Anodized Aluminum Oxide (AAO) nano-porous template is fabricated and nickel (Ni) nanowires are synthesized in the nano pores of AAO template by AC electro-deposition technique in the presence and absence of magnetic field applying only in a direction parallel to nanowire axis. Cobalt (Co) nanowires are fabricated by applying magnetic field externally both in perpendicular and parallel directions to the axis of nanowires. Magnetic field can bring change in the preferential grain growth of Ni and Co nanowires. Magnetic field applied parallel to nanowire axis increases deposition rate and current density due to magneto hydrodynamic effect, while magnetic field applied in perpendicular to the surface of electrode does not bring significant change in the chemical reaction. Magnetic properties are also affected by applying external magnetic field during deposition. These changes associated with grain growth in the preferred direction of Ni and Co nanowires are discussed in this article.
{"title":"The Effect of Magnetic Field on Electro-deposition of Nickel and Cobalt Nanowires","authors":"Sidra Khalid, Zaheer Hussain Shah","doi":"10.32350/sir.31.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32350/sir.31.02","url":null,"abstract":"Anodized Aluminum Oxide (AAO) nano-porous template is fabricated and nickel (Ni) nanowires are synthesized in the nano pores of AAO template by AC electro-deposition technique in the presence and absence of magnetic field applying only in a direction parallel to nanowire axis. Cobalt (Co) nanowires are fabricated by applying magnetic field externally both in perpendicular and parallel directions to the axis of nanowires. Magnetic field can bring change in the preferential grain growth of Ni and Co nanowires. Magnetic field applied parallel to nanowire axis increases deposition rate and current density due to magneto hydrodynamic effect, while magnetic field applied in perpendicular to the surface of electrode does not bring significant change in the chemical reaction. Magnetic properties are also affected by applying external magnetic field during deposition. These changes associated with grain growth in the preferred direction of Ni and Co nanowires are discussed in this article.","PeriodicalId":137307,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Inquiry and Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129295632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Software Defined Network is an emerging technology which is flourishing due to its diversity and by virtue of the fact that there are decoupled planes in this architecture which have some benefits as well as drawbacks, such as the execution of cyber attacks are easy at northbound and southbound interfaces and DDoS attack can easily be manipulated in this architecture. It has been identified that DDoS attack can be countered at northbound API so that appropriate decision about illegitimate traffic can be taken. Java has provided us with a very reliable support for three decades. Hence, all controls are governed by programming interfaces in this architecture with the help of this feature and according to the entropy of information which allows us to track the traffic and compare it with the threshold to identify the malware in the network. Floodlight controller is used in this paper to accommodate the illegitimate traffic. This paper allows the programmers to program such applications in Python or Java based on the basic mechanism of entropy which uses a threshold value from which DDoS attack can be countered, as we are well aware that a large number of systems are involved in producing illegitimate traffic on a network which creates distraction for the legitimate traffic.
{"title":"DDoS Hazard and Precautionary Measures in Software Define Network","authors":"Tanzeel Sultan Rana","doi":"10.32350/sir.31.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32350/sir.31.04","url":null,"abstract":"Software Defined Network is an emerging technology which is flourishing due to its diversity and by virtue of the fact that there are decoupled planes in this architecture which have some benefits as well as drawbacks, such as the execution of cyber attacks are easy at northbound and southbound interfaces and DDoS attack can easily be manipulated in this architecture. It has been identified that DDoS attack can be countered at northbound API so that appropriate decision about illegitimate traffic can be taken. Java has provided us with a very reliable support for three decades. Hence, all controls are governed by programming interfaces in this architecture with the help of this feature and according to the entropy of information which allows us to track the traffic and compare it with the threshold to identify the malware in the network. Floodlight controller is used in this paper to accommodate the illegitimate traffic. This paper allows the programmers to program such applications in Python or Java based on the basic mechanism of entropy which uses a threshold value from which DDoS attack can be countered, as we are well aware that a large number of systems are involved in producing illegitimate traffic on a network which creates distraction for the legitimate traffic.","PeriodicalId":137307,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Inquiry and Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116526895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The main purpose of this review paper is to study different biological control methods for controlling mosquito vectors. Mosquitoes act as vector for many harmful diseases including malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever, filarial, encephalitis, chikungunya, dengue and poly arthritis. The use of chemical insecticides for controlling mosquitoes is limited because they develop resistance against these insecticides. So, efforts have been made to control the mosquito vectors by eco-friendly techniques. At present, biocontrol agents are used to control the mosquito species with the aim to reduce the impact and cost of insecticide based strategies. These biocontrol agents involve the use of natural enemies including bacteria, fungi, larvivorous fish, protozoans and nematodes. These agents target mosquitoes at different stages of their life cycle. In this paper, we focus on several bio-controlling methods used to reduce the population of mosquito vectors.
