There are many rapidly evolving technologies that use simple papers as a surface for chemical reactions and detection of molecules. One example of this application is the use of paper as a surface for ionization and introduction of compounds into mass spectrometry. The current work was designed to investigate mechanisms of interaction between the paper and analytes using mass spectrometry as the detection instrument. Standard compounds with different sizes were used in this study. Factors investigated include the effects of the paper geometry (5 mm) and position (tp=90º) were found to be optimal. The role of atmospheric water and the effects of paper porosity were affected the signals of the tested compounds. Investigations of the interaction of standard solutions with the paper surface indicated that atmospheric water is required for ionization. Up to three water molecules were detected in association with the analytes indicating that the presence of some water is required. In addition, this study showed the potential of silicon dioxide nanoparticles for eluting the standards compound from the paper surface. The impact of trace elements in the commercial papers and the interactions between the paper cellulose with different classes of analytes was investigated.
{"title":"The Chemistry of Paper in Paper Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry","authors":"W. T. Alsaggaf","doi":"10.5539/ijc.v12n1p16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v12n1p16","url":null,"abstract":"There are many rapidly evolving technologies that use simple papers as a surface for chemical reactions and detection of molecules. One example of this application is the use of paper as a surface for ionization and introduction of compounds into mass spectrometry. The current work was designed to investigate mechanisms of interaction between the paper and analytes using mass spectrometry as the detection instrument. Standard compounds with different sizes were used in this study. Factors investigated include the effects of the paper geometry (5 mm) and position (tp=90º) were found to be optimal. The role of atmospheric water and the effects of paper porosity were affected the signals of the tested compounds. Investigations of the interaction of standard solutions with the paper surface indicated that atmospheric water is required for ionization. Up to three water molecules were detected in association with the analytes indicating that the presence of some water is required. In addition, this study showed the potential of silicon dioxide nanoparticles for eluting the standards compound from the paper surface. The impact of trace elements in the commercial papers and the interactions between the paper cellulose with different classes of analytes was investigated.","PeriodicalId":13866,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry","volume":"217 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76983262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The reversibility definition emerging from Carnot’s ‘lost-work’ notion or, equivalently, from considerations of optimal efficiency and lack of dissipation is here qualified as a rational alternative to that which based on Planck’s constant total-entropy criterion resorts to either a sequence of equilibrium states or the action of infinitesimal forces for the definition of the reversible path.
{"title":"A Rational Approach to Reversibility via Carnot’s Lost-Work","authors":"J. Iñiguez","doi":"10.5539/ijc.v12n1p1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v12n1p1","url":null,"abstract":"The reversibility definition emerging from Carnot’s ‘lost-work’ notion or, equivalently, from considerations of optimal efficiency and lack of dissipation is here qualified as a rational alternative to that which based on Planck’s constant total-entropy criterion resorts to either a sequence of equilibrium states or the action of infinitesimal forces for the definition of the reversible path.","PeriodicalId":13866,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry","volume":"38 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91507249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Robust and easy-to-handle ion-selective electrodes in all-solid-state configurations based on graphite paste have been developed for applications in environmental samples. The electrode consists of different functional layers (graphite paste, conducting polymer, ion-selective membrane). The ion-selective compounds have been incorporated in polyvinylchloride (PVC) membranes. Polypyrrole (PPy) acts as a solid contact and an intermediate layer between the ion-selective membrane and the graphite paste. As ion-complexing compounds tridodecylmethylammonium nitrate (TDMA-NO3) for nitrate, N,N,N’,N’-tetra[cyclohexyl]diglycolic acid diamide and N,N-dicyclohexyl-N‘,N‘-dioctadecyl-diglycolic diamide for calcium(II) determinations have been used. The electrodes have been tested in drinking and well water samples by direct potentiometric determination and by titrations. The results have been compared to ion chromatography as the reference method. Both ion selective electrodes exhibit linear response from 10-5 mol/L to 10-1 mol/L respectively. The detection limits for the target ions are below 10-6 mol/L based on the respective ion.
