Diary effluents are environmental pollutant which could serve as source of substrate for microbial enzymes' synthesis. This research investigated the isolation and screening of bacteria and fungi with potential extracellular proteolytic and amylolytic properties from dairy effluents, and their characteristics for maximum enzyme production. Effluent from a dairy industry located in Ibadan, Nigeria, was collected for isolation and screening of microbial species for enzymatic activities. The Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Soluble Solid (TTS), and pH of the effluent were determined using standard procedures. The potential isolates were characterized morphologically and by molecular techniques. Proteolytic and amylolytic activities of isolates were investigated on skimmed milk starch agar respectively and optimized with varying pH (6.0 - 9.0), temperature (27 - 60 °C) and incubation period (12 - 72 h). Data were analyzed by Duncan Multiple Range Test. Biological Oxygen Demand, Total Soluble Solid and pH of the effluent were 14.67 mg/L, 13.33% and 7.58 respectively. Eleven isolates were positive for either protease or amylase synthesis, but only two showed both proteolytic and amylolytic activities and were molecularly characterized as Bacillus stratosphericus CM2HG6 and Aspergillus welwitschiae. Optimization showed that enzyme production by B. stratosphericus CM2HG6 was highest at 35 °C, pH 7.0 for 48 h, and that of A. welwitschiae achieved optimum production at 37 °C, pH 8.0 for 72 h. Under optimized conditions, Bacillus stratosphericus CM2HG6 was the highest amylase and protease producer (24.4 and 30.74 U/ml respectively), while A. welwitschiae was the lowest producer (12.58 and 18.8 U/ml respectively). The study successfully showed that these industrially-important enzymes can be produced by microbial strains isolated from dairy effluent, and production can be further optimized
{"title":"Biosynthesis and characterizations of extracellular enzymes of microbial isolates from dairy industrial effluent","authors":"M. Osho, C. A. K. Awe-Mathias, I. Onajobi","doi":"10.4314/ijs.v23i2.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ijs.v23i2.13","url":null,"abstract":"Diary effluents are environmental pollutant which could serve as source of substrate for microbial enzymes' synthesis. This research investigated the isolation and screening of bacteria and fungi with potential extracellular proteolytic and amylolytic properties from dairy effluents, and their characteristics for maximum enzyme production. Effluent from a dairy industry located in Ibadan, Nigeria, was collected for isolation and screening of microbial species for enzymatic activities. The Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Soluble Solid (TTS), and pH of the effluent were determined using standard procedures. The potential isolates were characterized morphologically and by molecular techniques. Proteolytic and amylolytic activities of isolates were investigated on skimmed milk starch agar respectively and optimized with varying pH (6.0 - 9.0), temperature (27 - 60 °C) and incubation period (12 - 72 h). Data were analyzed by Duncan Multiple Range Test. Biological Oxygen Demand, Total Soluble Solid and pH of the effluent were 14.67 mg/L, 13.33% and 7.58 respectively. Eleven isolates were positive for either protease or amylase synthesis, but only two showed both proteolytic and amylolytic activities and were molecularly characterized as Bacillus stratosphericus CM2HG6 and Aspergillus welwitschiae. Optimization showed that enzyme production by B. stratosphericus CM2HG6 was highest at 35 °C, pH 7.0 for 48 h, and that of A. welwitschiae achieved optimum production at 37 °C, pH 8.0 for 72 h. Under optimized conditions, Bacillus stratosphericus CM2HG6 was the highest amylase and protease producer (24.4 and 30.74 U/ml respectively), while A. welwitschiae was the lowest producer (12.58 and 18.8 U/ml respectively). The study successfully showed that these industrially-important enzymes can be produced by microbial strains isolated from dairy effluent, and production can be further optimized","PeriodicalId":13487,"journal":{"name":"Ife Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79663354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anacardium occidentale (Ao) is widely used in ethnomedicine and the effect on contractility of the gut and heart muscles of laboratory rodents have been established however, its effect on the contractility of uterine muscle has been rarely researched. The present study investigated the effect of stem bark methanolic extract of Anacardium occidentale (AoME) on Isolated Rat Uterus Strips (IRUS). The Anacardium occidentale methanol extract (AoME) was obtained by solvent extraction. The IRUS were suspended in a bath containing 15 ml of De Jalon's solution through a silk connected to a force transducer. A tension of 1.0 g was applied. The strips were allowed to equilibrate for a period of 60–90 min before the commencement of the experiment. The extract (0.025- 0.3mg/ml) added cumulatively did not modify the normal tonus in most of the IRUS used except in one where it feebly contracted it. However, the contractile responses induced by acetylcholine (10-9 -10-5 M) and oxytocin (10-9 -10-5 M) on the IRUS were almost completely blocked by pre-incubated AoME at a concentration of 0.2 mg/ml. Stem bark methanol extract of Anacardium occidentale shifted the log concentration curve of both agonists to the right. The present results report the antagonistic effects of stem bark methanol extract of Anacardium occidentale on oxytocin and acetylcholine-induced contraction in rat uterus strips. Keywords: Anacardium occidentale, Oxytocin, Acetylcholine, Uterus, Smooth muscle