{"title":"Biological Control of Mosquito Vectors","authors":"Hareem Sajjad, Neelam Arif","doi":"10.32350/sir.31.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32350/sir.31.03","url":null,"abstract":"The main purpose of this review paper is to study different biological control methods for controlling mosquito vectors. Mosquitoes act as vector for many harmful diseases including malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever, filarial, encephalitis, chikungunya, dengue and poly arthritis. The use of chemical insecticides for controlling mosquitoes is limited because they develop resistance against these insecticides. So, efforts have been made to control the mosquito vectors by eco-friendly techniques. At present, biocontrol agents are used to control the mosquito species with the aim to reduce the impact and cost of insecticide based strategies. These biocontrol agents involve the use of natural enemies including bacteria, fungi, larvivorous fish, protozoans and nematodes. These agents target mosquitoes at different stages of their life cycle. In this paper, we focus on several bio-controlling methods used to reduce the population of mosquito vectors.","PeriodicalId":137307,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Inquiry and Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132401091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ali Ajwad, Usman Ilyas, Nouman Khadim, Abdullah, Muhammad Usman, Shakir Ahmad, Bilal Zahid, Abdul Waqar Akhtar
The life span of a structure is basically determined by its durability. Over the course of time, concrete carbonation and corrosion of steel reinforcement lead to weakness in concrete’s structural elements andhence reduce its useful life. The addition of fibers in concrete can act as barrier and delays the activation of these processes. In this study, low quality fly ash was added to concrete to check its effect on the durabilityof concrete. It was found that the addition of low quality fly ash with an activator does have a positive impact on carbonation and reinforcement of corrosion resistance.
{"title":"Assessing the Durability of Concrete with the Addition of Low Quality Fly Ash","authors":"Ali Ajwad, Usman Ilyas, Nouman Khadim, Abdullah, Muhammad Usman, Shakir Ahmad, Bilal Zahid, Abdul Waqar Akhtar","doi":"10.32350/sir.31.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32350/sir.31.05","url":null,"abstract":"The life span of a structure is basically determined by its durability. Over the course of time, concrete carbonation and corrosion of steel reinforcement lead to weakness in concrete’s structural elements andhence reduce its useful life. The addition of fibers in concrete can act as barrier and delays the activation of these processes. In this study, low quality fly ash was added to concrete to check its effect on the durabilityof concrete. It was found that the addition of low quality fly ash with an activator does have a positive impact on carbonation and reinforcement of corrosion resistance.","PeriodicalId":137307,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Inquiry and Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130631333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Concrete is a brittle material and in order to make it ductile steel is used. In the current project, steel fibers were used as an additive material by weight of sand. Tests were performed on three different design mix ratios, i.e., M1, M2 and M3 at 0%, 5%, 10% and 15%. Numerous physical tests were performed on the materials used. The slump test was performed in fresh state and compressive test was performed in the hardened state of concrete mixes. From the result of the slump test, it was concluded that workability decreased due to two reasons. The first reason was an increase in the percentage of steel fiber and the second reason was the difference in mix design ratio. The compressive strength increased at 5% in M1 and M2. On the contrary, the strength decreased in M3 at 5%. In all M3 mixes, the strength significantly decreased. Conclusively, the strength increases due to the crack bridging effect and it decreases due to weak bonding .
