Hydrocarbons and heavy metals (HM) present in automobile wastes get into water bodies close to automobile mechanic villages. They deteriorate the physico-chemical qualities of such water bodies and exert toxic effects on fish and other aquatic fauna. They also pose risks to humans that consume fish from streams near such automechanic villages. There is paucity of information on the HM contents of Agba stream, Ilorin and no information on the bioaccumulation of HM in the tissues of Pellonula afzeliusi is currently available. The purpose of this study was to assess the physico-chemical qualities of water and bioaccumulation of HM in the tissues of Pellonula afzeliusi fish collected from Agba stream, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. Water and samples of Pellonula afzeliusi were collected from the upstream (station A), midstream (station B) of Agba stream located close to an auto-mechanic village and Oyun dam (control site, station C) located within the University of Ilorin. Standard methods were used to analyse oil and grease (OG), total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) and HM in water samples. The concentrations of TPH and HM were analysed in the skin, bone, muscle, gills, gastrointestinal tract, liver and kidney of the fish. The order of water HM concentrations indicated Zn > Cd > Ba> Fe > Pb at station A; Cd > Zn > Fe > Ba > Pb at station B, and Zn > Ba > Pb > Fe >Cd at station C. TPH and HM bioaccumulated in the tissues of fish while lead was not detected in all tissues from station C. Bioaccumulation factor varied with the highest values t station C. The result of this study indicated heavy pollution burden in station B with lower pollution burden in station C (the control site). These call for attention of government in ensuring ecological restoration and prevention of further discharge of automobile wastes into the stream. Keywords: Automobile wastes, Heavy metals, Hydrocarbons, Bioaccumulation, Pellonula afzeliusi
汽车废弃物中含有的碳氢化合物和重金属进入了汽车修理工村附近的水体。它们使这些水体的物理化学性质恶化，并对鱼类和其他水生动物产生毒性作用。它们还会给人类带来风险，因为人类在这些机械化村庄附近的溪流中食用鱼类。目前关于Agba流、Ilorin中HM含量的资料较少，也没有关于HM在阿兹柳盘藻组织中生物蓄积的资料。本研究的目的是评估水的物理化学性质和HM在尼日利亚Kwara州Ilorin的Agba溪流采集的阿兹利乌斯带藻鱼组织中的生物积累。在靠近一个汽车修理工村的Agba河上游(A站)、中游(B站)和位于伊洛林大学内的Oyun大坝(控制点，C站)采集了afzeliusi的水和样本。采用标准方法对水样中的油脂(OG)、总石油烃(TPH)和HM进行了分析。分析了鱼的皮肤、骨骼、肌肉、鳃、胃肠道、肝脏和肾脏中TPH和HM的浓度。A站水中HM浓度顺序为Zn > Cd > Ba> Fe > Pb;在B站Cd > Zn > Fe > Ba > Pb，在C站Zn > Ba > Pb > Fe >Cd，在C站TPH和HM在鱼的组织中生物积累，而在C站所有组织中均未检测到铅。生物积累因子在C站最高，C站污染负担重，C站(对照站点)污染负担低。这些要求政府在确保生态恢复和防止汽车废物进一步排放到河流中引起重视。关键词:汽车废弃物;重金属;碳氢化合物
{"title":"Bioaccumulation of auto-mechanic wastes in the tissues of Pellonula Afzeliusi (Johnels, 1954) collected from Agba stream Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria","authors":"O. A. Adeyemi-Ale, S. O. Oladipo, S. Abdulkareem","doi":"10.4314/ijs.v23i2.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ijs.v23i2.7","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrocarbons and heavy metals (HM) present in automobile wastes get into water bodies close to automobile mechanic villages. They deteriorate the physico-chemical qualities of such water bodies and exert toxic effects on fish and other aquatic fauna. They also pose risks to humans that consume fish from streams near such automechanic villages. There is paucity of information on the HM contents of Agba stream, Ilorin and no information on the bioaccumulation of HM in the tissues of Pellonula afzeliusi is currently available. The purpose of this study was to assess the physico-chemical qualities of water and bioaccumulation of HM in the tissues of Pellonula afzeliusi fish collected from Agba stream, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. Water and samples of Pellonula afzeliusi were collected from the upstream (station A), midstream (station B) of Agba stream located close to an auto-mechanic village and Oyun dam (control site, station C) located within the University of Ilorin. Standard methods were used to analyse oil and grease (OG), total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) and HM in water samples. The concentrations of TPH and HM were analysed in the skin, bone, muscle, gills, gastrointestinal tract, liver and kidney of the fish. The order of water HM concentrations indicated Zn > Cd > Ba> Fe > Pb at station A; Cd > Zn > Fe > Ba > Pb at station B, and Zn > Ba > Pb > Fe >Cd at station C. TPH and HM bioaccumulated in the tissues of fish while lead was not detected in all tissues from station C. Bioaccumulation factor varied with the highest values t station C. The result of this study indicated heavy pollution burden in station B with lower pollution burden in station C (the control site). These call for attention of government in ensuring ecological restoration and prevention of further discharge of automobile wastes into the stream. \u0000Keywords: Automobile wastes, Heavy metals, Hydrocarbons, Bioaccumulation, Pellonula afzeliusi","PeriodicalId":13487,"journal":{"name":"Ife Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88698029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muinat Olanike Kazeem, K. Ajijolakewu, A.M. Ahmed El - Imam, R. B. Salau
