K. Shweta, V. Saminathan, C. Sowmiya, G. Preetha, M.R. Srinivasan, V. Baskaran, N. Manivannan
Honey bees are significant pollinator species in both natural and agroecosystems. Among three honey bee castes, drones are often regarded as “lazy willi” and assumed merely to function as “flying sperm” in the honey bee colonies, this view is incorrect. During take-off and landing, they always exhibit higher thermogenic capacity than workers, in addition to colony thermoregulation, they received higher attention for astonishing mating behavior. Honey bee queens are highly polyandrous and mate in mid-air with many drones from diverse genetic sources. Instrumental insemination is an essential tool that provides complete control of honey bee mating for breeding and research purposes. Controlled mating in honey bees helps to maintain economically valued traits that ensure colony productivity and sustainability. Ultimately, breeding and keeping better bees through instrumental insemination offer improved pollination that guarantees global food safety and security. The present review emphasizes mainly on the physiology and mating behavior of drones in the context of instrumental insemination.
{"title":"Flying Sperm: The Indispensable Component of the Instrumental Insemination of Honey Bees: A Review","authors":"K. Shweta, V. Saminathan, C. Sowmiya, G. Preetha, M.R. Srinivasan, V. Baskaran, N. Manivannan","doi":"10.18805/ijar.b-5384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/ijar.b-5384","url":null,"abstract":"Honey bees are significant pollinator species in both natural and agroecosystems. Among three honey bee castes, drones are often regarded as “lazy willi” and assumed merely to function as “flying sperm” in the honey bee colonies, this view is incorrect. During take-off and landing, they always exhibit higher thermogenic capacity than workers, in addition to colony thermoregulation, they received higher attention for astonishing mating behavior. Honey bee queens are highly polyandrous and mate in mid-air with many drones from diverse genetic sources. Instrumental insemination is an essential tool that provides complete control of honey bee mating for breeding and research purposes. Controlled mating in honey bees helps to maintain economically valued traits that ensure colony productivity and sustainability. Ultimately, breeding and keeping better bees through instrumental insemination offer improved pollination that guarantees global food safety and security. The present review emphasizes mainly on the physiology and mating behavior of drones in the context of instrumental insemination.\u0000","PeriodicalId":13410,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Animal Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141924286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nattaya Watwiengkam, Piyarat Srinontong, W. Aengwanich, Nawapat Kaewvisethong, Zhiliang Wu
Background: Vaccination and deworming are routine programs in cattle health management. However, the anthelmintic’s effectiveness on the immune response in vaccinated cattle is limited. Therefore, this study investigated whether anthelmintic administration affects the oxidative stress and immunity induced by vaccination against lumpy skin disease (LSD) in cattle. Methods: Thirty-seven Thai beef cattle were divided into two groups. Group 1) 19 cattle were vaccinated against LSD with a Neethling LSD virus (LSDV) vaccine as the control group and Group 2) 18 cattle were vaccinated against LSD with a Neethling LSDV vaccine and received albendazole treatment. Then, the intensity of gastrointestinal parasite infestation, level of malondialdehyde, inflammatory cytokines and antibody titer to LSDV were investigated in both groups on day 30 of the experimental period. Result: The results showed that the types and intensity of gastrointestinal parasites were decreased in the anthelmintic-treated group. There were no significant differences in the levels of malondialdehyde, IFN-γ, TNF-α and LSD-specific antibody titers between the control and the anthelmintic treatment group (P greater than 0.05), while the expression level of IL-4 in the anthelmintic treatment group was significantly lower than in the control group (P less than 0.05). Our study indicated that albendazole treatment did not affect oxidative stress and innate and adaptive immunity against LSDV. Moreover, single-dose albendazole therapy led to a reduction in the expression level of IL-4, which is involved in defense against parasites.