{"title":"Production of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete with Different Mix Design Ratios","authors":"A. Ajwad","doi":"10.32350/SIR.24.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32350/SIR.24.03","url":null,"abstract":"Concrete is a brittle material and in order to make it ductile steel is used. In the current project, steel fibers were used as an additive material by weight of sand. Tests were performed on three different design mix ratios, i.e., M1, M2 and M3 at 0%, 5%, 10% and 15%. Numerous physical tests were performed on the materials used. The slump test was performed in fresh state and compressive test was performed in the hardened state of concrete mixes. From the result of the slump test, it was concluded that workability decreased due to two reasons. The first reason was an increase in the percentage of steel fiber and the second reason was the difference in mix design ratio. The compressive strength increased at 5% in M1 and M2. On the contrary, the strength decreased in M3 at 5%. In all M3 mixes, the strength significantly decreased. Conclusively, the strength increases due to the crack bridging effect and it decreases due to weak bonding .","PeriodicalId":137307,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Inquiry and Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126797227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Moisture, ash and trace elements such as iron, cobalt, zinc, manganese and copper present in medicinal seeds, popularly used and available in Pakistan, were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. The highest moisture content was found in Cucumisativis (Kheira), while, the lowest was in Parsley (Ajwain). The highest content resulted from complete burning of Planpagomajorlill (Burtung). Carumcarvi (Caraway) was found to contain the highest amounts of trace elements determined, while Cichorimintybus (Wild Cichory) contained their lowest amount. Copper was found to be highest in Trigonellafoenumgracum (Medicago), while it was lowest in Planpagomajorlill (Burtung) and Cucumisativis (Kheira). Zinc, manganese and cobalt were found highest in Carumcarvi (Caraway), Cichorimintybus (Wild Cichory) and Cumin (Sufaid Zeera) and lowest in Phyllanothusmaderoslimm (Kanocha), Planpagomajorlill (Burtung) and Cichorimintybus (Wild Cichory).
{"title":"Trace Elements in Medicinal Seeds","authors":"M. R. Khan, Abdul Ghaffar, H. Aslam","doi":"10.32350/SIR.24.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32350/SIR.24.04","url":null,"abstract":"Moisture, ash and trace elements such as iron, cobalt, zinc, manganese and copper present in medicinal seeds, popularly used and available in Pakistan, were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. The highest moisture content was found in Cucumisativis (Kheira), while, the lowest was in Parsley (Ajwain). The highest content resulted from complete burning of Planpagomajorlill (Burtung). Carumcarvi (Caraway) was found to contain the highest amounts of trace elements determined, while Cichorimintybus (Wild Cichory) contained their lowest amount. Copper was found to be highest in Trigonellafoenumgracum (Medicago), while it was lowest in Planpagomajorlill (Burtung) and Cucumisativis (Kheira). Zinc, manganese and cobalt were found highest in Carumcarvi (Caraway), Cichorimintybus (Wild Cichory) and Cumin (Sufaid Zeera) and lowest in Phyllanothusmaderoslimm (Kanocha), Planpagomajorlill (Burtung) and Cichorimintybus (Wild Cichory).","PeriodicalId":137307,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Inquiry and Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124385986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this article is to review the several techniques used to control various pest species of fruit crops in Pakistan. Fruit pests cause considerable damage to Pakistan’s economy as fruit crops contribute approximately 13% to the GDP of Pakistan. Fruit exports of Pakistan reach up to 2366.5 billion rupees. Unfortunately, a major portion of these crops is lost annually because of pre-harvest or post-harvest pest infestations. Fruit flies, citrus whiteflies, cloudy winged whitefly, citrus blackfly, citrus leafminer, Nile whitefly, pepper whitefly, common walking sticks, gall midge, mealy bugs, moths and aphids are the most important pest species that infest various fruit crops such as mangoes, citrus, grapes, guava, peach, apple, date palm, banana, etc. Fruit flies pose the biggest threat as they infest more than 50 fruit crops. Pest control strategies practiced in the country include physical methods such as traps, baits, bands, as well as botanical controls, that is, using plant extracts to which pests are attracted and then killed or plant-based pest repellents, and chemical controls involving several types of insecticides and pesticides. Recently, integrated pest management techniques have emerged as successful and eco-friendly methods involving all the available measures to cope with a wide range of pest species, such as plant-based insecticides, traps and baits, mechanical and cultural methods, Male Annihilation Technique (MAT), Sterile Insect Techniques (SIT) etc. These techniques have certain limitations, therefore, the need arises to continuously work for the betterment of existing pest management techniques and proposing new and innovative methods to minimize pest infestation and yield losses in fruit crops.