Effective pretreatment is crucial for cellulase production from sugarcane bagasse. Pretreatment with tamarind extract could reduce the hazardous effect associated with chemical pretreatment. The present work investigated tamarind (Tamarindus indica) extract in combination with H2SO4 and thermal pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse for cellulase production by Aspergillus flavus. The sugarcane bagasse was pretreated with tamarind extract pH 2 and pH 4, followed by 1% H2SO4 and thermal treatment at 121°C for 15 min. The pretreatment slurry was analysed for reducing sugar while solid bagasse was analysed for weight loss. Aspergillus flavus grew on sugarcane bagasse under solid state fermentation and the Carboxy Methyl Cellulase (CMCase) and Filter Paper Assay (FPA) activities were compared on the various pretreatments. The pretreatments changed the visible morphology of the sugarcane bagasse observed by the swelling, fibrous appearance and colour change. Pretreatment slurry yielded highest soluble reducing sugar at 60.01 mg/ml in tamarind extract (pH 4/1% H2SO4 ) and highest weight loss of solids at 73.70% in tamarind extract (pH 2/1% H2SO4 /thermal 121°C). Aspergillus flavus performed better on tamarind extract (pH 2/1% H2SO4 ) by producing optimal CMCase and FPA activities at 0.100 U/ml and 0.409 U/ml respectively after 3 days of fermentation. Cellulase was maximally active at temperature of 50 °C. The tamarind extract pretreatment successfully proved to be an alternative organo-chemical pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse as evidenced by the physical properties, soluble reducing sugars and cellulase activities. Keywords: Aspergillus flavus, Cellulase, Pretreatment, Sugarcane bagasse, Tamarind extract
{"title":"Tamarind extract pretreatment: Valorization of sugarcane bagasse for cellulase production by Aspergillus flavus","authors":"Muinat Olanike Kazeem, K. Ajijolakewu, A.M. Ahmed El - Imam, R. B. Salau","doi":"10.4314/ijs.v23i2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ijs.v23i2.3","url":null,"abstract":"Effective pretreatment is crucial for cellulase production from sugarcane bagasse. Pretreatment with tamarind extract could reduce the hazardous effect associated with chemical pretreatment. The present work investigated tamarind (Tamarindus indica) extract in combination with H2SO4 and thermal pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse for cellulase production by Aspergillus flavus. The sugarcane bagasse was pretreated with tamarind extract pH 2 and pH 4, followed by 1% H2SO4 and thermal treatment at 121°C for 15 min. The pretreatment slurry was analysed for reducing sugar while solid bagasse was analysed for weight loss. Aspergillus flavus grew on sugarcane bagasse under solid state fermentation and the Carboxy Methyl Cellulase (CMCase) and Filter Paper Assay (FPA) activities were compared on the various pretreatments. The pretreatments changed the visible morphology of the sugarcane bagasse observed by the swelling, fibrous appearance and colour change. Pretreatment slurry yielded highest soluble reducing sugar at 60.01 mg/ml in tamarind extract (pH 4/1% H2SO4 ) and highest weight loss of solids at 73.70% in tamarind extract (pH 2/1% H2SO4 /thermal 121°C). Aspergillus flavus performed better on tamarind extract (pH 2/1% H2SO4 ) by producing optimal CMCase and FPA activities at 0.100 U/ml and 0.409 U/ml respectively after 3 days of fermentation. Cellulase was maximally active at temperature of 50 °C. The tamarind extract pretreatment successfully proved to be an alternative organo-chemical pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse as evidenced by the physical properties, soluble reducing sugars and cellulase activities. \u0000Keywords: Aspergillus flavus, Cellulase, Pretreatment, Sugarcane bagasse, Tamarind extract","PeriodicalId":13487,"journal":{"name":"Ife Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87435943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. O. Adedire, J. Adeyemi, G. O. Owokoniran, B. Adu, K. Ileke
This study investigated the relationship between the levels of fungicide pollution and the abundance and diversity of macroinvertebrate fauna in three river systems: Aponmu, Oruwo, and Owena in south-western Nigeria, which are in close proximity to cocoa plantations. For each river, three sites were selected for the collection of water and sediment samples from April to July, 2018. Prior to sample collection, the physicochemical parameters (electrical conductivity, total dissolved solutes, pH, temperature, and dissolved oxygen) were determined. Also, aquatic macroinvertebrates were collected, and were identified to generic level, where possible. The levels of copper and sulphate in the samples were determined following standard procedures. The range of mean values for the physicochemical parameters were: 0.07-0.20 mS/cm, 60.00 – 154.00 ppm, 24.60 – 28.13 °C, 6.97 – 7.43, and 0.87 – 2.87 mg/L for