{"title":"Influence of Anthelmintic Treatment on Immune Response and Oxidative Stress in Cattle Vaccinated against Lumpy Skin Disease","authors":"Nattaya Watwiengkam, Piyarat Srinontong, W. Aengwanich, Nawapat Kaewvisethong, Zhiliang Wu","doi":"10.18805/ijar.bf-1778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/ijar.bf-1778","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Vaccination and deworming are routine programs in cattle health management. However, the anthelmintic’s effectiveness on the immune response in vaccinated cattle is limited. Therefore, this study investigated whether anthelmintic administration affects the oxidative stress and immunity induced by vaccination against lumpy skin disease (LSD) in cattle. Methods: Thirty-seven Thai beef cattle were divided into two groups. Group 1) 19 cattle were vaccinated against LSD with a Neethling LSD virus (LSDV) vaccine as the control group and Group 2) 18 cattle were vaccinated against LSD with a Neethling LSDV vaccine and received albendazole treatment. Then, the intensity of gastrointestinal parasite infestation, level of malondialdehyde, inflammatory cytokines and antibody titer to LSDV were investigated in both groups on day 30 of the experimental period. Result: The results showed that the types and intensity of gastrointestinal parasites were decreased in the anthelmintic-treated group. There were no significant differences in the levels of malondialdehyde, IFN-γ, TNF-α and LSD-specific antibody titers between the control and the anthelmintic treatment group (P greater than 0.05), while the expression level of IL-4 in the anthelmintic treatment group was significantly lower than in the control group (P less than 0.05). Our study indicated that albendazole treatment did not affect oxidative stress and innate and adaptive immunity against LSDV. Moreover, single-dose albendazole therapy led to a reduction in the expression level of IL-4, which is involved in defense against parasites.\u0000","PeriodicalId":13410,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Animal Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141352059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Spinal cord is the major nerve tract of vertebrates, extending from the brain through the vertebral canal. Primordium, the neural tube was initially with thick lateral walls having three layers: inner germinal/ependymal layer, middle mantle layer forming the gray matter and outer marginal layer forming white matter. It presented a diamond-shaped lumen with a sulcus limitans, alar, basal, roof and floor plates and limiting membranes. Gray matter of the cord occupies the central region of spinal cord and in amniotes has in cross section, the well-known ‘H’ or butterfly-like shape. The white matter forms a thick peripheral zone of the cord and is divided by the gray columns into dorsal, lateral and ventral funiculi. There are three coumns for the gray matter, viz. the dorsal, ventral and lateral horns, with ventral ones being wider at the enlargements of the cord. Lateral horn appears only at thoracic, anterior lumbar and middle sacral levels. The layers of gray matter were laminae I to X. Lamina I or marginal zone capped the dorsal horn. Lamina II represented substantia gelatinosa and covered the dorsal horn, beneath marginal zone. Lamina III was an area with loosely arranged larger cells, entering the substantia gelatinosa. Lamina IV was a poorly defined cell column with nucleus proprius. Lamina V was a broad zone extending across the cervix of the dorsal horn; had spinal reticular nucleus and reticular processes. The region showed small to medium-sized cells which were most numerous in the zone between the ventral part of the dorsal horn and the lateral funiculus of white matter. Lamina VI was broad with unclear boundaries, related medially to central canal. It had compact medial and less compact lateral zones. Lamina VII shows the intermediate gray matter, with intermediolateral and intermediomedial nuclei, cervical nucleus of Stilling and Clark’s column. Lamina VIII had cells of small and medium size and was not sharply distinguished from lamina VII. Lamina IX had alpha and gamma type of neurons, which were larger at enlargements. Ventral horn had lateral and medial nuclear groups of multipolar neurons. Medial nuclear groups were seen in all regions and lateral groups only at enlargements. Medial nuclear group had dorsomedial and ventromedial nuclei; whereas the smaller lateral nuclear group had dorsolateral and ventrolateral nuclei. In addition, the enlargements also had central and retrodorsolateral nuclei. Lamina X was seen around the central canal. Laminae varied in cell size and thickness between regions of the cord. Development of laminae and nuclei of spinal gray in fetuses corresponded to the progressive growth of muscles and skeleton. All the ten laminae were together present in the spinal gray matter by the end of gestation.