{"title":"Effect of methanol extract of Anacardium occidentale stem bark on agonist-induced contraction in rat uterine muscle","authors":"B. Omolaso","doi":"10.4314/ijs.v23i2.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ijs.v23i2.12","url":null,"abstract":"Anacardium occidentale (Ao) is widely used in ethnomedicine and the effect on contractility of the gut and heart muscles of laboratory rodents have been established however, its effect on the contractility of uterine muscle has been rarely researched. The present study investigated the effect of stem bark methanolic extract of Anacardium occidentale (AoME) on Isolated Rat Uterus Strips (IRUS). The Anacardium occidentale methanol extract (AoME) was obtained by solvent extraction. The IRUS were suspended in a bath containing 15 ml of De Jalon's solution through a silk connected to a force transducer. A tension of 1.0 g was applied. The strips were allowed to equilibrate for a period of 60–90 min before the commencement of the experiment. The extract (0.025- 0.3mg/ml) added cumulatively did not modify the normal tonus in most of the IRUS used except in one where it feebly contracted it. However, the contractile responses induced by acetylcholine (10-9 -10-5 M) and oxytocin (10-9 -10-5 M) on the IRUS were almost completely blocked by pre-incubated AoME at a concentration of 0.2 mg/ml. Stem bark methanol extract of Anacardium occidentale shifted the log concentration curve of both agonists to the right. The present results report the antagonistic effects of stem bark methanol extract of Anacardium occidentale on oxytocin and acetylcholine-induced contraction in rat uterus strips. \u0000Keywords: Anacardium occidentale, Oxytocin, Acetylcholine, Uterus, Smooth muscle","PeriodicalId":13487,"journal":{"name":"Ife Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74089802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Obuotor, A. O. Kolawole, F. O. Adeyanju, S. S. Adewumi
Increasing level of antimicrobial resistance among bacterial pathogens causing Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is one of the most significant public health challenges globally. Hence, the search for alternatives from medicinal plants. This study investigated the efficacy of Phyllanthus amarus (PA), Phyllanthus muellerianus (PM) and Sida acuta (SA) leaf extracts on microorganisms implicated in UTI. Mid-stream urine samples collected from 100 patients clinically diagnosed with UTI were cultured. The microorganisms isolated were identified using their morphological and biochemical characteristics. Methanol leaf extracts of the three plants were obtained by cold maceration in 60% methanol. Crude extract of PM was thereafter purified by solvent partitioning. Antibiotic susceptibility test was determined using the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion. Antimicrobial effects of the extracts and oil was ascertained using agar well diffusion. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentrations (MBC) were also determined. Rate of kill and mechanism of action of the purified extract of PM on isolates were investigated. Cytotoxicity of plant extracts were assayed on brine shrimps while synergism of the purified extract with ciprofloxacin was ascertained using overlay inoculum susceptibility disc method. Antioxidant and phytochemical analyses of the extracts were conducted using standard methods. Phytochemical analysis of the leaf extracts showed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins and steroids. Antioxidant assay also indicated SA had the highest total flavonoids and phenol content of 339.86 mgQUE/g and 27.63 mgGAE/g. Microorganisms isolated include: Escherichia coli (24%), Proteus mirabilis (24%), Staphylococcus aureus (19%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (13%), Candida albicans (11%), Enterobacter sp. (5%) and Citrobacter sp. (4%). The crude extract of PA had zone of inhibition ranging from 16.7 ± 1.53 mm to 24 ± 1.00 mm while SA crude extract had 14.7 ± 1.53 mm to 27 ± 2.00 mm. PM crude extract had inhibition zones of 17 ± 1.00 mm to 22.3 ± 2.12 mm. The MIC and MBC ranged from 6.25 mg/ml to 50 mg/ml and 12.5 mg/ml to 50 mg/ml respectively. Ethyl acetate fraction of PM showed the highest percentage yield and had a zone diameter range from 13.5 ± 1.00 mm to 28 ± 1.53 mm with MIC and MBC ranges of 6.25 mg/ml – 12.5 mg/ml and 25 mg/ml to 50 mg/ml respectively. Synergism with ciprofloxacin was observed at 25% of the microorganisms, 50% antagonism and 25% additively. Toxicity analysis showed lethal dose concentrations of 19.05 mg/ml, 25.12 mg/ml and 130.11 mg/ml for PM, PA and SA respectively. The findings of this study suggest that the methanol extracts of the medicinal plants used in this study does possess a potent lead molecule in combating microorganisms causing UTI. Key words: Antimicrobial activity, Phyllanthus muellerianus, Phytochemicals, Toxicity, UTI,