electrical conductivity, total dissolved solutes, temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen respectively. The range of mean values for copper and sulphate in sediment samples were 30.58 – 56.63 mg/Kg and 787.12 – 978.33 mg/Kg respectively while those for the water samples were 2.86 – 6.93 mg/L and 476.6 – 685.58 mg/L respectively. A total of nineteen (19) macroinvertebrate genera comprising Insecta (14), Gastropoda (3), Crustacea (1), and Bivalvia (1) were recorded. Taxa richness and species diversity were higher in river Owena in comparison to rivers Aponmu and Oruwo. The high abundance of the taxa: Potamididae, Gerridae, Notonectidae, Libellulidae, and Platycnemididae in the sampled rivers notwithstanding the pollution levels is an indication that these taxa are capable of thriving in polluted aquatic systems. Keywords: Aquatic pollution; Copper-based fungicides; Black pod disease; Macroinvertebrates; Diversityindices
{"title":"Effects of application of copper-based fungicides in cocoa plantations on the abundance and diversity of macroinvertebrates in adjacent rivers in Southwestern Nigeria","authors":"C. O. Adedire, J. Adeyemi, G. O. Owokoniran, B. Adu, K. Ileke","doi":"10.4314/ijs.v23i2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ijs.v23i2.1","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the relationship between the levels of fungicide pollution and the abundance and diversity of macroinvertebrate fauna in three river systems: Aponmu, Oruwo, and Owena in south-western Nigeria, which are in close proximity to cocoa plantations. For each river, three sites were selected for the collection of water and sediment samples from April to July, 2018. Prior to sample collection, the physicochemical parameters (electrical conductivity, total dissolved solutes, pH, temperature, and dissolved oxygen) were determined. Also, aquatic macroinvertebrates were collected, and were identified to generic level, where possible. The levels of copper and sulphate in the samples were determined following standard procedures. The range of mean values for the physicochemical parameters were: 0.07-0.20 mS/cm, 60.00 – 154.00 ppm, 24.60 – 28.13 °C, 6.97 – 7.43, and 0.87 – 2.87 mg/L for electrical conductivity, total dissolved solutes, temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen respectively. The range of mean values for copper and sulphate in sediment samples were 30.58 – 56.63 mg/Kg and 787.12 – 978.33 mg/Kg respectively while those for the water samples were 2.86 – 6.93 mg/L and 476.6 – 685.58 mg/L respectively. A total of nineteen (19) macroinvertebrate genera comprising Insecta (14), Gastropoda (3), Crustacea (1), and Bivalvia (1) were recorded. Taxa richness and species diversity were higher in river Owena in comparison to rivers Aponmu and Oruwo. The high abundance of the taxa: Potamididae, Gerridae, Notonectidae, Libellulidae, and Platycnemididae in the sampled rivers notwithstanding the pollution levels is an indication that these taxa are capable of thriving in polluted aquatic systems. \u0000Keywords: Aquatic pollution; Copper-based fungicides; Black pod disease; Macroinvertebrates; Diversityindices","PeriodicalId":13487,"journal":{"name":"Ife Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73298468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Antibiotics resistance is a rapidly emerging issue through the misuse of antibiotics to treat human and animalrelated infections. The use of beta-lactams has increased considerably since its discovery so also resistant genes leading to Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBL) mediated by the presence of blaCTX-M , blaTEM and blaSHV genes present in most Gram-negative bacteria. This study aimed to detect the widespread distribution of ESBL genes from fomites, healthcare workers, and patients suffering from urinary tract infection in two hospitals in Lagos state, Nigeria. A total of 150 swab samples were collected from fomites, health care workers, and cathetersof patients suffering from urinary tract infection (UTI). Antibiotics susceptibility test was performed by Kirby- Bauer technique according to CLSI guidelines. Organisms that tested positive phenotypically for ESBL were subjected to PCR for molecular analysis. ESBL prevalence rate of 21.8% and a carbapenemase-resistance rate of 16.7% were recorded. The ESBL producing isolates showed the highest resistance to ceftriaxone (82.4%) and the least resistance to tigecycline (5.9%). The existence of blaCTX-M and blaTEM was detected in 76.5% and 17.6% of the isolates respectively, while bla encoding gene was not detected in this study. The distribution of blaSHV genes detected in this study is of great concern which necessitates strict control measures in the usage of antibiotics especially the third-generation cephalosporin. In summary, the presence and distribution of ESBL encoding genes within two hospitals in Lagos were tested and the highest occurrence was recorded in blaCTX-M gene reducing and limiting the available treatment option for infections.