脊髓是脊椎动物的主要神经束，从大脑通过椎管延伸出来。最初的神经管侧壁很厚，有三层：内胚层/独立胚层，中间套层形成灰质，外缘层形成白质。管腔呈菱形，内有限界沟、嵴板、基底板、顶板、底板和限界膜。脊髓灰质占据脊髓的中央区域，在羊膜动物中横截面呈著名的 "H "形或蝴蝶状。白质构成脊髓的外围厚层，由灰柱分为背侧、外侧和腹侧漏斗状突。灰质有三个角，即背角、腹角和侧角。侧角只出现在胸椎、腰椎前部和骶骨中部。灰质层为第一至第十层。第一层或边缘区覆盖背角。第二层为胶质层，覆盖背角，位于边缘区之下。第三薄层是一个由排列松散的较大细胞组成的区域，进入明胶实质。第 IV 层是一个界限不清的细胞柱，带有本体核。第 V 层是一个宽阔的区域，横跨背角的颈部；具有脊髓网状核和网状突起。该区域显示出中小型细胞，在背角腹侧部分和白质外侧漏斗之间的区域数量最多。第六薄层宽阔，边界不清，内侧与中央管相关。它有紧凑的内侧区和较不紧凑的外侧区。第七层显示中间灰质，有中间外侧核和中间内侧核、Stilling颈核和克拉克柱。第八层有中小型细胞，与第七层没有明显区别。第九层有α和γ型神经元，在增大时体积更大。腹角有多极神经元的外侧核群和内侧核群。内侧核群可见于所有区域，外侧核群仅见于增大区域。内侧核群有背内侧和腹内侧核；而较小的外侧核群有背外侧和腹外侧核。此外，增大处还有中央核和后背侧核。中央管周围可见薄层 X。脐带不同区域的薄层在细胞大小和厚度上各不相同。胎儿脊灰层和核的发育与肌肉和骨骼的逐渐生长相一致。到妊娠末期，脊髓灰质中所有十个板层都已存在。
{"title":"Developmental Anatomy of Gray Matter of Spinal Cord in Animals with Special Reference to Prenatal Goat: A Review","authors":"S. Maya","doi":"10.18805/ijar.b-5302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/ijar.b-5302","url":null,"abstract":"Spinal cord is the major nerve tract of vertebrates, extending from the brain through the vertebral canal. Primordium, the neural tube was initially with thick lateral walls having three layers: inner germinal/ependymal layer, middle mantle layer forming the gray matter and outer marginal layer forming white matter. It presented a diamond-shaped lumen with a sulcus limitans, alar, basal, roof and floor plates and limiting membranes. Gray matter of the cord occupies the central region of spinal cord and in amniotes has in cross section, the well-known ‘H’ or butterfly-like shape. The white matter forms a thick peripheral zone of the cord and is divided by the gray columns into dorsal, lateral and ventral funiculi. There are three coumns for the gray matter, viz. the dorsal, ventral and lateral horns, with ventral ones being wider at the enlargements of the cord. Lateral horn appears only at thoracic, anterior lumbar and middle sacral levels. The layers of gray matter were laminae I to X. Lamina I or marginal zone capped the dorsal horn. Lamina II represented substantia gelatinosa and covered the dorsal horn, beneath marginal zone. Lamina III was an area with loosely arranged larger cells, entering the substantia gelatinosa. Lamina IV was a poorly defined cell column with nucleus proprius. Lamina V was a broad zone extending across the cervix of the dorsal horn; had spinal reticular nucleus and reticular processes. The region showed small to medium-sized cells which were most numerous in the zone between the ventral part of the dorsal horn and the lateral funiculus of white matter. Lamina VI was broad with unclear boundaries, related medially to central canal. It had compact medial and less compact lateral zones. Lamina VII shows the intermediate gray matter, with intermediolateral and intermediomedial nuclei, cervical nucleus of Stilling and Clark’s column. Lamina VIII had cells of small and medium size and was not sharply distinguished from lamina VII. Lamina IX had alpha and gamma type of neurons, which were larger at enlargements. Ventral horn had lateral and medial nuclear groups of multipolar neurons. Medial nuclear groups were seen in all regions and lateral groups only at enlargements. Medial nuclear group had dorsomedial and ventromedial nuclei; whereas the smaller lateral nuclear group had dorsolateral and ventrolateral nuclei. In addition, the enlargements also had central and retrodorsolateral nuclei. Lamina X was seen around the central canal. Laminae varied in cell size and thickness between regions of the cord. Development of laminae and nuclei of spinal gray in fetuses corresponded to the progressive growth of muscles and skeleton. All the ten laminae were together present in the spinal gray matter by the end of gestation.\u0000","PeriodicalId":13410,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Animal Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141353433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: This study aims to determine the relationship between milk composition traits and breed in the Akkaraman and Awasi sheep as well as to provide ease of interpretation by showing the relationships structure between variables and between categories of variables in two-dimensional space with Categorical principal component analysis. Methods: Categorical principal component analysis determines relationships between continuous and categorical variables as well as ordinal variables. It aims to reduce system dimensionality through optimal scaling while maintaining variable measurement levels (nominal, multiple nominal, ordinal and interval). In this research, data obtained from Akkaraman and Awasi Breed Sheep Raised by Public Hands in Tuşba District of Van Province were used. In order to determine relationship with breed, the traits were divided into two categories, “low” and “high” and all variables (9 variables) were considered together and a Categorical principal components analysis was performed. Result: As a results, Dimension 1 accounted for 35.58% of the total variation while dimension 2 accounted for 15.21%. Two dimensions together accounted for 50.79% of the variation. Thus it can be noted that Categorical principal component analysis can be used in the analysis of data sets containing a large number of different types of variables with linear or non-linear relationships between them.
