion (HI) TCAD model for simulating CCE. The default HI model predominantly predicts only drift-induced charge contributions in the detector and underestimates the diffusion component of CCE at low voltages. Thus, a novel HI TCAD model is considered to match the CCE in the entire voltage range, which includes both drift- and diffusion-induced transient currents contributing to the CCE. The temperature-induced variations in the CCE are also reported.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 1","pages":"3-10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142992854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-02DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2024.3507356
Chengyang Zhu;Kezhu Song;Dongwei Zou;Zhuo Chen
Serial links are widely used for data transfer in data acquisition (DAQ) systems of high-energy physics (HEP) experiments. Pseudorandom binary sequences (PRBSs) based on linear feedback shift registers (LFSRs) are commonly used as test patterns for link error testing and characterization in communication systems based on serial links. This article presents a flexible architecture for field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based PRBS generation with full reconfigurability and high throughput. The proposed architecture is highly scalable, with extensible parallel datapaths to meet the demands of increasing data rates of serial links. The architecture is designed to be fully parametric, allowing dynamic reconfiguration of all parameters at runtime with simple writes to configuration registers. The design is optimized for efficient FPGA implementation, where extensive pipelining is exploited to achieve optimal timing performance and scalability. A built-in bootstrap unit is incorporated to generate datapath control signals from input parameters and prefill the pipeline stages on a reconfiguration event. Furthermore, a general approach to converting an existing PRBS generator into a self-synchronizing checker is illustrated and applied to the proposed architecture where an additional checker extension unit is incorporated to allow operation as a PRBS checker. The proposed flexible architecture facilitates serial link error testing with diverse test patterns, empowering the design of more robust communication systems. The architecture is implemented in chisel and verified on an Intel Agilex 7 FPGA. With the parallel output width set to 256, the design can achieve a throughput of 231.68 Gb/s with a worst case Fmax of 905 MHz.
{"title":"A Fully Reconfigurable Pipelined Architecture for FPGA-Based Parallel PRBS Test Pattern Generators","authors":"Chengyang Zhu;Kezhu Song;Dongwei Zou;Zhuo Chen","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2024.3507356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2024.3507356","url":null,"abstract":"Serial links are widely used for data transfer in data acquisition (DAQ) systems of high-energy physics (HEP) experiments. Pseudorandom binary sequences (PRBSs) based on linear feedback shift registers (LFSRs) are commonly used as test patterns for link error testing and characterization in communication systems based on serial links. This article presents a flexible architecture for field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based PRBS generation with full reconfigurability and high throughput. The proposed architecture is highly scalable, with extensible parallel datapaths to meet the demands of increasing data rates of serial links. The architecture is designed to be fully parametric, allowing dynamic reconfiguration of all parameters at runtime with simple writes to configuration registers. The design is optimized for efficient FPGA implementation, where extensive pipelining is exploited to achieve optimal timing performance and scalability. A built-in bootstrap unit is incorporated to generate datapath control signals from input parameters and prefill the pipeline stages on a reconfiguration event. Furthermore, a general approach to converting an existing PRBS generator into a self-synchronizing checker is illustrated and applied to the proposed architecture where an additional checker extension unit is incorporated to allow operation as a PRBS checker. The proposed flexible architecture facilitates serial link error testing with diverse test patterns, empowering the design of more robust communication systems. The architecture is implemented in chisel and verified on an Intel Agilex 7 FPGA. With the parallel output width set to 256, the design can achieve a throughput of 231.68 Gb/s with a worst case Fmax of 905 MHz.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 3","pages":"446-453"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143645215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The micro-pattern gas detectors (MPGDs) offer high spatial and time resolution and a large active area, among which the micro-resistive WELL ($mu $ RWELL) detector has received increasing attention in recent years due to its simple structure, low material budget, and high counting rate capability. It is, therefore, proposed as an important option for the low-mass Inner TracKer (ITK) detector in the future Super Tau-Charm Facility (STCF). Considering the high luminosity in the STCF, the innermost ITK layer requires a new high-rate, low-noise, and low-power readout application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC). The first version of the prototype ASIC integrates a 32-channel analog processing circuit. In the charge-sensitive amplifier (CSA), the bulk-driven current mirror is adopted to reduce the headroom voltage and lower the supply voltage to 0.8 V, thereby reducing power consumption while maintaining the same channel thermal noise and transconductance. In addition, an equivalent “cold resistor” circuit is proposed to achieve both fast recovery and low noise. This ASIC has been fabricated in a 0.18-$mu $ m CMOS process, and a series of tests has been performed. The equivalent noise charge (ENC) is measured to be 487 e$mathrm {mathbf {^{text {-}}}}+29.2$ e$mathrm {mathbf {^{text {-}}}}$ /pF with a charge measurement range of 40 fC and a peaking time of 25 ns. Meanwhile, the maximum repetition rate capability per channel at a 70-ns charge collection time is up to 4 MHz, while the power consumption is only 1.93 mW per channel, resulting in a figure of merit (FOM) of only 0.29 pJ.