{"title":"The distribution of extended-spectrum Beta-Lactamase genes in Fomites, healthcare workers, and patients from two hospitals in Lagos state, Nigeria","authors":"T. Egwuatu, O. Ishola, O. Oladele","doi":"10.4314/ijs.v23i2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ijs.v23i2.2","url":null,"abstract":"Antibiotics resistance is a rapidly emerging issue through the misuse of antibiotics to treat human and animalrelated infections. The use of beta-lactams has increased considerably since its discovery so also resistant genes leading to Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBL) mediated by the presence of blaCTX-M , blaTEM and blaSHV genes present in most Gram-negative bacteria. This study aimed to detect the widespread distribution of ESBL genes from fomites, healthcare workers, and patients suffering from urinary tract infection in two hospitals in Lagos state, Nigeria. A total of 150 swab samples were collected from fomites, health care workers, and cathetersof patients suffering from urinary tract infection (UTI). Antibiotics susceptibility test was performed by Kirby- Bauer technique according to CLSI guidelines. Organisms that tested positive phenotypically for ESBL were subjected to PCR for molecular analysis. ESBL prevalence rate of 21.8% and a carbapenemase-resistance rate of 16.7% were recorded. The ESBL producing isolates showed the highest resistance to ceftriaxone (82.4%) and the least resistance to tigecycline (5.9%). The existence of blaCTX-M and blaTEM was detected in 76.5% and 17.6% of the isolates respectively, while bla encoding gene was not detected in this study. The distribution of blaSHV genes detected in this study is of great concern which necessitates strict control measures in the usage of antibiotics especially the third-generation cephalosporin. In summary, the presence and distribution of ESBL encoding genes within two hospitals in Lagos were tested and the highest occurrence was recorded in blaCTX-M gene reducing and limiting the available treatment option for infections.","PeriodicalId":13487,"journal":{"name":"Ife Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88141492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Analyses of the constituents of the crude extracts obtained from young and mature moss species namely: Archidium ohioense and Philonotis hastata were conducted with a view to investigating the effects of maturity stages on their bioactive constituents. The mosses collected from their natural population were air dried at ambient temperature in the laboratory, extracted with methanol and the crude extracts subjected to gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The results of the analyses showed the presence of 20 compounds in young A. ohioense with n-hexadecanoic acid [26.60%], bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate [12.47%], bicyclo (3.1.1)heptane 2,6,6-trimethyl-[1r-(1.alpha.,2.beta.,5.alpha.)]- [11.59%] and phytol [9.69%] forming the prominent components while in the mature A. ohioense, 13 compounds were present, from which n-hexadecanoic acid [51.25%], hexadecanoic acid 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)-ethyl ester [9.90%] and n-propyl 9-octadecenoate [7.47%] formed the prominent components. In P. hastata, 20 compounds were identified in the young stage sample with n-hexadecanoic acid [22.46%], bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate [20.95%] and phytol [18.14%] as the prominent components while 9 compounds were identified in the mature sample with n-hexadecanoic acid[51.84%], hexadecanoic acid 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester [18.12%] and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate [9.11%] which formed the prominent components. The study indicated that, maturity stages at collection of the mosses affected their bioactive compositions, with the young stage mosses showing more bioactive compounds than the mature ones. Keywords: A. ohioense, P. hastata, Mosses, Maturity stages, Crude extract, GC-MS.