{"title":"The Evaluation of Relationships between Milk Composition Traits and Breeds with Categorical Principal Component Analysis in Akkaraman and Awasi Sheep","authors":"B. Çak, Sıddık Keskin, Gökhan Aydemir","doi":"10.18805/ijar.bf-1791","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/ijar.bf-1791","url":null,"abstract":"Background: This study aims to determine the relationship between milk composition traits and breed in the Akkaraman and Awasi sheep as well as to provide ease of interpretation by showing the relationships structure between variables and between categories of variables in two-dimensional space with Categorical principal component analysis. Methods: Categorical principal component analysis determines relationships between continuous and categorical variables as well as ordinal variables. It aims to reduce system dimensionality through optimal scaling while maintaining variable measurement levels (nominal, multiple nominal, ordinal and interval). In this research, data obtained from Akkaraman and Awasi Breed Sheep Raised by Public Hands in Tuşba District of Van Province were used. In order to determine relationship with breed, the traits were divided into two categories, “low” and “high” and all variables (9 variables) were considered together and a Categorical principal components analysis was performed. Result: As a results, Dimension 1 accounted for 35.58% of the total variation while dimension 2 accounted for 15.21%. Two dimensions together accounted for 50.79% of the variation. Thus it can be noted that Categorical principal component analysis can be used in the analysis of data sets containing a large number of different types of variables with linear or non-linear relationships between them.\u0000","PeriodicalId":13410,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Animal Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141351904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anuj Kumar, Amit Kumar, D. Singh, Debashis Roy, M. K. Singh, Ahmad Fahim, T. Sarkar, Rohit Kumar
Background: Enzyme stimulates metabolic and digestive processes leading to increased feed intake and improved nutrient availability in animals. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of enzyme supplementation on nutrient utilization and production performance in lactating Murrah Buffaloes during winter season. Methods: Twenty four lactating Murrah buffaloes were selected for the study from Livestock Research Centre, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Modipuram, Meerut (UP). All the selected animals were randomly allocated into four treatment groups having six animals in each group on the basis of body weight, lactation length and milk yield. The daily nutrient requirements of lactating Murrah buffaloes in term of DM, DCP and TDN were provided as per the feeding standards of Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi (2013). Total Mixed Ration for buffaloes was prepared by mixing of roughage and concentrates in the ratio of 60:40 after grinding/chaffing. Roughage part was consisting of available winter season green fodder e.g. oat and wheat straw available at research centre. Feeding trial was planned into four treatment groups viz. T1 (Basal diet without enzyme supplementation), T2 (Basal diet with supplementation of Xylanase @ 800000 IU), T3 (Basal diet with supplementation of Cellulase @ 240000 IU) and T4 (Basal diet with supplementation of Xylanase @ 800000 IU and Cellulase @ 240000 IU). Result: From the present study, it was observed that the average milk yield (5.34 litre/day) was higher in T4 as compared to other treatment groups, but the difference was non-significant. The average milk fat percent was recorded as 7.52, 7.58. 7.60 and 7.65 in T1, T2, T3 and T4 treatment groups, respectively. Although the results of T4 group animals were comparatively higher in all major milk constituents the differences were found to be statistically non-significant. The average DM intake (kg/d, kg/100 kg BW and g/kg W0.75) and CP intake (g/d, g/100 kg BW) were almost similar in all treatment groups. The TDN intake (kg/d, kg/100 kg BW and g/kg W0.75) was significantly (P less than 0.05) higher in enzyme supplemented groups. The digestibility coefficient of CP, CF, NDF and ADF were higher (P less than 0.05) in buffaloes of T4 over control (T1) group. So, it was concluded from the above study that the milk production and milk composition could be improved with the combine use of Xylanase and Cellulase enzyme in murrah buffaloes due to improved CP and fibre digestibility.
