International Journal of Applied Glass Science最新文献

The manufacture of perfumery bottles using the blow-and-blow technique necessitates iterative design and production of intermediate or preparation molds to achieve an appropriate thickness distribution. Designers seek a specific glass thickness at the bottle's bottom as an indicator of quality while ensuring a minimum thickness in the rest of the bottle, particularly the neck, to withstand vertical compressive loads during bottle filling. One cost-reduction strategy involves the use of finite element simulations; however, this technique demands significant engineering time and validation efforts. This study proposes a novel method for designing cylindrical bottles, facilitating the automated generation of preparation mold geometries for manufacturing. Key findings include the successful parameter-based analysis accounting for container capacity, mass, and height-to-diameter aspect ratio which was experimentally validated across several container sizes against traditional experimental iterations. Validation tests demonstrated that the automatically generated geometries yield functional bottle designs capable of withstanding compressive loads. The primary advantage of this approach lies in a substantial reduction in development time, from 32.9 to 18.3 days, providing a significant competitive edge. However, the current methodology is applicable to only 6% of the bottles in the production range. Expanding its applicability will require further database analysis to incorporate additional parameters for other bottle geometries. This limitation underscores the potential for continued refinement and broader industrial adoption.

NaNbO₃ crystals were fabricated in the 60B₂O₃–30Na₂O–10Nb₂O₅ glass system. The fabrication of parent glass was done via the melt quench technique, and then crystallization was achieved through controlled heat treatment. The formation of crystallites was successfully observed and confirmed using X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. The elemental analysis of the present constituent in the glass and glass-ceramics was performed using X-ray photoemission spectroscopy. The morphological characteristics were investigated through field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The transparency of the samples was evaluated by the UV–vis spectroscopy, and it has been established that the samples were transparent even after the partial crystallization. Prepared samples were used to degrade methylene blue dye via photocatalysis. The emergence of glass-ceramics as a photocatalyst has been established with a degradation rate of 68% in 240 min with a rate constant of 4.5 × 10³ min⁻¹.

Conventional glass has limitations in mechanical strength and impact resistance and lacks antibacterial and photocatalytic functionalities, restricting its application in high-demand fields. In this study, a multifunctional glass surface coating with antibacterial, photocatalytic, and reinforcement properties has been developed by mixing SiO₂ sol with crystalline-Ag@P25 nanopowders. The coating maintains high transparency and exhibits outstanding stability and durability. The flexural strength and impact resistance of the coated glass increase significantly by 92 MPa and 14%, respectively. Furthermore, the glass presents excellent photocatalytic performance (reaching 22.8% degradation rate of methylene blue) and more than 99.9% antibacterial efficiency. Additionally, Raman signal analysis has been used to assess the filling rate of microcrack tips on the glass surface by the coating, providing a nondestructive testing method. The Raman analysis indicates that the coating penetrates the cracks on the glass surface, with an unfilled depth of less than 1.3 µm among the 4.77 µm depth of the preindented defect. These findings provide new technical support for the development and application of functionalized glass materials.

Borosilicate glass is a promising material for the immobilization of high-level radioactive waste, and its irradiation stability is a critical factor influencing the leakage of radionuclides into the biosphere. This study investigates the impact of γ-ray irradiation on three-oxide sodium borosilicate glasses (NBS) at doses of 8 and 800 kGy at room temperature. Elemental depth profiles and leaching behavior are evaluated using TOF-SIMS and ICP-OES. The results reveal that the effect of γ-irradiation on corrosion would soon recover after 1 day. Over longer periods, the corrosion behaviors of both pristine and irradiated samples become similar. Additionally, 800 kGy γ-irradiation leads to a 30% increase in Na and B leaching in NBS9 in 16 days, along with enhanced initial leaching rates. However, despite these changes, the residual leaching rate of NBS9 remains constant, suggesting that increased corrosion may also promote the formation of passivating layers. It is concluded that although irradiation can alter glass properties, the impact of γ-irradiation on long-term leaching rates may be neglected during the corrosion processes.

Compared with insulating glass, tempered vacuum glass (TVG) is not only safer, but also more effective in sound insulation and heat insulation. In this paper, for the sound insulation performance of tempered vacuum glass, the acoustic wave transfer model of TVG is established, and the equation for sound insulation is deduced by using wave transfer method (WTM). Then the actual sound insulation loss of tempered vacuum glass was tested based on the method of reverberation room and anechoic room. finally, the sound insulation loss of tempered vacuum glass under different factors is analyzed. The results show that the theoretical calculation results are consistent with the experimental results about the general change trend of the sound insulation. The thicker the glass, the better the sound insulation. The more the supports in vacuum layer of tempered vacuum glass, the smaller the sound insulation loss. The thickness of the vacuum layer has different sound insulation loss at different frequencies. When the thickness of the vacuum layer is about 0.25 mm, tempered vacuum glass has the best sound insulation performance. This research will have important guiding significance for the selection of building sound insulation glass and the design of sound insulation glass.