{"title":"GC-MS analyses of young and mature Archidium Ohioense Schimp Ex. C. Mull and Philonotis hastate (Duby) Wijk & Margad extracts","authors":"M. Isa, B. Akinpelu, A. Makinde","doi":"10.4314/IJS.V23I1.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/IJS.V23I1.9","url":null,"abstract":"Analyses of the constituents of the crude extracts obtained from young and mature moss species namely: Archidium ohioense and Philonotis hastata were conducted with a view to investigating the effects of maturity stages on their bioactive constituents. The mosses collected from their natural population were air dried at ambient temperature in the laboratory, extracted with methanol and the crude extracts subjected to gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The results of the analyses showed the presence of 20 compounds in young A. ohioense with n-hexadecanoic acid [26.60%], bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate [12.47%], bicyclo (3.1.1)heptane 2,6,6-trimethyl-[1r-(1.alpha.,2.beta.,5.alpha.)]- [11.59%] and phytol [9.69%] forming the prominent components while in the mature A. ohioense, 13 compounds were present, from which n-hexadecanoic acid [51.25%], hexadecanoic acid 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)-ethyl ester [9.90%] and n-propyl 9-octadecenoate [7.47%] formed the prominent components. In P. hastata, 20 compounds were identified in the young stage sample with n-hexadecanoic acid [22.46%], bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate [20.95%] and phytol [18.14%] as the prominent components while 9 compounds were identified in the mature sample with n-hexadecanoic acid[51.84%], hexadecanoic acid 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester [18.12%] and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate [9.11%] which formed the prominent components. The study indicated that, maturity stages at collection of the mosses affected their bioactive compositions, with the young stage mosses showing more bioactive compounds than the mature ones. \u0000Keywords: A. ohioense, P. hastata, Mosses, Maturity stages, Crude extract, GC-MS.","PeriodicalId":13487,"journal":{"name":"Ife Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76462739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Some crop growers hold the view that application of pesticides at higher than the manufacturer's recommended doses results in better pest control and crop productivity. The veracity of this perception was evaluated in field experiments at the experimental field of Federal University Wukari. A recommended insecticide and acaricide; ® Magicforce (Lambda-cyhalothrin 15g/L + Dimethoate 300 g/L) was evaluated against insect pests of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus Thunb.) and other associated beneficial arthropods. The experiments were laid in a Randomized Complete Block Design with five treatments (control inclusive). Data collected includes arthropod (pest and beneficial) densities, crop growth, and number of fruits at the early-fruiting stage which were analyzed using variance analysis after appropriate transformations. Student's t-test was used to compare early- and lateseason's variables while correlation and regression analyses were used to determine relationships between key variables. Results showed that plots treated with double the highest manufacturer's recommended dose of ® Magicforce (cost implication of ₦ 144,000) had lower pest (leaf beetle species and Bactrocera cucurbitae) and beneficial arthropod (predatory ants, spiders and Apis mellifera) densities than those treated with the lowest (cost – ₦ 48,000) and highest (cost – ₦ 72,000) recommended doses. Their plant growth (vine length and number of leaves) and fruit production were however comparatively lower though largely statistically comparable. The ® relationship between the quantity of Magicforce applied and number of fruits produced were though positive, 2 2 only moderate and insignificant in both early- (r = 0.665, R = 44.3%, p = 0.220) and late- (r = 0.659, R = 43.4%, p = 0.227) crops. The results revealed that the application of double the manufacturer's recommended dose of ® Magicforce (with its comparatively higher cost implication of 100 – 200%) suppressed growth of watermelon by 1.96 – 6.20%, and impeded fruit production by 9.14 – 13.30%. While there is need to verify the mechanism of this key finding, the need to source for genuine pesticides and follow manufacturer's recommended doses a re highlighted. Keywords: Arthropods, Insect pests, Organophosphate, Pesticide over-dose, Pyrethroid, Watermelon