引起尿路感染(UTI)的细菌病原体中抗菌素耐药性水平上升是全球最重大的公共卫生挑战之一。因此，从药用植物中寻找替代品。本文研究了毛茛(Phyllanthus amarus, PA)、毛茛(Phyllanthus muellerianus, PM)和毛茛(Sida acuta, SA)叶提取物对UTI病原菌的抑制作用。收集100例临床诊断为尿路感染患者的中游尿液样本进行培养。对分离得到的微生物进行了形态和生化特征鉴定。三种植物的甲醇叶提取物采用60%甲醇冷浸渍法制备。然后用溶剂萃取法纯化PM粗提物。采用Kirby - Bauer圆盘扩散法进行药敏试验。采用琼脂孔扩散法测定其抑菌效果。测定了最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MBC)。研究了PM提取物对分离菌株的杀伤率和作用机制。研究了植物提取物对卤虾的细胞毒性，并采用复盖接种敏感性圆盘法确定了纯化提取物与环丙沙星的增效作用。采用标准方法对提取物进行抗氧化和植物化学分析。叶提取物的植物化学分析显示存在生物碱、单宁、皂苷和类固醇。抗氧化实验还表明，SA的总黄酮和酚含量最高，分别为339.86 mgQUE/g和27.63 mgGAE/g。分离的微生物包括:大肠杆菌(24%)、奇异变形杆菌(24%)、金黄色葡萄球菌(19%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(13%)、白色念珠菌(11%)、肠杆菌(5%)和柠檬酸杆菌(4%)。PA粗提物的抑制区为16.7±1.53 mm ~ 24±1.00 mm, SA粗提物的抑制区为14.7±1.53 mm ~ 27±2.00 mm。PM粗提物的抑制区为17±1.00 mm ~ 22.3±2.12 mm。MIC和MBC分别为6.25 ~ 50 mg/ml和12.5 ~ 50 mg/ml。PM的乙酸乙酯组分收率最高，区直径范围为13.5±1.00 mm ~ 28±1.53 mm, MIC和MBC分别为6.25 ~ 12.5 mg/ml和25 ~ 50 mg/ml。与环丙沙星的增效作用为25%，拮抗作用为50%，加和作用为25%。毒性分析显示，PM、PA和SA的致死剂量浓度分别为19.05 mg/ml、25.12 mg/ml和130.11 mg/ml。本研究结果表明，本研究中使用的药用植物甲醇提取物确实具有有效的抗微生物引起UTI的先导分子。关键词:抗菌活性，余叶草，植物化学物质，毒性，UTI，
{"title":"Antimicrobial activity of Sida acuta, Phyllanthus amarus and Phyllanthus muellerianus against microorganisms implicated in urinary tract infections","authors":"T. Obuotor, A. O. Kolawole, F. O. Adeyanju, S. S. Adewumi","doi":"10.4314/ijs.v23i2.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ijs.v23i2.16","url":null,"abstract":"Increasing level of antimicrobial resistance among bacterial pathogens causing Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is one of the most significant public health challenges globally. Hence, the search for alternatives from medicinal plants. This study investigated the efficacy of Phyllanthus amarus (PA), Phyllanthus muellerianus (PM) and Sida acuta (SA) leaf extracts on microorganisms implicated in UTI. Mid-stream urine samples collected from 100 patients clinically diagnosed with UTI were cultured. The microorganisms isolated were identified using their morphological and biochemical characteristics. Methanol leaf extracts of the three plants were obtained by cold maceration in 60% methanol. Crude extract of PM was thereafter purified by solvent partitioning. Antibiotic susceptibility test was determined using the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion. Antimicrobial effects of the extracts and oil was ascertained using agar well diffusion. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentrations (MBC) were also determined. Rate of kill and mechanism of action of the purified extract of PM on isolates were investigated. Cytotoxicity of plant extracts were assayed on brine shrimps while synergism of the purified extract with ciprofloxacin was ascertained using overlay inoculum susceptibility disc method. Antioxidant and phytochemical analyses of the extracts were conducted using standard methods. Phytochemical analysis of the leaf extracts showed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins and steroids. Antioxidant assay also indicated SA had the highest total flavonoids and phenol content of 339.86 mgQUE/g and 27.63 mgGAE/g. Microorganisms isolated include: Escherichia coli (24%), Proteus mirabilis (24%), Staphylococcus aureus (19%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (13%), Candida albicans (11%), Enterobacter sp. (5%) and Citrobacter sp. (4%). The crude extract of PA had zone of inhibition ranging from 16.7 ± 1.53 mm to 24 ± 1.00 mm while SA crude extract had 14.7 ± 1.53 mm to 27 ± 2.00 mm. PM crude extract had inhibition zones of 17 ± 1.00 mm to 22.3 ± 2.12 mm. The MIC and MBC ranged from 6.25 mg/ml to 50 mg/ml and 12.5 mg/ml to 50 mg/ml respectively. Ethyl acetate fraction of PM showed the highest percentage yield and had a zone diameter range from 13.5 ± 1.00 mm to 28 ± 1.53 mm with MIC and MBC ranges of 6.25 mg/ml – 12.5 mg/ml and 25 mg/ml to 50 mg/ml respectively. Synergism with ciprofloxacin was observed at 25% of the microorganisms, 50% antagonism and 25% additively. Toxicity analysis showed lethal dose concentrations of 19.05 mg/ml, 25.12 mg/ml and 130.11 mg/ml for PM, PA and SA respectively. The findings of this study suggest that the methanol extracts of the medicinal plants used in this study does possess a potent lead molecule in combating microorganisms causing UTI. \u0000Key words: Antimicrobial activity, Phyllanthus muellerianus, Phytochemicals, Toxicity, UTI,","PeriodicalId":13487,"journal":{"name":"Ife Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83777692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Morakinyo, S. Babarinde, G. Kalu, S. Nzekwe, T. Oyedepo