{"title":"Design and Testing of a 0.8-V Low-Voltage High-Rate Prototype Readout ASIC for the Micro-Pattern Gas Detector","authors":"Jiaming Li;Jiajun Qin;Ziyu Yang;Xincheng Yang;Zhe Cao;Lei Zhao","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2024.3510133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2024.3510133","url":null,"abstract":"The micro-pattern gas detectors (MPGDs) offer high spatial and time resolution and a large active area, among which the micro-resistive WELL (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>RWELL) detector has received increasing attention in recent years due to its simple structure, low material budget, and high counting rate capability. It is, therefore, proposed as an important option for the low-mass Inner TracKer (ITK) detector in the future Super Tau-Charm Facility (STCF). Considering the high luminosity in the STCF, the innermost ITK layer requires a new high-rate, low-noise, and low-power readout application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC). The first version of the prototype ASIC integrates a 32-channel analog processing circuit. In the charge-sensitive amplifier (CSA), the bulk-driven current mirror is adopted to reduce the headroom voltage and lower the supply voltage to 0.8 V, thereby reducing power consumption while maintaining the same channel thermal noise and transconductance. In addition, an equivalent “cold resistor” circuit is proposed to achieve both fast recovery and low noise. This ASIC has been fabricated in a 0.18-<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m CMOS process, and a series of tests has been performed. The equivalent noise charge (ENC) is measured to be 487 e<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mathrm {mathbf {^{text {-}}}}+29.2$ </tex-math></inline-formula> e<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mathrm {mathbf {^{text {-}}}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>/pF with a charge measurement range of 40 fC and a peaking time of 25 ns. Meanwhile, the maximum repetition rate capability per channel at a 70-ns charge collection time is up to 4 MHz, while the power consumption is only 1.93 mW per channel, resulting in a figure of merit (FOM) of only 0.29 pJ.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 3","pages":"668-677"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143637792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-29DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2024.3508739
Wanting Gui;Lu Yao;Xunsheng Zhou;Qi Wu;Chao Li;Shi Zhang;Yunfeng Zhan;Cai Lin Wang
Ag-based metal halide scintillators have recently attracted significant interest for X-ray imaging due to their high light yield and ultrafast decay lifetime. These properties are advantageous for thermal neutron detection, yet their application in this area has not been thoroughly explored. In this article, we investigate the properties of Cu-doped Cs2AgI3 metal halide scintillators for X-ray imaging and thermal neutron detection. A simple synthesis process was employed to produce Cu-doped Cs2AgI3 scintillators. The as-prepared Cu-doped Cs2AgI3 exhibited intense green emission with a photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 55% $pm ~2.7$ %. The Cu-doped Cs2AgI3/poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) plastic scintillation screen has been prepared and achieved a resolution of 5 lp/mm under X-ray radiation. A composite consisting of 6LiF, Cu-doped Cs2AgI3, and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) was utilized for thermal neutron detection, achieving a light yield of about 12$526~pm ~9$ photons/thermal neutron, which is almost twice that of a commercial 6Li-glass (GS20) scintillator (7000 photons/thermal neutron). Effective neutron-gamma pulse discrimination was achieved using a network dynamics digital filter, effectively separating thermal neutron events from gamma events.