{"title":"All-Solid-State Ion-Selective Electrodes Based on Graphite Paste for Determination of Calcium(II) and Nitrate","authors":"J. Schwarz, U. Enseleit, K. Trommer, M. Mertig","doi":"10.5539/ijc.v11n2p156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v11n2p156","url":null,"abstract":"Robust and easy-to-handle ion-selective electrodes in all-solid-state configurations based on graphite paste have been developed for applications in environmental samples. The electrode consists of different functional layers (graphite paste, conducting polymer, ion-selective membrane). The ion-selective compounds have been incorporated in polyvinylchloride (PVC) membranes. Polypyrrole (PPy) acts as a solid contact and an intermediate layer between the ion-selective membrane and the graphite paste. As ion-complexing compounds tridodecylmethylammonium nitrate (TDMA-NO3) for nitrate, N,N,N’,N’-tetra[cyclohexyl]diglycolic acid diamide and N,N-dicyclohexyl-N‘,N‘-dioctadecyl-diglycolic diamide for calcium(II) determinations have been used. The electrodes have been tested in drinking and well water samples by direct potentiometric determination and by titrations. The results have been compared to ion chromatography as the reference method. Both ion selective electrodes exhibit linear response from 10-5 mol/L to 10-1 mol/L respectively. The detection limits for the target ions are below 10-6 mol/L based on the respective ion.","PeriodicalId":13866,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry","volume":"80 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89625498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The solid-liquid interfacial tension is a fundamental parameter in areas of wettability pertaining to adhesive bonds and petroleum engineering practice. In wettability issues related to surface functionalized polymeric materials design to achieve specific adhesive properties, the solid-liquid interfacial tension can be pH dependent due to amphoteric behavior. In this paper, we have used the theory of pH dependent surface charging and the 2-pk model as well as the site binding model of the electric double layer theory to derive a pH dependent solid-liquid interfacial tension equation. Following the fundamental relationship between solid-liquid interfacial tension and contact angle in light of Young’s equation, we have extended the theoretical basis of the derivation. Consequently, we have also derived a pH dependent cosine of the thermodynamic contact angle. Both equations give satisfactory explanations for observed experimental data available in the literature.
{"title":"Derivation of a pH Dependent Solid-Liquid Interfacial Tension and Theoretical Interpretation of the Physicochemistry of Dewetting in the CO2-Brine-Silica System","authors":"M. Amadu, A. Miadonye","doi":"10.5539/ijc.v11n2p127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v11n2p127","url":null,"abstract":"The solid-liquid interfacial tension is a fundamental parameter in areas of wettability pertaining to adhesive bonds and petroleum engineering practice. In wettability issues related to surface functionalized polymeric materials design to achieve specific adhesive properties, the solid-liquid interfacial tension can be pH dependent due to amphoteric behavior. In this paper, we have used the theory of pH dependent surface charging and the 2-pk model as well as the site binding model of the electric double layer theory to derive a pH dependent solid-liquid interfacial tension equation. \u0000 \u0000Following the fundamental relationship between solid-liquid interfacial tension and contact angle in light of Young’s equation, we have extended the theoretical basis of the derivation. Consequently, we have also derived a pH dependent cosine of the thermodynamic contact angle. Both equations give satisfactory explanations for observed experimental data available in the literature.","PeriodicalId":13866,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry","volume":"90 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80449195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nanoparticles are ultrafine structures with dimensions less than 100 nm. Nanoparticles have diverse applications. There are three important methods of fabrication of nanoparticles namely physical, chemical and biological methods. Physical method is a top down strategy for the fabrication of nanoparticles. It is energy intensive and time consuming. A chemical method is simple, but is expensive and requires expensive chemicals with high purity and also involves hazards of contaminations. Biological synthesis is very simple, cheap and environment friendly, requiring no expensive chemicals, temperature and is time saving. Plants and microorganisms are commonly used in this method. These are available everywhere. In the present work we synthesized Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles by biological method using Aspargillus niger and zinc chloride (ZnCl2) as precursors. Biogenic synthesis of metallic nanoparticles by fungi is a safe and economical process because of formation of stable and small sized nanoparticles. Fungal biomass secretes proteins which act as reducing and stabilizing agents. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by XRD (X-Ray Diffraction), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), UV-Vis (Ultraviolet, Visible) and EDX (Energy Dispersive X-Ray) techniques. Their size was in nm range and morphology of synthesized ZnO NPs was hexagonal. The ZnO nanoparticles are one of the most versatile materials and are used in cosmetics and in Bioenergy production, as a catalyst and as antibacterial material.