The present study investigated the effects of sun-drying on the antioxidant potential of three pepper varieties: Capsicum annuum var, Capsicum chinense and Capsicum annuum. Fresh fruits of the pepper varieties were collected, washed under distilled water and were divided into two parts: one for fresh sample and the other for the dried sample. Dried and fresh samples of the pepper varieties were homogenized and extracted with methanol. The concentrations of total phenolics and flavonoids were evaluated; DPPH-radical scavenging activity and the FRAP potential of the extracts were also determined. The results revealed that sun-drying process significantly reduced the total phenolic content of C. annuum var, C. chinense and C. annuum from 5.91 ± 0.22 mg/g GAE, 6.9 ± 0.23 mg/g GAE, 6.67 ± 0.99 mg/g GAE to 3.31 ± 0.72 mg/g GAE, 3.59 ± 0.89 mg/g GAE, 3.01 ± 0.17 mg/g GAE respectively and flavonoid content from 3.80 ± 0.02 mg/g QE, 3.91 + 0.08 mg/g QE, 3.84 ± 0.08 mg/g QE to 1.26 ± 0.90 mg/g QE, 1.95 ± 0.07 mg/g QE, 1.23 ± 0.04 mg/g QE respectively. The result also revealed that the fresh samples of C. annuum var, C. chinense and C. annuum exhibited higher percentage inhibition of DPPH-radical at 59.4 ± 0.5%, 61.2 ± 0.6%, 58.9 ± 0.2% respectively and were significantly different from the percentage inhibition by the dried samples: 39.2 ± 0.5%, 42.4 ± 0.4%, 38.6 ± 0.6% respectively.The FRAP potential of the fresh samples of C. annuum var, C. chinense and C. annuum: 588.56 ± 29.4 ìmol Fe(II)/g, 691.34 ± 20.46 ìmol Fe(II)/g and 598.9 ± 23. 82 ìmol Fe(II)/g respectively were significantly different from the dried samples: 370.22 ± 14.75 ìmol Fe(II)/g, 392.34 ± 45.74 ìmol Fe(II)/g and 358.6 ± 30.08 ìmol Fe(II)/g respectively. The three Capsicum species are very rich in antioxidants. However, the sun drying method reduced the antioxidant capacities of the peppers, thus further studies should be carried out on the best method for the preservation of Capsicum species. Key Words: Capsicum. annuum var, C. chinense, C. annuum, Antioxidant, Sun-drying, methanolic extract
{"title":"Effects of sun-drying on the antioxidant potentials of pepper (Capsicum) varieties","authors":"A. Morakinyo, S. Babarinde, G. Kalu, S. Nzekwe, T. Oyedepo","doi":"10.4314/ijs.v23i2.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ijs.v23i2.17","url":null,"abstract":"The present study investigated the effects of sun-drying on the antioxidant potential of three pepper varieties: Capsicum annuum var, Capsicum chinense and Capsicum annuum. Fresh fruits of the pepper varieties were collected, washed under distilled water and were divided into two parts: one for fresh sample and the other for the dried sample. Dried and fresh samples of the pepper varieties were homogenized and extracted with methanol. The concentrations of total phenolics and flavonoids were evaluated; DPPH-radical scavenging activity and the FRAP potential of the extracts were also determined. The results revealed that sun-drying process significantly reduced the total phenolic content of C. annuum var, C. chinense and C. annuum from 5.91 ± 0.22 mg/g GAE, 6.9 ± 0.23 mg/g GAE, 6.67 ± 0.99 mg/g GAE to 3.31 ± 0.72 mg/g GAE, 3.59 ± 0.89 mg/g GAE, 3.01 ± 0.17 mg/g GAE respectively and flavonoid content from 3.80 ± 0.02 mg/g QE, 3.91 + 0.08 mg/g QE, 3.84 ± 0.08 mg/g QE to 1.26 ± 0.90 mg/g QE, 1.95 ± 0.07 mg/g QE, 1.23 ± 0.04 mg/g QE respectively. The result also revealed that the fresh samples of C. annuum var, C. chinense and C. annuum exhibited higher percentage inhibition of DPPH-radical at 59.4 ± 0.5%, 61.2 ± 0.6%, 58.9 ± 0.2% respectively and were significantly different from the percentage inhibition by the dried samples: 39.2 ± 0.5%, 42.4 ± 0.4%, 38.6 ± 0.6% respectively.The FRAP potential of the fresh samples of C. annuum var, C. chinense and C. annuum: 588.56 ± 29.4 ìmol Fe(II)/g, 691.34 ± 20.46 ìmol Fe(II)/g and 598.9 ± 23. 82 ìmol Fe(II)/g respectively were significantly different from the dried samples: 370.22 ± 14.75 ìmol Fe(II)/g, 392.34 ± 45.74 ìmol Fe(II)/g and 358.6 ± 30.08 ìmol Fe(II)/g respectively. The three Capsicum species are very rich in antioxidants. However, the sun drying method reduced the antioxidant capacities of the peppers, thus further studies should be carried out on the best method for the preservation of Capsicum species. \u0000Key Words: Capsicum. annuum var, C. chinense, C. annuum, Antioxidant, Sun-drying, methanolic extract","PeriodicalId":13487,"journal":{"name":"Ife Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78809002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study was designed to study the cytokine modulatory activity of three lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains, Weisella cibaria II-1-59, Weisella confusa JMC 1093, and Pediococcus pentosaceus DSM20336 isolated from a Nigerian locally fermented food condiment; “iru” using paw oedema acute inflammatory model induced with 1% formalin in Wistar rats. Rats were distributed into six groups (A-F). Rats in Groups A were neither administered formalin nor treated with LAB, while Group B received formalin injection only. Rats in Groups C, D, and E were administered formalin and were treated orally with 2 × 107 CFU/ml of Weisella cibaria II-1-59, Weisella confusa JMC 1093, and Pediococcus pentosaceus DSM20336 respectively, while Group F received diclofenac sodium treatment following administration of formalin. The dose of LAB strain used for the oral treatment was 2 × 107 CFU/ml for all the groups while the dose of diclofenac sodium used was 150 mg/kg body weight of the rats. Paw thickness (mm) was checked at t = 0, 1, 4, 8, 24, 72, 168 and 336 h. Cytokine assay for C-reactive protein (CRP), Interleukin (IL-10) and Transforming growth factor (TGF-β) was performed on serum samples of the rats using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Oral administration of W. cibaria II-1-59 showed the best significant decrease in the paw thickness of the rats, which was followed by P. pentosaceus DSM20336 and W. confusa JMC 1093 respectively, and was shown to be statistically significant at P<0.05. There was also a significant decrease (below standard 2000 pg/ml) in the secretion of pro-inflammatory biomarker (CRP) in all LAB treated groups at 1 hour, while there was an increase in the serum levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF- β in Groups C-E rats which was maximally increased in W. confusa JMC 1093 treated rats. This study suggests that W. cibaria II-1-59, W. confusa JMC 1093 and P. pentosaceus DSM20336 possess anti-inflammatory potentials. Keywords: Inflammation, Cytokines, Weisella, Formalin, Oedema, Pediococcus