{"title":"Cu-Doped Cs₂AgI₃ Composite-Loaded Plastic Scintillators for X-Ray and Thermal Neutron Detection","authors":"Wanting Gui;Lu Yao;Xunsheng Zhou;Qi Wu;Chao Li;Shi Zhang;Yunfeng Zhan;Cai Lin Wang","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2024.3508739","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2024.3508739","url":null,"abstract":"Ag-based metal halide scintillators have recently attracted significant interest for X-ray imaging due to their high light yield and ultrafast decay lifetime. These properties are advantageous for thermal neutron detection, yet their application in this area has not been thoroughly explored. In this article, we investigate the properties of Cu-doped Cs2AgI3 metal halide scintillators for X-ray imaging and thermal neutron detection. A simple synthesis process was employed to produce Cu-doped Cs2AgI3 scintillators. The as-prepared Cu-doped Cs2AgI3 exhibited intense green emission with a photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 55% <inline-formula> <tex-math>$pm ~2.7$ </tex-math></inline-formula>%. The Cu-doped Cs2AgI3/poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) plastic scintillation screen has been prepared and achieved a resolution of 5 lp/mm under X-ray radiation. A composite consisting of 6LiF, Cu-doped Cs2AgI3, and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) was utilized for thermal neutron detection, achieving a light yield of about 12<inline-formula> <tex-math>$526~pm ~9$ </tex-math></inline-formula> photons/thermal neutron, which is almost twice that of a commercial 6Li-glass (GS20) scintillator (7000 photons/thermal neutron). Effective neutron-gamma pulse discrimination was achieved using a network dynamics digital filter, effectively separating thermal neutron events from gamma events.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 1","pages":"38-45"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142992856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Under gamma irradiation, the output power of the fiber laser gradually decreases due to the rise of radiation-induced attenuation (RIA) also known as the radiation-induced darkening effect. This phenomenon may lead to a decreased threshold of transverse mode instability, reducing the stability and beam quality of the fiber lasers. Understanding the darkening effect on fiber lasers, particularly high-power oscillators, is necessary. This work comprehensively investigates the irradiation effect on the ytterbium-doped fiber (YDF) oscillator operating at around 200 W online and the annealing process afterward. During the irradiation process, we find that the RIA of the rare-earth-doped fiber increased linearly with the total radiation dose, due to the generation of color centers. The output power of the 1060-nm oscillator decreased by nearly 12% after 6 krad(Si) irradiation, which recovered to 90.6% after annealing for 15 min. For the 1080-nm oscillator, its power dropped by almost 13% under 3 krad(Si) irradiation, recovering to 91.2% after 30-min annealing. We further constructed a rate equation model and calculated the radiation sensitivity of the fiber irradiation position and fiber pumping scheme. We find that the radiation-resistant performance of the backward pumping is better than that of the forward pumping. Our result is valuable to understand the radiation-induced darkening effect and for the development of radiation-resistant fiber lasers.