{"title":"Fruit Pest Management in Pakistan: A Review","authors":"S. Aziz, M. Hussain","doi":"10.32350/SIR.24.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32350/SIR.24.05","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this article is to review the several techniques used to control various pest species of fruit crops in Pakistan. Fruit pests cause considerable damage to Pakistan’s economy as fruit crops contribute approximately 13% to the GDP of Pakistan. Fruit exports of Pakistan reach up to 2366.5 billion rupees. Unfortunately, a major portion of these crops is lost annually because of pre-harvest or post-harvest pest infestations. Fruit flies, citrus whiteflies, cloudy winged whitefly, citrus blackfly, citrus leafminer, Nile whitefly, pepper whitefly, common walking sticks, gall midge, mealy bugs, moths and aphids are the most important pest species that infest various fruit crops such as mangoes, citrus, grapes, guava, peach, apple, date palm, banana, etc. Fruit flies pose the biggest threat as they infest more than 50 fruit crops. Pest control strategies practiced in the country include physical methods such as traps, baits, bands, as well as botanical controls, that is, using plant extracts to which pests are attracted and then killed or plant-based pest repellents, and chemical controls involving several types of insecticides and pesticides. Recently, integrated pest management techniques have emerged as successful and eco-friendly methods involving all the available measures to cope with a wide range of pest species, such as plant-based insecticides, traps and baits, mechanical and cultural methods, Male Annihilation Technique (MAT), Sterile Insect Techniques (SIT) etc. These techniques have certain limitations, therefore, the need arises to continuously work for the betterment of existing pest management techniques and proposing new and innovative methods to minimize pest infestation and yield losses in fruit crops.","PeriodicalId":137307,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Inquiry and Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131540528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. S. Awan, W. Irshad, Usman Bashir, Ghulam Murtaza, Naveed Jafar
{"title":"Numerical Solutions for Third Order Ordinary Differential Equation by Differential Transform Method & Elzaki Transform Method","authors":"M. S. Awan, W. Irshad, Usman Bashir, Ghulam Murtaza, Naveed Jafar","doi":"10.32350/sir.24.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32350/sir.24.01","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":137307,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Inquiry and Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114217844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"On Leap Gourava Indices of Some Wheel Related Graphs","authors":"F. Dayan, M. Javaid, M. Rehman","doi":"10.32350/sir.24.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32350/sir.24.02","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":137307,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Inquiry and Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131528928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article is designed to integrate the results of the studies undertaken on different frontiers by a group of researchers to address both socio-economic problems and environmental problems with a special reference to sustainable development. It also offers appropriate solutions to make sure the best use of available resources and assigns economic value to different wastes via resource recovery through material sorting, recycling and reprocessing, production of food, heat and electricity. The focus remains on techno-economic disposal of different wastes in a way to adapt them as alternative resources instead of treating them as wastes. The article concludes that the techno-economic disposal of wastes can effectively address the problems of energy and food shortage because it is based on the hypothesis that the total amount of resources in the universe remains constant although they may change from one form to another. This hypothesis provides a firm basis for sustainable development; the concept being contemporarily explored as a cure for socio-economic ills that destabilize the shaky economies. The study supports the view that a waste is no more a waste as every waste can be assigned an economic value. The integrated results of studies conducted in the context of sustainable development strongly recommend the interlinking of economic problems with environmental problems.
{"title":"Interlinking of Socio-economic Problems with Environmental Problems for Appropriate Development in Both Developed and Developing Countries","authors":"M. R. Khan","doi":"10.32350/sir.23.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32350/sir.23.01","url":null,"abstract":"This article is designed to integrate the results of the studies undertaken on different frontiers by a group of researchers to address both socio-economic problems and environmental problems with a special reference to sustainable development. It also offers appropriate solutions to make sure the best use of available resources and assigns economic value to different wastes via resource recovery through material sorting, recycling and reprocessing, production of food, heat and electricity. The focus remains on techno-economic disposal of different wastes in a way to adapt them as alternative resources instead of treating them as wastes. The article concludes that the techno-economic disposal of wastes can effectively address the problems of energy and food shortage because it is based on the hypothesis that the total amount of resources in the universe remains constant although they may change from one form to another. This hypothesis provides a firm basis for sustainable development; the concept being contemporarily explored as a cure for socio-economic ills that destabilize the shaky economies. The study supports the view that a waste is no more a waste as every waste can be assigned an economic value. The integrated results of studies conducted in the context of sustainable development strongly recommend the interlinking of economic problems with environmental problems.","PeriodicalId":137307,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Inquiry and Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116999888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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