一些作物种植者认为，使用高于制造商推荐剂量的杀虫剂可以更好地控制害虫，提高作物产量。在乌卡里联邦大学的实验场进行了实地实验，对这种看法的准确性进行了评估。推荐的杀虫剂和杀螨剂;®Magicforce(高效氯氟氰菊酯15g/L +乐果300g /L)对西瓜(Citrullus lanatus Thunb.)及其他相关有益节肢动物的防治效果进行了评价。试验采用随机完全区组设计，共设5个处理(包括对照组)。收集的数据包括节肢动物(有害动物和有益动物)密度、作物生长和果实早结实期的数量，经过适当的转换后，使用方差分析进行分析。采用学生t检验比较前期和后期变量，采用相关分析和回归分析确定关键变量之间的关系。结果显示，与使用最低(成本为奈拉48,000)和最高(成本为奈拉72,000)推荐剂量处理的田块相比，使用两倍于制造商推荐最高剂量的Magicforce®(成本为奈拉144,000)处理的田块害虫(叶甲虫和葫芦小实蝇)和有益节肢动物(掠食性蚂蚁、蜘蛛和蜜蜂)密度较低。然而，它们的植物生长(藤长和叶片数量)和果实产量相对较低，尽管在很大程度上具有统计学可比性。魔力施用量与果实产出量呈正相关，但在早熟作物(r = 0.665, r = 44.3%， p = 0.220)和晚熟作物(r = 0.659, r = 43.4%， p = 0.227)中均不显著。结果表明，使用两倍于厂家推荐剂量的Magicforce®(其成本相对较高，为100 ~ 200%)对西瓜生长的抑制作用为1.96 ~ 6.20%，对果实产量的影响为9.14 ~ 13.30%。虽然需要验证这一关键发现的机制，但再次强调需要采购真正的农药并遵循制造商的推荐剂量。关键词:节肢动物，害虫，有机磷，农药过量，拟除虫菊酯，西瓜
{"title":"Impact of doubling the recommended dose of Magicforce (Lambda-Cyhalothrin + Dimethoate) on major associated arthropods and performance of watermelon","authors":"E. Okrikata, H. Agere, I. O. Adepoju, S. Malu","doi":"10.4314/IJS.V23I1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/IJS.V23I1.7","url":null,"abstract":"Some crop growers hold the view that application of pesticides at higher than the manufacturer's recommended doses results in better pest control and crop productivity. The veracity of this perception was evaluated in field experiments at the experimental field of Federal University Wukari. A recommended insecticide and acaricide; ® Magicforce (Lambda-cyhalothrin 15g/L + Dimethoate 300 g/L) was evaluated against insect pests of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus Thunb.) and other associated beneficial arthropods. The experiments were laid in a Randomized Complete Block Design with five treatments (control inclusive). Data collected includes arthropod (pest and beneficial) densities, crop growth, and number of fruits at the early-fruiting stage which were analyzed using variance analysis after appropriate transformations. Student's t-test was used to compare early- and lateseason's variables while correlation and regression analyses were used to determine relationships between key variables. Results showed that plots treated with double the highest manufacturer's recommended dose of ® Magicforce (cost implication of ₦ 144,000) had lower pest (leaf beetle species and Bactrocera cucurbitae) and beneficial arthropod (predatory ants, spiders and Apis mellifera) densities than those treated with the lowest (cost – ₦ 48,000) and highest (cost – ₦ 72,000) recommended doses. Their plant growth (vine length and number of leaves) and fruit production were however comparatively lower though largely statistically comparable. The ® relationship between the quantity of Magicforce applied and number of fruits produced were though positive, 2 2 only moderate and insignificant in both early- (r = 0.665, R = 44.3%, p = 0.220) and late- (r = 0.659, R = 43.4%, p = 0.227) crops. The results revealed that the application of double the manufacturer's recommended dose of ® Magicforce (with its comparatively higher cost implication of 100 – 200%) suppressed growth of watermelon by 1.96 – 6.20%, and impeded fruit production by 9.14 – 13.30%. While there is need to verify the mechanism of this key finding, the need to source for genuine pesticides and follow manufacturer's recommended doses a re highlighted. \u0000Keywords: Arthropods, Insect pests, Organophosphate, Pesticide over-dose, Pyrethroid, Watermelon","PeriodicalId":13487,"journal":{"name":"Ife Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87081803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. Adesina, O. C. Shodunke, O. O. Adedara, A. Oluyege
Hepatitis E is one of the most frequent causes of acute hepatitis worldwide, with an estimated 20 million infections and 70,000 deaths attributed to hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotypes 1 and 2 every year. This study was designed to determine the prevalence of HEV immunoglobulin M (IgM) in southwest (SW) Nigeria. Venous blood samples totalling 359 were collected from pregnant women on routine check, apparently healthy prospective blood donors and sick individuals presenting with fever and abdominal disturbance from health facilities in Ekiti, Lagos, Osun and Oyo states, of Nigeria. A structured questionnaire form was administered to gather socio-demographic data, health and travel history from each consenting participant. The screening for HEV IgM was done using HEV IgM ELISA kit. Statistical analyses, including descriptive analysis, correlations and binary logistic regression were carried out using SPSS version 21. In all, 131 samples (36.5%) tested positive for HEV IgM. Osun state had the highest occurrence of HEV IgM (n = 49; 13.6%,) while Ekiti had the least (n= 22; 6.1%). Apparently healthy participants with detectable HEV IgM were 52 (14.5%) while pregnant womenwere 51 (14.2%). Risk factors implicated in this study were flooding and injection drug use. The overall HEV prevalence reported in this study was higher than previous reports in Nigeria . Higher HEV prevalence in this study could be due to a larger coverage area in the country as well as detection of ongoing infection. The detection of HEV IgM in pregnant women and apparently healthy prospective blood donors indicated ongoing infection with risk of spread to susceptibles since HEV is neither routinely screened for among pregnant women nor among prospective blood donors. Keywords: Hepatitis E, IgM, Pregnancy, Apparently healthy, ELISA Depth, Geothermal Energy