{"title":"Effect of Enzyme Supplementation on Nutrient Utilization and Production Performance in Lactating Murrah Buffaloes","authors":"Anuj Kumar, Amit Kumar, D. Singh, Debashis Roy, M. K. Singh, Ahmad Fahim, T. Sarkar, Rohit Kumar","doi":"10.18805/ijar.b-5309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/ijar.b-5309","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Enzyme stimulates metabolic and digestive processes leading to increased feed intake and improved nutrient availability in animals. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of enzyme supplementation on nutrient utilization and production performance in lactating Murrah Buffaloes during winter season. Methods: Twenty four lactating Murrah buffaloes were selected for the study from Livestock Research Centre, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Modipuram, Meerut (UP). All the selected animals were randomly allocated into four treatment groups having six animals in each group on the basis of body weight, lactation length and milk yield. The daily nutrient requirements of lactating Murrah buffaloes in term of DM, DCP and TDN were provided as per the feeding standards of Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi (2013). Total Mixed Ration for buffaloes was prepared by mixing of roughage and concentrates in the ratio of 60:40 after grinding/chaffing. Roughage part was consisting of available winter season green fodder e.g. oat and wheat straw available at research centre. Feeding trial was planned into four treatment groups viz. T1 (Basal diet without enzyme supplementation), T2 (Basal diet with supplementation of Xylanase @ 800000 IU), T3 (Basal diet with supplementation of Cellulase @ 240000 IU) and T4 (Basal diet with supplementation of Xylanase @ 800000 IU and Cellulase @ 240000 IU). Result: From the present study, it was observed that the average milk yield (5.34 litre/day) was higher in T4 as compared to other treatment groups, but the difference was non-significant. The average milk fat percent was recorded as 7.52, 7.58. 7.60 and 7.65 in T1, T2, T3 and T4 treatment groups, respectively. Although the results of T4 group animals were comparatively higher in all major milk constituents the differences were found to be statistically non-significant. The average DM intake (kg/d, kg/100 kg BW and g/kg W0.75) and CP intake (g/d, g/100 kg BW) were almost similar in all treatment groups. The TDN intake (kg/d, kg/100 kg BW and g/kg W0.75) was significantly (P less than 0.05) higher in enzyme supplemented groups. The digestibility coefficient of CP, CF, NDF and ADF were higher (P less than 0.05) in buffaloes of T4 over control (T1) group. So, it was concluded from the above study that the milk production and milk composition could be improved with the combine use of Xylanase and Cellulase enzyme in murrah buffaloes due to improved CP and fibre digestibility.\u0000","PeriodicalId":13410,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Animal Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141357934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rikki Bagra, Sanayaima Singha, B. Phukan, P. Saharia, S. Baishya, K. Bhagawati, Dipak Kumar Sarma
Background: Striped snakehead (Channa striata) is an air breathing fish with immense popularity as food. Successful breeding operation of this fish requires proper broodstock management and development of mass seed production technique. As spawning efficiency vary with species traits, climatic conditions and inducing agents for spawning, therefore, an experiment on the efficacy of two commercial GnRH based synthetic hormones viz., Gonopro-FH and OVAFISH on the induced breeding of Channa striata in captivity was conducted under agro-climatic conditions of Assam. Methods: Three doses of Gonopro-FH and Ovafish i.e. 0.40 (T1), 0.60 (T2) and 0.80 (T3) ml/kg for female and 0.3, 0.45 and 0.60 ml/kg body weight for male were administered to evaluate the efficacy. Result: Breeding aspects such as relative fecundity, fertilization rate, hatching rate, latency period and incubation period were found better with the dose of 0.45 ml/kg for male and 0.6 ml/kg for female. A higher relative fecundity was achieved by Gonopro FH administration. The results of this study may be useful in induce breeding and seed production of Channa striata.