An opal crystallized glass plate, obtained from the addition of fluorine to a soda-lime base, has been structurally characterized and altered in food contact like conditions. The investigations on the pristine glass evidenced the nature of CaF₂, BaF₂, and NaF crystalline phases. Overall a continuum of fully vitreous to glass-ceramic material was noticed with different morphology: the top surface that resembles a soda-lime glass which was prepared as a slab and the highly crystallized bulk using powder. Powder and slab were altered together at 70°C in acetic acid 4% (v/v) imposing a pH of 2.4 for 231 days to 3 years. The bulk powder alteration was characterized by a predominant hydrolysis mechanism impacting the crystals and the glassy matrix, leaving no remaining altered layer at the surface whereas a 1.25 µm thick alteration layer was observed on the top surface of the plate after 231 days of alteration. The mechanisms for the formation of this altered layer as well as the differences between the powder, representative of the bulk opal crystallized glass, and the slab that remains the actual surface in contact with edibles are discussed in the article.

Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS)-based solar cells are a type of thin-film photovoltaic technology used to convert sunlight into electricity. They are one of the most promising thin-film technologies with high efficiency and low-cost potential. CIGS is a direct band gap material with a high absorption coefficient, around 2 µm thickness can absorb most of the light which can reduce the usage of material. CIGS solar cells have a better temperature coefficient, meaning their efficiency decreases less in high-temperature environments compared to other solar technologies. Furthermore, CIGS solar cells also have excellent low-light performance due to their broad absorption spectrum. This allows them to generate electricity even in partially shaded or cloudy conditions, which can be common in urban environments with tall buildings or trees casting shadows. Thus, CIGS solar cells are also a good option to be used for building-integrated PV (BIPV) systems. The latest cell efficiency record was reached in 2023 with 23.6%. Ongoing research aims to increase efficiency, durability, and cost-effectiveness, making the CIGS thin-film technology a mainstream option for solar energy generation.

The importance of superhydrophilicity of glass surfaces lies in their self-cleaning abilities. The need for antifogging characteristics of soda-lime-silica (SLS-) based window glasses requires feasible solutions. Superhydrophilicity is generally achieved by textured surfaces with suitable features or any chemical modification including thin films. Fabrication of textured surfaces usually involves sophisticated facilities that are often expensive. This paper reveals a novel approach to achieving superhydrophilic SLS surfaces by flame-impingement. The chemical energy of methane gas was converted into thermal energy by a flame torch to reach temperatures just above the softening point of SLS glass. The glass surface was exposed to the flame at a distance of around 100 mm for 10 s. The surface was transformed into a superhydrophilic state with a static contact angle of nearly zero after the treatment. This property was remarkably retained on exposure of the surface to the ambient atmosphere for 3 years of aging. The subsurface structural modifications accountable for the alteration in wetting behavior by the influence of flame-impingement were investigated. High-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of the O1s spectral line evidenced the repolymerization of vicinal silanols into bridging oxygens (BOs), accompanied by the loss of hydrous species (SiOH/H₂O) in the near-surface region. The repolymerized BOs acted as adsorption sites of water molecules to promote superhydrophilicity. Atomic force microscopy exhibited the conversion of an open silica tetrahedral network with nonbridging oxygens into closed rings. The high surface energy of the residual surface nanostructure at the solid/vapor interface was accountable for the superhydrophilicity.

This study pioneers the use of spodumene mineral residue as a primary raw material for producing chemically strengthened glass, addressing concerns related to sustainable waste management. The resulting glasses achieve over 90% transparency at 550 nm, with compressive stress exceeding 1000 MPa and Vickers hardness surpassing 6.6 GPa. As the B₂O₃/SiO₂ ratio increases, the depth of the compressive stress layer (DOL) of the samples shows a trend of initially decreasing and then stabilizing (DOL: 16–24 µm). The compressive stress (CS) of all samples >1000 MPa. Analysis reveals that [BO₄] units hinder ion exchanges while [BO₃] promote strengthening. Furthermore, as the B₂O₃/SiO₂ ratio increases, the refractive index rises, thermal stability decreases, and density initially increases before decreasing, while the trend for molar volume is opposite to that of density. This study provides a potential application solution for the treatment of spodumene mineral residue, promoting green and circular economic development.

Glass-based insulating materials have attracted considerable attention owing to their tailorable properties. It is known that the thermal conductivity of glass ceramics can be greatly influenced by varying their crystallinity. However, the mechanism of such influence in glass–ceramic foams remains poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrate our new findings regarding the correlation between thermal conductivity and crystallinity in silicate glass–ceramic foams. The foams were produced by mixing ZrO₂-containing soda-lime glass powder with CaCO₃ as foaming agent and foam them using a thermochemical approach. ZrO₂ was introduced as a nucleation agent. The crystallinity of the foams was varied by adjusting the heating protocol, i.e., by varying temperature, time, and number of heating cycles. The glass–ceramic foams exhibited relative crystallinities of <30%. The identity of the crystalline phases in the glass–ceramic foams varies with crystallinity. Specifically, cristobalite diminished, but devitrite grew with increasing crystallinity. It was observed that the crystallinity had a nonmonotonic impact on the thermal conductivity of the glass–ceramic foams. The optimum crystallinity for achieving the lowest thermal conductivity was 8–10%, resulting in an approximately 20% lower thermal conductivity compared to noncrystalline. Our findings have implications for the future design of glass–ceramic foams.