{"title":"Oral administration of Weissella and Pediococcus sp alleviates formalin induced inflammation in rats by Cytokine Modulation","authors":"B. Oladejo, H. M. Oluwasola","doi":"10.4314/ijs.v23i2.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ijs.v23i2.10","url":null,"abstract":"This study was designed to study the cytokine modulatory activity of three lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains, Weisella cibaria II-1-59, Weisella confusa JMC 1093, and Pediococcus pentosaceus DSM20336 isolated from a Nigerian locally fermented food condiment; “iru” using paw oedema acute inflammatory model induced with 1% formalin in Wistar rats. Rats were distributed into six groups (A-F). Rats in Groups A were neither administered formalin nor treated with LAB, while Group B received formalin injection only. Rats in Groups C, D, and E were administered formalin and were treated orally with 2 × 107 CFU/ml of Weisella cibaria II-1-59, Weisella confusa JMC 1093, and Pediococcus pentosaceus DSM20336 respectively, while Group F received diclofenac sodium treatment following administration of formalin. The dose of LAB strain used for the oral treatment was 2 × 107 CFU/ml for all the groups while the dose of diclofenac sodium used was 150 mg/kg body weight of the rats. Paw thickness (mm) was checked at t = 0, 1, 4, 8, 24, 72, 168 and 336 h. Cytokine assay for C-reactive protein (CRP), Interleukin (IL-10) and Transforming growth factor (TGF-β) was performed on serum samples of the rats using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Oral administration of W. cibaria II-1-59 showed the best significant decrease in the paw thickness of the rats, which was followed by P. pentosaceus DSM20336 and W. confusa JMC 1093 respectively, and was shown to be statistically significant at P<0.05. There was also a significant decrease (below standard 2000 pg/ml) in the secretion of pro-inflammatory biomarker (CRP) in all LAB treated groups at 1 hour, while there was an increase in the serum levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF- β in Groups C-E rats which was maximally increased in W. confusa JMC 1093 treated rats. This study suggests that W. cibaria II-1-59, W. confusa JMC 1093 and P. pentosaceus DSM20336 possess anti-inflammatory potentials. \u0000Keywords: Inflammation, Cytokines, Weisella, Formalin, Oedema, Pediococcus","PeriodicalId":13487,"journal":{"name":"Ife Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86480697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. T. Thomas, M. Efuntoye, R. M. Kolawole, O. Popoola, A. Tajudeen
The affirmation of several cross-sectional studies on the vulnerability of cassava flakes commonly called 'garri' to microbial attack has long been documented. However, longitudinal data on metagenomic tracking of microbial consortia of this important staple food are scarce. Hence, this study was aimed at tracking the microbial consortia of garri. A total of eight samples (four each from both Nigeria and Republic of Benin markets) were randomly collected aseptically using pre-sterilized aluminum pans and processed through a metagenomic approach, while both the chemical and proximate components of garri were assessed following standard techniques. The analysis of the taxonomic consortia of garri reveals the predomination of bacteria (99.82 and 99.81% for samples from Nigeria and Republic of Benin, respectively) while the remaining sequences matched with the Archae (0.07%), fungi (0.09%) and protozoa (0.09%). A large proportion of the sequences were unclassified at the phylum level (approximately 84.10 and 86.2% for Nigerian and Beninese samples, respectively). The reads of cassava flakes metagenome of both Nigeria and Republic of Benin exhibited analogous level of average GC content with sequence count of between 187773-213444 for samples from Nigeria and 157784-198763 for samples from Republic of Benin. The functional characteristics of the inhabiting metagenomes were found containing the genes encoding for adhesins, bacteriocins, resistance to antibiotics, toxic chemicals as well as toxins and superantigens. Both the chemical and the proximate compositions of the examined garri samples, though exhibited significant disparity, but without any apparent variation in the patterns of metagenomic data. Our findings however revealed bacteria as the major contaminants of these cassava food products. Keywords; Metagenomics, Microorganisms, Cassava flakes (garri), Proximate composition