{"title":"Hepatitis E Virus Immunoglobulin M (IgM) and associated risk factors in southwest, Nigeria","authors":"O. Adesina, O. C. Shodunke, O. O. Adedara, A. Oluyege","doi":"10.4314/IJS.V23I1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/IJS.V23I1.6","url":null,"abstract":"Hepatitis E is one of the most frequent causes of acute hepatitis worldwide, with an estimated 20 million infections and 70,000 deaths attributed to hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotypes 1 and 2 every year. This study was designed to determine the prevalence of HEV immunoglobulin M (IgM) in southwest (SW) Nigeria. Venous blood samples totalling 359 were collected from pregnant women on routine check, apparently healthy prospective blood donors and sick individuals presenting with fever and abdominal disturbance from health facilities in Ekiti, Lagos, Osun and Oyo states, of Nigeria. A structured questionnaire form was administered to gather socio-demographic data, health and travel history from each consenting participant. The screening for HEV IgM was done using HEV IgM ELISA kit. Statistical analyses, including descriptive analysis, correlations and binary logistic regression were carried out using SPSS version 21. In all, 131 samples (36.5%) tested positive for HEV IgM. Osun state had the highest occurrence of HEV IgM (n = 49; 13.6%,) while Ekiti had the least (n= 22; 6.1%). Apparently healthy participants with detectable HEV IgM were 52 (14.5%) while pregnant womenwere 51 (14.2%). Risk factors implicated in this study were flooding and injection drug use. The overall HEV prevalence reported in this study was higher than previous reports in Nigeria . Higher HEV prevalence in this study could be due to a larger coverage area in the country as well as detection of ongoing infection. The detection of HEV IgM in pregnant women and apparently healthy prospective blood donors indicated ongoing infection with risk of spread to susceptibles since HEV is neither routinely screened for among pregnant women nor among prospective blood donors. \u0000Keywords: Hepatitis E, IgM, Pregnancy, Apparently healthy, ELISA Depth, Geothermal Energy","PeriodicalId":13487,"journal":{"name":"Ife Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88846570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
+ + reaction increases with increase in [H ]. Plot of k versus log[H ] gave a slope of one, showing that the reaction is 1 + first order with respect to hydrogen ion concentration. The Plot of k versus [H ] was linear with a positive 2 2 intercept (R = 0.89). The acid dependence of this nature shows that there is a rapid pre-equilibrium between the protonated and non-protonated forms in which both the protonated and unprotonated forms are reactive. The
{"title":"Kinetics and mechanism of the oxidation of Orange II by periodate ion in aqueous acid","authors":"B. Myek, S. Idris, A. D. Onu, M. K. Yakubu","doi":"10.4314/IJS.V23I1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/IJS.V23I1.3","url":null,"abstract":"+ + reaction increases with increase in [H ]. Plot of k versus log[H ] gave a slope of one, showing that the reaction is 1 + first order with respect to hydrogen ion concentration. The Plot of k versus [H ] was linear with a positive 2 2 intercept (R = 0.89). The acid dependence of this nature shows that there is a rapid pre-equilibrium between the protonated and non-protonated forms in which both the protonated and unprotonated forms are reactive. The","PeriodicalId":13487,"journal":{"name":"Ife Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84332256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study determined the content of pesticide residues in vegetables (cabbage, lettuce, calyces, and tiger nut), obtained from markets in Gombe, Nigeria. Health risk parameters were also determined to evaluate the health risk associated with their consumption. A total of 72 samples (cabbage, lettuce, calyces and tiger nut) were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography with UV/VIS Detector (HPLC-UV/VIS). A total of 18 pesticide residues were detected: nine organochlorines (OCs), five organophosphates (OPs), and four pyrethroids (PYs). The residual contents of nine OCs ranged from 0.00 to 0.098 μg/kg