{"title":"Comparative Study on the Effects of two Commercial Hormones on the Induced Breeding of Channa striata (Bloch, 1983) under Agro-climatic Conditions of Assam, North East India","authors":"Rikki Bagra, Sanayaima Singha, B. Phukan, P. Saharia, S. Baishya, K. Bhagawati, Dipak Kumar Sarma","doi":"10.18805/ijar.b-5289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/ijar.b-5289","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Striped snakehead (Channa striata) is an air breathing fish with immense popularity as food. Successful breeding operation of this fish requires proper broodstock management and development of mass seed production technique. As spawning efficiency vary with species traits, climatic conditions and inducing agents for spawning, therefore, an experiment on the efficacy of two commercial GnRH based synthetic hormones viz., Gonopro-FH and OVAFISH on the induced breeding of Channa striata in captivity was conducted under agro-climatic conditions of Assam. Methods: Three doses of Gonopro-FH and Ovafish i.e. 0.40 (T1), 0.60 (T2) and 0.80 (T3) ml/kg for female and 0.3, 0.45 and 0.60 ml/kg body weight for male were administered to evaluate the efficacy. Result: Breeding aspects such as relative fecundity, fertilization rate, hatching rate, latency period and incubation period were found better with the dose of 0.45 ml/kg for male and 0.6 ml/kg for female. A higher relative fecundity was achieved by Gonopro FH administration. The results of this study may be useful in induce breeding and seed production of Channa striata.\u0000","PeriodicalId":13410,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Animal Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141355288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Ranganatha, D. Rathnamma, S. Isloor, J. Hiremath, B. Chandranaik, B. Shivashankar, K. Shyamsundar, L. Rashmi, S.S. Patil
African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) poses a significant threat to global swine populations, with devastating economic and agricultural implications. This review article provides a comprehensive examination of various facets of ASFV, encompassing its structure, entry mechanism, transmission dynamics, clinical signs, pathogenesis, diagnosis and control strategies. The complex virion architecture, including the multilayered core and distinctive outer envelope, is explored, shedding light on key elements influencing the virus’s stability and infectivity. The intricate mechanisms governing ASFV entry into host cells are discussed, emphasizing the interplay between viral proteins and cellular receptors. Insight into the virus-host interaction provides a foundation for understanding the initial stages of infection, influencing subsequent pathogenesis. Transmission dynamics, a critical aspect of ASFV epidemiology, are examined, encompassing both direct and indirect modes of spread. Factors influencing the persistence of ASFV in diverse environments and the role of vectors in disease dissemination are explored to elucidate the complex transmission pathways. Clinical signs and pathogenesis of ASFV infection are thoroughly reviewed, outlining the diverse manifestations in swine species. The immunopathological responses and host factors influencing disease severity are discussed, enhancing our understanding of ASFV pathobiology. A comprehensive understanding of diagnostic tools is pivotal for timely and accurate disease detection, enabling swift intervention measures. In conclusion, this review provides a nuanced and integrative overview of ASFV, offering valuable insights for researchers, veterinarians and policymakers engaged in combatting this significant threat to the swine industry.