{"title":"Gamma Radiation-Induced Darkening Effect on Ytterbium-Doped Fiber Oscillators","authors":"Xiang Guangbiao;Wu Jinming;Zhang Hanwei;Zhang Jiangbin;Chen Hongwei;Wang Yamin;Wang Xiaolin;Hua Weihong","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2024.3505900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2024.3505900","url":null,"abstract":"Under gamma irradiation, the output power of the fiber laser gradually decreases due to the rise of radiation-induced attenuation (RIA) also known as the radiation-induced darkening effect. This phenomenon may lead to a decreased threshold of transverse mode instability, reducing the stability and beam quality of the fiber lasers. Understanding the darkening effect on fiber lasers, particularly high-power oscillators, is necessary. This work comprehensively investigates the irradiation effect on the ytterbium-doped fiber (YDF) oscillator operating at around 200 W online and the annealing process afterward. During the irradiation process, we find that the RIA of the rare-earth-doped fiber increased linearly with the total radiation dose, due to the generation of color centers. The output power of the 1060-nm oscillator decreased by nearly 12% after 6 krad(Si) irradiation, which recovered to 90.6% after annealing for 15 min. For the 1080-nm oscillator, its power dropped by almost 13% under 3 krad(Si) irradiation, recovering to 91.2% after 30-min annealing. We further constructed a rate equation model and calculated the radiation sensitivity of the fiber irradiation position and fiber pumping scheme. We find that the radiation-resistant performance of the backward pumping is better than that of the forward pumping. Our result is valuable to understand the radiation-induced darkening effect and for the development of radiation-resistant fiber lasers.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 1","pages":"11-16"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10770259","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142992855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-26DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2024.3506783
Y. Igarashi;M. Dozono;R. Honda;N. Kobayashi;C. S. Lin;S. Ota;S. Y. Ryu;K. Shirotori;H. Sendai;T. N. Takahashi
Detector systems in modern nuclear and particle physics experiments must handle numerous channels and high data throughput. Furthermore, the requirements for trigger systems have become increasingly complex, necessitating effective decision-making processes. Streaming readouts and software-based triggering on distributed computers present a natural solution to these challenges, owing to recent technological advances. Therefore, we developed a widely usable streaming data acquisition (DAQ) system based on FairMQ and the Redis key-value database. To address this challenge, we have developed a streaming DAQ system that handles continuous data flow and complex triggering in the software. The DAQ system is relatively simple and can be deployed and operated by a small team. It operates through the cooperation of multiple elementary functional processes, with connections automatically established based on port names, service names, and connection information stored in a database. We applied this DAQ system to actual detector systems, including the Research Center for Nuclear Physics (RCNP) Grand Raiden spectrometer and the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC) E50 detector system beam test, utilizing streaming readout and online software triggering. The two detector systems, consisting of plastic scintillation counters and drift chambers, were read out by a field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based streaming readout time-to-digital converter (TDC) and distributed synchronized clock, where the charge information was obtained from the time-over-threshold (TOT). The streaming DAQ system performed effectively, including the software trigger, on 24-core server computers. The software component of the DAQ system was also applied to a triggered DAQ system for a cylindrical drift chamber (CDC) for the J-PARC COMET experiment, where it demonstrated sufficient performance. We further demonstrated the streaming-capable DAQ system and its practical application, with a focus primarily on the software aspect.
{"title":"Implementations of Streaming DAQ on Actual Detector Systems","authors":"Y. Igarashi;M. Dozono;R. Honda;N. Kobayashi;C. S. Lin;S. Ota;S. Y. Ryu;K. Shirotori;H. Sendai;T. N. Takahashi","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2024.3506783","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2024.3506783","url":null,"abstract":"Detector systems in modern nuclear and particle physics experiments must handle numerous channels and high data throughput. Furthermore, the requirements for trigger systems have become increasingly complex, necessitating effective decision-making processes. Streaming readouts and software-based triggering on distributed computers present a natural solution to these challenges, owing to recent technological advances. Therefore, we developed a widely usable streaming data acquisition (DAQ) system based on FairMQ and the Redis key-value database. To address this challenge, we have developed a streaming DAQ system that handles continuous data flow and complex triggering in the software. The DAQ system is relatively simple and can be deployed and operated by a small team. It operates through the cooperation of multiple elementary functional processes, with connections automatically established based on port names, service names, and connection information stored in a database. We applied this DAQ system to actual detector systems, including the Research Center for Nuclear Physics (RCNP) Grand Raiden spectrometer and the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC) E50 detector system beam test, utilizing streaming readout and online software triggering. The two detector systems, consisting of plastic scintillation counters and drift chambers, were read out by a field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based streaming readout time-to-digital converter (TDC) and distributed synchronized clock, where the charge information was obtained from the time-over-threshold (TOT). The streaming DAQ system performed effectively, including the software trigger, on 24-core server computers. The software component of the DAQ system was also applied to a triggered DAQ system for a cylindrical drift chamber (CDC) for the J-PARC COMET experiment, where it demonstrated sufficient performance. We further demonstrated the streaming-capable DAQ system and its practical application, with a focus primarily on the software aspect.