{"title":"Biogenic Synthesis of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Nanoparticles Using a Fungus (Aspargillus niger) and Their Characterization","authors":"A. Shamim, T. Mahmood, Monis Bin Abid","doi":"10.5539/ijc.v11n2p119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v11n2p119","url":null,"abstract":"Nanoparticles are ultrafine structures with dimensions less than 100 nm. Nanoparticles have diverse applications. There are three important methods of fabrication of nanoparticles namely physical, chemical and biological methods. Physical method is a top down strategy for the fabrication of nanoparticles. It is energy intensive and time consuming. A chemical method is simple, but is expensive and requires expensive chemicals with high purity and also involves hazards of contaminations. Biological synthesis is very simple, cheap and environment friendly, requiring no expensive chemicals, temperature and is time saving. Plants and microorganisms are commonly used in this method. These are available everywhere. In the present work we synthesized Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles by biological method using Aspargillus niger and zinc chloride (ZnCl2) as precursors. Biogenic synthesis of metallic nanoparticles by fungi is a safe and economical process because of formation of stable and small sized nanoparticles. Fungal biomass secretes proteins which act as reducing and stabilizing agents. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by XRD (X-Ray Diffraction), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), UV-Vis (Ultraviolet, Visible) and EDX (Energy Dispersive X-Ray) techniques. Their size was in nm range and morphology of synthesized ZnO NPs was hexagonal. The ZnO nanoparticles are one of the most versatile materials and are used in cosmetics and in Bioenergy production, as a catalyst and as antibacterial material.","PeriodicalId":13866,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91071376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Mishra, S. Velmurugan, B. Panigrahi, Biplob Paul, S. Chitra, S. K. Khandelwal
Accumulation of deposit corrosion products inside secondary side of steam generator can lead to serious issue for pressurized water reactor in operation.One way to avoid accumulation of these deposits is to perform chemical cleaning which removes certain amount of deposits but this kind of operation generates high amount of liquid waste which contains process chemicals and metal ions in complex state. Oxidation of complexes will render radioactive ions in free state enabling us for further treatment to innocuous level and condition. In waste treatment there are various treatment technologies (advance oxidation process, ozone, hydrogen peroxide, electrochemical oxidation, supercritical water oxidation, electro flocculation etc to remove the accumulated deposit.).In decontamination process removal of the deposits was carried out using EDTA. which complexes the metal ions but it generates secondary waste with EDTA. We have made an attempt to degrade ethylene diaminetetra acetic acid (with ferrousions) using Fenton’s reagent in absence of light. This will free the radioactive ion for further treatment. We have studied different volume of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and different concentration of ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA). Study was also done to find the effect of pH and temp on the degradation of EDTA. In the range of concentration of ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid 400ppm to 22500 ppm % degradation was found to change from 57 to 98% in 180 min. The pH was found to change from 4.0 to 8.2. The temperature was found to change from 298K to 328K. The rate constant of the degradation reaction was found to be in the range 10-4 to 10-3 in temperature range 298K to 328K. Activation energy for degradation reaction was found to be 33-88 KJ/mol.