{"title":"African swine fever: analysing its epidemiology, pathogenesis and control strategies: a review","authors":"S. Ranganatha, D. Rathnamma, S. Isloor, J. Hiremath, B. Chandranaik, B. Shivashankar, K. Shyamsundar, L. Rashmi, S.S. Patil","doi":"10.18805/ijar.b-5274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/ijar.b-5274","url":null,"abstract":"African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) poses a significant threat to global swine populations, with devastating economic and agricultural implications. This review article provides a comprehensive examination of various facets of ASFV, encompassing its structure, entry mechanism, transmission dynamics, clinical signs, pathogenesis, diagnosis and control strategies. The complex virion architecture, including the multilayered core and distinctive outer envelope, is explored, shedding light on key elements influencing the virus’s stability and infectivity. The intricate mechanisms governing ASFV entry into host cells are discussed, emphasizing the interplay between viral proteins and cellular receptors. Insight into the virus-host interaction provides a foundation for understanding the initial stages of infection, influencing subsequent pathogenesis. Transmission dynamics, a critical aspect of ASFV epidemiology, are examined, encompassing both direct and indirect modes of spread. Factors influencing the persistence of ASFV in diverse environments and the role of vectors in disease dissemination are explored to elucidate the complex transmission pathways. Clinical signs and pathogenesis of ASFV infection are thoroughly reviewed, outlining the diverse manifestations in swine species. The immunopathological responses and host factors influencing disease severity are discussed, enhancing our understanding of ASFV pathobiology. A comprehensive understanding of diagnostic tools is pivotal for timely and accurate disease detection, enabling swift intervention measures. In conclusion, this review provides a nuanced and integrative overview of ASFV, offering valuable insights for researchers, veterinarians and policymakers engaged in combatting this significant threat to the swine industry.\u0000","PeriodicalId":13410,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Animal Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141357976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Uterine biopsy is considered as the most conclusive and efficient method for diagnosis of subclinical endometritis especially to evaluate further reproductive efficiency. Methods: The present study was conducted at ULF and FRDS, Mannuthy to compare the efficacy of two devices in obtaining histopathological samples for the diagnosis of subclinical endometritis (SCE) in crossbred dairy cows at 30 and 40 days postpartum. The two devices used were the Jacksons uterine biopsy forceps (Jorvet, USA) and a slimmer stainless-steel biopsy forceps with a circular cupped jaw, fabricated similar to human bronchoscopy biopsy device. Result: The Jacksons uterine biopsy forceps was used in 35 cows to collect the samples. Manoeuvring this forceps through the cervix was found to be difficult and only in 16 out of the 35 animals (45.71%) collection for both days was successful, while in 14 animals (40%) samples could be collected only on day 30 of observation and in remaining 5 animals (14.29%) no samples could be collected on both the days of observation. In those animals where samples could be procured, bigger jaw of the Jacksons forceps resulted in larger sample size which may slightly delay healing. The fabricated biopsy forceps was used in 10 animals and because of its slim structure, it was possible to collect samples in all of them (100%). The smaller jaw ensured that the sample obtained was smaller and thus minimalizing tissue damage, contamination with blood and possibly promoting a swifter healing. Tissue sections were examined for pathological changes in the endometrium involving surface epithelium, lamina propria, endometrial glands and vascular inflammatory status. The samples obtained using the modified forceps provided sufficient data for the diagnosis of SCE similar to the traditional device. Thus, the fabricated uterine biopsy forceps, which is comparatively much cheaper, can be used with more ease in indigenous/crossbred cows and heifers which have smaller cervices.
{"title":"Comparison of the Jackson Uterine Biopsy Forceps with a Fabricated Model of Human Bronchoscopy Biopsy Device for Uterine Biopsy in Bovines","authors":"Gaythri Prathap, Shibu Simon, B. Becha, Niyas Emamudeen, V.K. Vidya, Revathy Murali, Anila Babu","doi":"10.18805/ijar.b-5174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/ijar.b-5174","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Uterine biopsy is considered as the most conclusive and efficient method for diagnosis of subclinical endometritis especially to evaluate further reproductive efficiency. Methods: The present study was conducted at ULF and FRDS, Mannuthy to compare the efficacy of two devices in obtaining histopathological samples for the diagnosis of subclinical endometritis (SCE) in crossbred dairy cows at 30 and 40 days postpartum. The two devices used were the Jacksons uterine biopsy forceps (Jorvet, USA) and a slimmer stainless-steel biopsy forceps with a circular cupped jaw, fabricated similar to human bronchoscopy biopsy device. Result: The Jacksons uterine biopsy forceps was used in 35 cows to collect the samples. Manoeuvring this forceps through the cervix was found to be difficult and only in 16 out of the 35 animals (45.71%) collection for both days was successful, while in 14 animals (40%) samples could be collected only on day 30 of observation and in remaining 5 animals (14.29%) no samples could be collected on both the days of observation. In those animals where samples could be procured, bigger jaw of the Jacksons forceps resulted in larger sample size which may slightly delay healing. The fabricated biopsy forceps was used in 10 animals and because of its slim structure, it was possible to collect samples in all of them (100%). The smaller jaw ensured that the sample obtained was smaller and thus minimalizing tissue damage, contamination with blood and possibly promoting a swifter healing. Tissue sections were examined for pathological changes in the endometrium involving surface epithelium, lamina propria, endometrial glands and vascular inflammatory status. The samples obtained using the modified forceps provided sufficient data for the diagnosis of SCE similar to the traditional device. Thus, the fabricated uterine biopsy forceps, which is comparatively much cheaper, can be used with more ease in indigenous/crossbred cows and heifers which have smaller cervices.