International Journal of Applied Glass Science最新文献

This study investigates the controlled dissolution and ion release kinetics of multicomponent borate glasses within the borate anomaly, focusing on therapeutic ions such as calcium, zinc, and fluorine, which are critical in applications ranging from cancer therapy to bone regeneration and oral health. A Design of Mixtures (DoM) statistical modeling approach was employed to systematically evaluate the effects of glass composition on dissolution, ion release, and cytotoxicity. By synthesizing 23 glass formulations, the study demonstrates how statistical modeling enables precise prediction and control of material properties, revealing key interactions between components that are difficult to identify using traditional methods. Notably, higher ZnO content stabilized the glass network, reducing dissolution and ion release rates. The approach also uncovered complex synergies between zinc, titanium, and calcium, emphasizing the value of a multifactorial approach in optimizing glass performance. While higher ZnO concentrations (i.e., 16–20 mol%) correlated with increased cytotoxicity in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), several formulations exhibited no cytotoxic effects at a concentration of 0.2 g/mL, highlighting the need for careful compositional tuning. This research demonstrates how integrating experimental and computational methods can permit the design of glasses with tailored dissolution and ion release kinetics, enabling more effective, customizable, and personalized medical treatments.

In the original version of the paper,¹ Table 6 (Chromium distribution between crystal and glass in as-fabricated samples determined using X-ray diffraction, mass%) on page 9 should be:

Sucrose is the current baseline additive at the Hanford Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant in Washington to control foaming during waste feed to glass transitions and the redox state of the glass melt. Alternative reductants are being investigated to alleviate strain on effluent treatment from toxic acetonitrile production from incomplete combustion of sucrose. This study evaluates ceramic additive options including B₄C, B₆Si, SiC, and VB₂ in simulated low-activity waste feed, as well as coke dust, probing the feed volume expansion during melting as well as the gas evolution. All alternative reductant options examined significantly reduced acetonitrile production; however, there was variability in their effectiveness as foam-reducing agents. VB₂ and coke matched the performance of sucrose in controlling foam volume and glass redox state, but with notably less acetonitrile production. B₄C, B₆Si, and SiC demonstrated improved foam control and very little acetonitrile production; however, the final glasses were over-reduced, that is, Fe²⁺/Fe_T ≥ 0.5. These alternative reductant studies provide operational flexibility to the operation of the vitrification plant, as well as options for alternative raw materials in industrial glass melting.

Glass-ceramics are considered as promising candidate for high-level liquid waste (HLW) immobilization. The effects of SrSO₄ content (2‒8 wt%, calculated as SO₃) on the phase composition, microstructure, and thermal stability of borosilicate glass were studied. The results show that the samples with 2‒4 wt% SrSO₄ possess an amorphous structure and no crystals are observed when melted at 1150°C for 3 h. A great quantity of SrSO₄ crystals (∼1 µm) appear and are uniformly distributed in the glass matrix of the sample with 6 wt% SrSO₄ (abbreviated as S6), and the grain size increases with further increasing SrSO₄ content. The SrSO₄ crystal is more thermally stable than Na₂SO₄ crystal in borosilicate glass melts. The SO₃ retention in the glass-ceramics has no obvious change when the temperatures are lower than 1050°C, and then decreases obviously with further increasing temperature. A white phase separation layer appears on the surface of glass-ceramic, which is mainly composed of SrSO₄ along with a small amount of LiNaSO₄ phase at 1050°C‒1150°C. These results suggest that SrSO₄-containing borosilicate glass-ceramics have great potential for the immobilization of sulfur-rich HLW.

Aluminosilicate glasses are widely used in everyday applications and can be seen as building blocks of modern technology, from display screens to glass-ceramics. However, due to their high viscosities, gas bubbles can only be removed from aluminosilicate melts at high temperatures, leading to significant energy costs. This fining process can be improved with the use of multivalent oxides such as SnO₂. In this study, extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and Raman spectroscopy were used to determine the local environment surrounding Sn(II) and Sn(IV) ions in a sodium aluminosilicate glass. In situ XANES spectroscopy enabled the quantification of Sn redox state at high temperature, allowing for the determination of thermodynamic parameters governing the Sn reduction. Our results show that Sn(IV) is octahedrally coordinated and linked to network-forming tetrahedra through corner-sharing, whereas Sn(II) is in a lower coordination number. Comparing the modeled behavior of Sn with that of Fe and Ce, it appears that SnO₂ is a suitable fining agent for aluminosilicate glasses as it undergoes reduction when the viscosity is sufficiently low for bubbles to escape the melt. Conversely, the use of CeO₂ leads to substantial gas release at higher viscosities, resulting in foam formation within the glass.