and found in 61.87%, 60.99%, 63.69%, and 63.89% of cabbage, lettuce, calyces and tiger nut samples respectively, five OPs with concentrations ranging from 0.00 to 0.043 μg/kg were found in 22.69%, 21.89%, 19.49% and 22.21% of cabbage, lettuce, calyces and tiger nut samples respectively. In similar order, four PYs with concentrations that ranged from 0.00 to 0.046 μg/kg were found in 15.44%, 17.04%, 16.82% and 13.89% of the vegetables. Themean estimated daily intake of pesticides in the studied samples was lower than that of acceptable daily intakes. The hazard index obtained was less than one, indicating no probable adverse health effect on both children and adult consumers. However, monitoring and continuous stringent regulation should be imposed with regard to the usage of pesticides in vegetables, and other food stuff for public health protection. Keywords: Hazard Index, Health risk, Nut, Pesticide residues, Vegetables
{"title":"Pesticide residues in selected vegetables from Gombe markets, Gombe State, Nigeria: assessing the health impact","authors":"A. Maigari, M. Sulaiman, M. Buhari, A. Abdullahi","doi":"10.4314/IJS.V23I1.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/IJS.V23I1.8","url":null,"abstract":"The study determined the content of pesticide residues in vegetables (cabbage, lettuce, calyces, and tiger nut), obtained from markets in Gombe, Nigeria. Health risk parameters were also determined to evaluate the health risk associated with their consumption. A total of 72 samples (cabbage, lettuce, calyces and tiger nut) were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography with UV/VIS Detector (HPLC-UV/VIS). A total of 18 pesticide residues were detected: nine organochlorines (OCs), five organophosphates (OPs), and four pyrethroids (PYs). The residual contents of nine OCs ranged from 0.00 to 0.098 μg/kg and found in 61.87%, 60.99%, 63.69%, and 63.89% of cabbage, lettuce, calyces and tiger nut samples respectively, five OPs with concentrations ranging from 0.00 to 0.043 μg/kg were found in 22.69%, 21.89%, 19.49% and 22.21% of cabbage, lettuce, calyces and tiger nut samples respectively. In similar order, four PYs with concentrations that ranged from 0.00 to 0.046 μg/kg were found in 15.44%, 17.04%, 16.82% and 13.89% of the vegetables. Themean estimated daily intake of pesticides in the studied samples was lower than that of acceptable daily intakes. The hazard index obtained was less than one, indicating no probable adverse health effect on both children and adult consumers. However, monitoring and continuous stringent regulation should be imposed with regard to the usage of pesticides in vegetables, and other food stuff for public health protection. \u0000Keywords: Hazard Index, Health risk, Nut, Pesticide residues, Vegetables","PeriodicalId":13487,"journal":{"name":"Ife Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84734360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) is one of the highly polluting materials to the environment hence, utilization of this waste to produce useful industrial enzyme is a welcome development. The influence of different nitrogen supplementation using POME in lipase production by Aspergillus niger via fermentation was investigated. POME concentration with distilled water in the following ratios: 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4 and 1:5 were evaluated for the production of lipase via fermentation. The nitrogen supplements employed in POME media were potassium nitrate (KNO ), ammonium sulphate ((NH ) SO ), ammonium nitrate (NH NO ), urea and sodium nitrate 3 4 2 4 4 3
{"title":"The influence of nitrogen supplementation on lipase production by Aspergillus niger using palm oil mill effluent","authors":"C. Oshoma, E. Kolawole, M. J. Ikenebomeh","doi":"10.4314/IJS.V23I1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/IJS.V23I1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) is one of the highly polluting materials to the environment hence, utilization of this waste to produce useful industrial enzyme is a welcome development. The influence of different nitrogen supplementation using POME in lipase production by Aspergillus niger via fermentation was investigated. POME concentration with distilled water in the following ratios: 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4 and 1:5 were evaluated for the production of lipase via fermentation. The nitrogen supplements employed in POME media were potassium nitrate (KNO ), ammonium sulphate ((NH ) SO ), ammonium nitrate (NH NO ), urea and sodium nitrate 3 4 2 4 4 3","PeriodicalId":13487,"journal":{"name":"Ife Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88090520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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