\u0000","PeriodicalId":13410,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Animal Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141359134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V.V. Lakshmi, N. Jayakumar, A. Uma, D. Manikandavelu, N. D. Raja, P. Ruby, Hemamalini
Background: Haematological parameters are valuable indicators of fish health status. This study aims to provide baseline data on the blood profile of Mugil cephalus and Sillago sihama from Ennore Creek, southeast coast, India and UPRS, Arambakkam from September 2022 to August 2023, at bimonthly intervals. Methods: Blood samples of the said two fish species were collected from Ennore Creek and UPRS Arambakkam during all four seasons to analyse haematological parameters like WBC, Lymphocytes, RBC, HGB, HCT, MCV, MCH and MCHC. Results: The values of haematological parameters were found less in these two fish of Ennore than Arambakkam. Between the two stations (Ennore and Arambakkam), the differences in the values of haematological parameters were found to be highly significant (p less than 0.01) for both fish. Reduction in the values of haematological parameters of these two fish in Ennore Creek showed that the fishes exposed to pollution-induced stress make them weak, anaemic, and vulnerable to diseases.
{"title":"Comparative Study of Season-based Haematology of Mugilcephalus and Sillagosihama from Ennore Creek, Southeast Coast, India","authors":"V.V. Lakshmi, N. Jayakumar, A. Uma, D. Manikandavelu, N. D. Raja, P. Ruby, Hemamalini","doi":"10.18805/ijar.b-5355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/ijar.b-5355","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Haematological parameters are valuable indicators of fish health status. This study aims to provide baseline data on the blood profile of Mugil cephalus and Sillago sihama from Ennore Creek, southeast coast, India and UPRS, Arambakkam from September 2022 to August 2023, at bimonthly intervals. Methods: Blood samples of the said two fish species were collected from Ennore Creek and UPRS Arambakkam during all four seasons to analyse haematological parameters like WBC, Lymphocytes, RBC, HGB, HCT, MCV, MCH and MCHC. Results: The values of haematological parameters were found less in these two fish of Ennore than Arambakkam. Between the two stations (Ennore and Arambakkam), the differences in the values of haematological parameters were found to be highly significant (p less than 0.01) for both fish. Reduction in the values of haematological parameters of these two fish in Ennore Creek showed that the fishes exposed to pollution-induced stress make them weak, anaemic, and vulnerable to diseases.\u0000","PeriodicalId":13410,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Animal Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141359536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Climate change, a global phenomenon of present time, has emerged as the greatest challenge of the world in the twenty-first century. The impact of climate change is multifaceted and affects various aspects of the ecosystems as human, animals and environment. Climate change is one among the major threat for the sustainability of livestock systems. The direct effects of climate change on animal health are mainly due to changes in environmental conditions such as air temperature, relative humility, precipitation, drought, and flood and reflect mainly in the form of heat stress and reproductive problems. Indirect effects lead to infectious, vector borne and parasitic diseases occurrence. The mitigation strategies should focus upon climate resilient breeding and shelter management practices along with sustainable disease surveillance, conservation of natural habitats and society awareness and education.
{"title":"Impact of Climate Change on Animal Health and Mitigation Strategies: A Review","authors":"S.K. Sharma, Garima Rathore, Monika Joshi","doi":"10.18805/ijar.b-5303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/ijar.b-5303","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change, a global phenomenon of present time, has emerged as the greatest challenge of the world in the twenty-first century. The impact of climate change is multifaceted and affects various aspects of the ecosystems as human, animals and environment. Climate change is one among the major threat for the sustainability of livestock systems. The direct effects of climate change on animal health are mainly due to changes in environmental conditions such as air temperature, relative humility, precipitation, drought, and flood and reflect mainly in the form of heat stress and reproductive problems. Indirect effects lead to infectious, vector borne and parasitic diseases occurrence. The mitigation strategies should focus upon climate resilient breeding and shelter management practices along with sustainable disease surveillance, conservation of natural habitats and society awareness and education.\u0000","PeriodicalId":13410,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Animal Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141366656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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