The development of technology for obtaining high-purity materials for photonics and microelectronics is very relevant. Fused silica glass is widely used material for the manufacturing of optical fibers and various micromechanical devices for navigation and sensorics. This work is dedicated to the study of structural transformations of amorphous synthetic powder SiO₂ during heating by using the combined methods of differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis, and Infrared spectroscopy. SiO₂ was obtained using sol-gel method by hydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane. Amorphous SiO₂ powder has transformations associated with the closure of mesopores, sintering of the powder and the formation of a high-temperature modification of cristobalite that occur at temperatures of 908, 1190, and 1308°C accordingly. The most optimal temperature range 700–1000°C for calculating the extinction coefficient was determined, at which the change in the mass of SiO₂ powder is caused only by the dehydroxylation process. The time and temperature were calculated that is required to break all hydrogen bonds in amorphous SiO₂ powder upon heating. The extinction coefficient of OH-groups of amorphous SiO₂ powder was calculated and found to be 0.22 L/mol·cm for the wavenumber of 4550 cm⁻¹ and 7.91 L/mol·cm for the main absorption band of 3670 cm⁻¹.

Photonic temperature glass sensors based on nanocrystal-in-glass composites (NGCs) offer a promising platform for advanced non-contact temperature sensing. By precisely engineering the distribution of functional nanocrystals and modulating energy transfer mechanisms at the microscale, these sensors achieve exceptional performance, including high sensitivity, fast response time, robust anti-interference capability, and excellent environmental adaptability. This review systematically analyzes how nano-scale manipulation innovations enhance the performance of macroscopic temperature sensing. It elucidates key scientific challenges and recent advances, covering fundamental thermometric principles, material fabrication techniques, and innovative breakthroughs in NGC-based photonic temperature sensors. Finally, we highlight remaining challenges and provide insights into future opportunities for advancement.

Glass through-holes are essential for wafer-level packaging of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices and are often fabricated through wet bulk micromachining. For efficient through-hole fabrication, there is a need for the development of cost-effective masking layers and faster etching processes. This work presents an economical method for fabricating through-holes of various dimensions in 500 µm-thick Borofloat glass wafers with a relatively high etch rate using wet bulk micromachining. The process employs wet isotropic etching in 25% and 30% hydrofluoric acid (HF), utilizing a masking layer of sputter-deposited Cr thin film and spin-coated positive photoresist. The masking layer revealed strong adhesion to the wafers during the entire etching process, enabling the fabrication of through-holes with sharp edges. Additionally, the masking layer delivered excellent resistance to both HF concentrations, establishing effective protection, and subsequently resulting in minimal defects on the wafer surface. Through-holes are fabricated in 190 min using 25% HF and in 150 min using 30% HF, with the latter facilitating comparatively faster fabrication due to its higher HF concentration. The present work demonstrates the best output in terms of faster etching time for through-holes fabrication in glass wafers using a Cr thin film combined with a photoresist as a masking layer.

Molten calcium–magnesium–aluminosilicate (CMAS) containing debris is a leading threat to hot-section components in air-ingesting turbine engines. This study investigated common natural-forming and coating-derived oxide additions to CMXAS glasses—where X denotes a fifth oxide constituent. Glass property relationships are elucidated by cation size effects and allow inferences to glass structure to be made. Iron oxide content, Group IV metal, and rare-earth metal cations—including one dual cation addition (Y³⁺ and Yb³⁺)—effects on CMAS viscosity, coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), softening temperature, and glass transition temperature were explored. The baseline material, nominally a 33 CaO–9 MgO–13 AlO_1.5–45 SiO₂ (single cation oxide mol%) CMAS, was synthesized from constituent oxide powders. Natural-forming additions consistently operated as network modifiers. However, coating-derived additions behaving as network modifiers in the molten liquid state were found to behave as network formers in the condensed amorphous state. Fe³⁺ additions were shown to have the greatest effect of all additions on glass properties, exhibiting the greatest propensity for CMAS attack. Trends observed between dilatometric CMXAS glass properties allow for CMXAS properties to be inferred should one property (CTE, T_d, T_g) be known. Coating performance should consider the effect of coating constituent on CMAS viscosity and CTE, dissolution, and precipitation behaviors.

A new technique, termed the stirred-reactor coupon analysis (SRCA) method, has been developed to measure the rate of glass dissolution in forward-rate conditions. Monolithic glass coupons are partially masked with an inert material before placement in a large volume of well-mixed solution with known chemistry and temperature for a predetermined duration. After the test, the mask is removed, and the difference in step height between the protected area and the exposed corroded portions of the sample coupon is measured to determine the extent of glass dissolution. The step height is converted to a rate measurement using the test duration and glass density. Test parameters such as sample surface preparation and test duration were evaluated to determine their effects on the measured rates. Additionally, results from an interlaboratory study (ILS) consisting of 12 laboratories from 11 different institutions are presented, where each laboratory performed 12 independent tests. When removing experimental outlier data, the 95% reproducibility limits for the SRCA method has no statistical difference with previously published standardized test methods used to determine the forward rate of glass dissolution. Overall, this paper describes steps necessary to perform the test method and provides the statistical calculations to evaluate test accuracy.