{"title":"Metagenomic tracking of microbial consortia of cassava flakes (garri)","authors":"B. T. Thomas, M. Efuntoye, R. M. Kolawole, O. Popoola, A. Tajudeen","doi":"10.4314/ijs.v23i2.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ijs.v23i2.8","url":null,"abstract":"The affirmation of several cross-sectional studies on the vulnerability of cassava flakes commonly called 'garri' to microbial attack has long been documented. However, longitudinal data on metagenomic tracking of microbial consortia of this important staple food are scarce. Hence, this study was aimed at tracking the microbial consortia of garri. A total of eight samples (four each from both Nigeria and Republic of Benin markets) were randomly collected aseptically using pre-sterilized aluminum pans and processed through a metagenomic approach, while both the chemical and proximate components of garri were assessed following standard techniques. The analysis of the taxonomic consortia of garri reveals the predomination of bacteria (99.82 and 99.81% for samples from Nigeria and Republic of Benin, respectively) while the remaining sequences matched with the Archae (0.07%), fungi (0.09%) and protozoa (0.09%). A large proportion of the sequences were unclassified at the phylum level (approximately 84.10 and 86.2% for Nigerian and Beninese samples, respectively). The reads of cassava flakes metagenome of both Nigeria and Republic of Benin exhibited analogous level of average GC content with sequence count of between 187773-213444 for samples from Nigeria and 157784-198763 for samples from Republic of Benin. The functional characteristics of the inhabiting metagenomes were found containing the genes encoding for adhesins, bacteriocins, resistance to antibiotics, toxic chemicals as well as toxins and superantigens. Both the chemical and the proximate compositions of the examined garri samples, though exhibited significant disparity, but without any apparent variation in the patterns of metagenomic data. Our findings however revealed bacteria as the major contaminants of these cassava food products. \u0000Keywords; Metagenomics, Microorganisms, Cassava flakes (garri), Proximate composition","PeriodicalId":13487,"journal":{"name":"Ife Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87290796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. A. Abiodun, A. Ojo, Kayode Rmo, V. E. Edem, M. O. Shittu, Z. A. Opaleye, T. Olayinka
The use of smoking kiln for drying catfish is on the increase in Nigeria due to its effectiveness in reducing moisture and contamination with toxic compounds during smoking. Chemical properties of kiln-smoked catfish in selected locations in Ilorin metropolis were determined in this study. Kiln-smoked catfish were obtained from four major locations (Oyun, Asa-Dam, Tanke and Agbo-Oba) in Ilorin, Nigeria. The samples were subjected to chemical and polycyclic hydrocarbon content analyses. Dried catfish from all the locations had low moisture and crude fibre contents. There were no significant differences (p>0.05) in the crude fibre contents of the kiln-smoked catfish. Protein contents ranging from 53.72-56.49% were obtained for the kilnsmoked catfish samples. Fat contents ranged from 9.92-11.77% while the carbohydrate contents ranged from 19.02-23.59%. Potassium was the most abundant mineral in the samples with no traces of lead and cadmium. Agbo-Oba samples contained the highest pyrene (2983.215 ng/ml) and total polycyclic hydrocarbon (PAHs) (3349.090 ng/ml). Data on steroid fractions indicated that 17b-estradiol was significantly greater in quantity than those recorded from other steroid fractions. Microbial analyses of the samples revealed the presence of the following pathogenic organisms: Klebsiella spp, Salmonella spp, Shigella spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Vibrio spp, Aspergillus niger, penicilium spp, Trichoderma spp which are harmful to man. The use of smoking kiln method improved the nutrients and reduced PAHs in catfish. Keywords: Smoking kiln, Catfish, Chemical properties, Polycyclic hydrocarbon, Mineral elements
{"title":"Chemical and microbial properties of kiln-smoked catfish in selected locations in Ilorin Metropolis, Nigeria","authors":"O. A. Abiodun, A. Ojo, Kayode Rmo, V. E. Edem, M. O. Shittu, Z. A. Opaleye, T. Olayinka","doi":"10.4314/ijs.v23i2.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ijs.v23i2.9","url":null,"abstract":"The use of smoking kiln for drying catfish is on the increase in Nigeria due to its effectiveness in reducing moisture and contamination with toxic compounds during smoking. Chemical properties of kiln-smoked catfish in selected locations in Ilorin metropolis were determined in this study. Kiln-smoked catfish were obtained from four major locations (Oyun, Asa-Dam, Tanke and Agbo-Oba) in Ilorin, Nigeria. The samples were subjected to chemical and polycyclic hydrocarbon content analyses. Dried catfish from all the locations had low moisture and crude fibre contents. There were no significant differences (p>0.05) in the crude fibre contents of the kiln-smoked catfish. Protein contents ranging from 53.72-56.49% were obtained for the kilnsmoked catfish samples. Fat contents ranged from 9.92-11.77% while the carbohydrate contents ranged from 19.02-23.59%. Potassium was the most abundant mineral in the samples with no traces of lead and cadmium. Agbo-Oba samples contained the highest pyrene (2983.215 ng/ml) and total polycyclic hydrocarbon (PAHs) (3349.090 ng/ml). Data on steroid fractions indicated that 17b-estradiol was significantly greater in quantity than those recorded from other steroid fractions. Microbial analyses of the samples revealed the presence of the following pathogenic organisms: Klebsiella spp, Salmonella spp, Shigella spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Vibrio spp, Aspergillus niger, penicilium spp, Trichoderma spp which are harmful to man. The use of smoking kiln method improved the nutrients and reduced PAHs in catfish. \u0000Keywords: Smoking kiln, Catfish, Chemical properties, Polycyclic hydrocarbon, Mineral elements","PeriodicalId":13487,"journal":{"name":"Ife Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78146936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. A. Olatunde, T. Towolawi, I. Kolawole, N. Aiyelabola, O. Michael., E. Warrie, O. Oludiran, I. Awomade