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 3","pages":"421-428"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143645165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As the leading research platform of heavy-ion science in China, the physics and applications at the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL) and the High-Intensity Heavy-Ion Accelerator Facility (HIAF) drive the development of new detector technology. The China Hyper-Nuclear Spectrometer (CHNS) is a planned all-silicon detector complex at HIAF that will study the hypernuclei with high statistics. A monolithic active pixel sensor (MAPS) is being designed in a 130-nm process for CHNS. This MAPS can measure the energy deposition, the hit position, and the arrival time of the particle hit. As the critical component of this MAPS, a 14-bit 40-Ms/s pipeline analog-to-digital converter (ADC) converts the analog signal from each region of pixels into digital data. It adopts the structure of sample-and-hold amplifier (SHA)-less and a first stage of 3.5-bit. In addition, bootstrapped switches, gain-boosting amplifiers, and the redundancy algorithm have been used in the design to improve conversion accuracy. This ADC has a power consumption of 138 mW and an area of $1380 times 1300 ; mu $ m. The test results indicate that it has an effective number of bits (ENOBs) and is 12.19-bit while working at 40 Ms/s.
{"title":"Design of a Pipeline ADC for the MAPS of China Hyper-Nuclear Spectrometer","authors":"Yongsheng Wang;Boxuan Li;Anning Liu;Chengyou Xia;Jiarui Wang;Yuan Tian;Fangfa Fu;Jinxiang Wang;Chengxin Zhao","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2024.3505264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2024.3505264","url":null,"abstract":"As the leading research platform of heavy-ion science in China, the physics and applications at the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL) and the High-Intensity Heavy-Ion Accelerator Facility (HIAF) drive the development of new detector technology. The China Hyper-Nuclear Spectrometer (CHNS) is a planned all-silicon detector complex at HIAF that will study the hypernuclei with high statistics. A monolithic active pixel sensor (MAPS) is being designed in a 130-nm process for CHNS. This MAPS can measure the energy deposition, the hit position, and the arrival time of the particle hit. As the critical component of this MAPS, a 14-bit 40-Ms/s pipeline analog-to-digital converter (ADC) converts the analog signal from each region of pixels into digital data. It adopts the structure of sample-and-hold amplifier (SHA)-less and a first stage of 3.5-bit. In addition, bootstrapped switches, gain-boosting amplifiers, and the redundancy algorithm have been used in the design to improve conversion accuracy. This ADC has a power consumption of 138 mW and an area of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$1380 times 1300 ; mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m. The test results indicate that it has an effective number of bits (ENOBs) and is 12.19-bit while working at 40 Ms/s.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 3","pages":"639-646"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143637789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-25DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2024.3497876
Andrew Zillmer;Richard Howard;David Chandler;Adam Parkison
In the early 2010s, efforts to restart production in the U.S. of plutonium-238 heat source (HSPu) material for NASA deep space missions were initiated. Processes, procedures, hardware, and chemical separations were developed and implemented to enable the production of heat source material at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and Idaho National Laboratory (INL). This review provides an overview of the timeline and efforts associated with the restart of production, as well as upcoming efforts to increase production.
{"title":"History of Pu-238 Production Restart Efforts at Idaho National Laboratory and Oak Ridge National Laboratory","authors":"Andrew Zillmer;Richard Howard;David Chandler;Adam Parkison","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2024.3497876","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2024.3497876","url":null,"abstract":"In the early 2010s, efforts to restart production in the U.S. of plutonium-238 heat source (HSPu) material for NASA deep space missions were initiated. Processes, procedures, hardware, and chemical separations were developed and implemented to enable the production of heat source material at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and Idaho National Laboratory (INL). This review provides an overview of the timeline and efforts associated with the restart of production, as well as upcoming efforts to increase production.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"71 12","pages":"2536-2544"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142859015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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