Quarrying activities are explored to extract a variety of materials deposited underneath the earth surface. These activities however can potentially impact negatively on soil quality and cause elemental pollution. This study assessed soil quality and distribution of metals in soils around four quarrying sites (PAPA, S&D, TCity and Mile 8) within Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria. Thirty six topsoil samples were collected at distances from quarry gates in September 2019 and analyzed using standard methods. Soil quality and metal concentrations were compared with reference and standards and the degrees of soil contamination assessed using relevant indices. Soil quality reduced with distance from the quarry gates. Similarly, metal concentrations had strong and significant (P=0.05) negative relationships with distance and were higher in soil samples compared to the reference. Moderate contaminations for all metals were observed in soils collected close to the quarry gates soils from the results of the contamination factor index (Cf). However, the results of ecological risk index (Ei) showed that the metal loads in soils currently do not pose any ecological risk. Keywords: Quarry, Soil quality, Metal distribution, Soil contamination, Potential ecological risk
{"title":"Soil quality and metal distribution around stone quarries within Abeokuta, Southwest, Nigeria","authors":"K. A. Olatunde, T. Towolawi, I. Kolawole, N. Aiyelabola, O. Michael., E. Warrie, O. Oludiran, I. Awomade","doi":"10.4314/ijs.v23i2.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ijs.v23i2.6","url":null,"abstract":"Quarrying activities are explored to extract a variety of materials deposited underneath the earth surface. These activities however can potentially impact negatively on soil quality and cause elemental pollution. This study assessed soil quality and distribution of metals in soils around four quarrying sites (PAPA, S&D, TCity and Mile 8) within Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria. Thirty six topsoil samples were collected at distances from quarry gates in September 2019 and analyzed using standard methods. Soil quality and metal concentrations were compared with reference and standards and the degrees of soil contamination assessed using relevant indices. Soil quality reduced with distance from the quarry gates. Similarly, metal concentrations had strong and significant (P=0.05) negative relationships with distance and were higher in soil samples compared to the reference. Moderate contaminations for all metals were observed in soils collected close to the quarry gates soils from the results of the contamination factor index (Cf). However, the results of ecological risk index (Ei) showed that the metal loads in soils currently do not pose any ecological risk. \u0000Keywords: Quarry, Soil quality, Metal distribution, Soil contamination, Potential ecological risk","PeriodicalId":13487,"journal":{"name":"Ife Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90879466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study presented deposition of tin sulphide (SnS) thin film using a two-electrode electrochemical cell arrangement. The bath electrolyte comprised tin sulphate (SnSO4 ), hydrated sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O3∙5H2O) and sulphuric acid (H2SO4 ). The acid was used to adjust the pH of the bath. The deposited film was characterised using Surface Profilometer, X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD), Uv-Visible Spectrophotometer and four point probe technique. Surface profiling revealed that the film is continuous with thickness of about 60 nm. The XRD result showed that the film has orthorhombic crystal structure. Film's crystallite size was estimated as 0.61 nm and interplanar spacing as 0.29 nm. The Uv-visible Spectrophotometer result reveals that, the film has good absorbance but poor reflectance and transmittance in the visible light region. The film has direct allowed transition with energy band gap of 1.69 eV. Values of surface resistivity and conductivity were deduced from data obtained from Four-point probe studies as 5.12 x 10-4Ω-cm and 1.96 x 103Ω-1cm-1 respectively. The I-V characteristics curve of ITO/SnS/Ag structure is linear indicating an Ohmic contact between the substrate electrode and the deposited layer. It can therefore be suggested that the film can allow pathway for photoabsorption and also aid charge transfer in photovoltaic process. Keywords: tin sulphide, orthorhombic, electrochemical deposition, characterization, photovoltaic and surface resistivity.
本文研究了采用双电极电化学电池结构沉积硫化锡薄膜的方法。电解液由硫酸锡(SnSO4)、水合硫硫酸钠(Na2S2O3∙5H2O)和硫酸(H2SO4)组成。这种酸被用来调节浴液的pH值。采用表面轮廓仪、x射线衍射仪(XRD)、紫外可见分光光度计和四点探针技术对沉积膜进行了表征。表面形貌分析表明，薄膜是连续的，厚度约为60 nm。XRD结果表明，该薄膜具有正交晶型结构。薄膜的晶粒尺寸为0.61 nm，面间距为0.29 nm。紫外可见分光光度计结果表明，该薄膜在可见光区具有良好的吸光度，但反射率和透射率较差。薄膜具有直接允许跃迁，能带隙为1.69 eV。从四点探针研究得到的数据推导出表面电阻率和电导率分别为5.12 x 10-4Ω-cm和1.96 x 103Ω-1cm-1。ITO/SnS/Ag结构的I-V特性曲线呈线性，表明衬底电极与沉积层之间存在欧姆接触。因此，可以认为薄膜可以为光吸收提供途径，也可以帮助光伏过程中的电荷转移。关键词:硫化锡，正交，电化学沉积，表征，光伏和表面电阻率。
{"title":"Growth and some surface characterization of tin Sulphide (SnS) thin film by two-electrode cell arrangement for photo absorption","authors":"A. Lasisi, A. B. Alabi, B. Taleatu, O. Babalola","doi":"10.4314/ijs.v23i2.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ijs.v23i2.4","url":null,"abstract":"This study presented deposition of tin sulphide (SnS) thin film using a two-electrode electrochemical cell arrangement. The bath electrolyte comprised tin sulphate (SnSO4 ), hydrated sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O3∙5H2O) and sulphuric acid (H2SO4 ). The acid was used to adjust the pH of the bath. The deposited film was characterised using Surface Profilometer, X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD), Uv-Visible Spectrophotometer and four point probe technique. Surface profiling revealed that the film is continuous with thickness of about 60 nm. The XRD result showed that the film has orthorhombic crystal structure. Film's crystallite size was estimated as 0.61 nm and interplanar spacing as 0.29 nm. The Uv-visible Spectrophotometer result reveals that, the film has good absorbance but poor reflectance and transmittance in the visible light region. The film has direct allowed transition with energy band gap of 1.69 eV. Values of surface resistivity and conductivity were deduced from data obtained from Four-point probe studies as 5.12 x 10-4Ω-cm and 1.96 x 103Ω-1cm-1 respectively. The I-V characteristics curve of ITO/SnS/Ag structure is linear indicating an Ohmic contact between the substrate electrode and the deposited layer. It can therefore be suggested that the film can allow pathway for photoabsorption and also aid charge transfer in photovoltaic process. \u0000Keywords: tin sulphide, orthorhombic, electrochemical deposition, characterization, photovoltaic and surface resistivity.","PeriodicalId":13487,"journal":{"name":"Ife Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78659755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lentinus squarrosulus is a popular mushroom in Nigeria used for traditional medicine apart from food. The identification of those high-quality fungal species is not only necessary but has great economic significance as it will allow product distributors to verify the material they are selling. Hence, this study investigated the morphological and molecular relationship among L. squarrosulus samples from different locations in Ibadan. Ten samples of L. squarrosulus were collected from nine different natural habitats in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, from which pure cultures were prepared. Isolation of DNA was done from fruiting bodies of fresh samples evaluated. Ten primers were designed from ITS sequences of the Family Agariceae and used for the study. The ten mushrooms evaluated in the study showed diverse morphological features such as colour of cap and pileus, size of stipe and pileus. A total of 50 amplicons were generated of which 31 bands (62%) were polymorphic. The RAPD variety-specific products were generated in some of the genotypes evaluated which can serve as unique identifiers. The study showed mean values for marker gene diversity of 0.27, Polymorphism Information Content (PIC) of 0.25 and 63.81% polymorphism. Both morphological and molecular analyses revealed two clustered groups. Number and types of samples in each group were not the same in both studies. The presence of unique band pattern among sampled fungi evaluated showed the discriminating power of the primer Ast-F in the study. Keywords: Polymorphism, DNA, RAPD, Fungi, Gene diversity characterization
{"title":"Morphological and molecular assessment of mushroom (Lentinus Squarrosulus) (mont.) Singer","authors":"C. Adenipekun, L. Ogunkanmi, O. Onibonoje","doi":"10.4314/ijs.v23i2.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ijs.v23i2.5","url":null,"abstract":"Lentinus squarrosulus is a popular mushroom in Nigeria used for traditional medicine apart from food. The identification of those high-quality fungal species is not only necessary but has great economic significance as it will allow product distributors to verify the material they are selling. Hence, this study investigated the morphological and molecular relationship among L. squarrosulus samples from different locations in Ibadan. Ten samples of L. squarrosulus were collected from nine different natural habitats in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, from which pure cultures were prepared. Isolation of DNA was done from fruiting bodies of fresh samples evaluated. Ten primers were designed from ITS sequences of the Family Agariceae and used for the study. The ten mushrooms evaluated in the study showed diverse morphological features such as colour of cap and pileus, size of stipe and pileus. A total of 50 amplicons were generated of which 31 bands (62%) were polymorphic. The RAPD variety-specific products were generated in some of the genotypes evaluated which can serve as unique identifiers. The study showed mean values for marker gene diversity of 0.27, Polymorphism Information Content (PIC) of 0.25 and 63.81% polymorphism. Both morphological and molecular analyses revealed two clustered groups. Number and types of samples in each group were not the same in both studies. The presence of unique band pattern among sampled fungi evaluated showed the discriminating power of the primer Ast-F in the study. \u0000Keywords: Polymorphism, DNA, RAPD, Fungi, Gene diversity characterization","PeriodicalId":13487,"journal":{"name":"Ife Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87666986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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