{"title":"Degradation of Ethylene Diaminetetra Acetic Acid With Ferrous Ions Using Fenton’s Reagent in Absence of Light","authors":"A. Mishra, S. Velmurugan, B. Panigrahi, Biplob Paul, S. Chitra, S. K. Khandelwal","doi":"10.5539/IJC.V11N2P110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/IJC.V11N2P110","url":null,"abstract":"Accumulation of deposit corrosion products inside secondary side of steam generator can lead to serious issue for pressurized water reactor in operation.One way to avoid accumulation of these deposits is to perform chemical cleaning which removes certain amount of deposits but this kind of operation generates high amount of liquid waste which contains process chemicals and metal ions in complex state. Oxidation of complexes will render radioactive ions in free state enabling us for further treatment to innocuous level and condition. In waste treatment there are various treatment technologies (advance oxidation process, ozone, hydrogen peroxide, electrochemical oxidation, supercritical water oxidation, electro flocculation etc to remove the accumulated deposit.).In decontamination process removal of the deposits was carried out using EDTA. which complexes the metal ions but it generates secondary waste with EDTA. We have made an attempt to degrade ethylene diaminetetra acetic acid (with ferrousions) using Fenton’s reagent in absence of light. This will free the radioactive ion for further treatment. We have studied different volume of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and different concentration of ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA). Study was also done to find the effect of pH and temp on the degradation of EDTA. In the range of concentration of ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid 400ppm to 22500 ppm % degradation was found to change from 57 to 98% in 180 min. The pH was found to change from 4.0 to 8.2. The temperature was found to change from 298K to 328K. The rate constant of the degradation reaction was found to be in the range 10-4 to 10-3 in temperature range 298K to 328K. Activation energy for degradation reaction was found to be 33-88 KJ/mol.","PeriodicalId":13866,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85654384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mineral and proximate analysis of Crescentia Cujete (Ugbugba) leaves were examined using the methods recommended by Association of Official Analytical Chemist (AOAC). The leaves contained 51.00+1.05% moisture, 2.30+0.2% ash, crude protein 51.00+0.43%, crude lipid 1.90+0.08%, crude fibre 4.00+0.12%, carbohydrates 40.40+0.02%. The minerals ranges from mg/g dry weight K(30.02 + 0.03), Na (12.10+0.32), Ca (60.00+0.01). Mg (361.42+0.01), P(14.19 +0.42), Mn (6.32 + 1.01), Fe (2.43+0.01), Cu (13.04+0.10), Zn (1.20+0.43), Na/K (0.40) and Ca/P (2.14), K, Mg, Ca and Fe were found in significant concentrations. The findings showed that Crescentia Cujete leaves are source of nutrients for edible purpose, a good Na/K ratio for lowering blood pressure.
{"title":"Nutritive Values of the Leaves of Crescentia Cujete (Ugbuba)","authors":"Umudi E. Queen","doi":"10.5539/IJC.V11N2P106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/IJC.V11N2P106","url":null,"abstract":"Mineral and proximate analysis of Crescentia Cujete (Ugbugba) leaves were examined using the methods recommended by Association of Official Analytical Chemist (AOAC). The leaves contained 51.00+1.05% moisture, 2.30+0.2% ash, crude protein 51.00+0.43%, crude lipid 1.90+0.08%, crude fibre 4.00+0.12%, carbohydrates 40.40+0.02%. The minerals ranges from mg/g dry weight K(30.02 + 0.03), Na (12.10+0.32), Ca (60.00+0.01). Mg (361.42+0.01), P(14.19 +0.42), Mn (6.32 + 1.01), Fe (2.43+0.01), Cu (13.04+0.10), Zn (1.20+0.43), Na/K (0.40) and Ca/P (2.14), K, Mg, Ca and Fe were found in significant concentrations. The findings showed that Crescentia Cujete leaves are source of nutrients for edible purpose, a good Na/K ratio for lowering blood pressure.","PeriodicalId":13866,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83958200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Elgharbawy, M. Alam, M. Moniruzzaman, H. Salleh
Ionic liquids (ILs) are developing as potential solvents in lignocellulose solvation, which enables cellulase accessibility into the substrate. Nevertheless, ILs could result in enzyme deactivation because of the high polarity. Therefore, developing a system of ILs-compatible cellulase (IL-E) to promote lignocellulose conversion into sugars is a challenge in ILs applications. This study used an IL-E to attain high conversion yield of sugars from oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB). Cellulase (Tr-Cel) from Trichoderma reesei was stable in the ILs, 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium diethyl phosphate [EMIM]DEP and choline acetate [Cho]OAc. The inhibition and deactivation of cellulase were evaluated using the model substrate, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and EFB as a lignocellulosic material to assess the hydrolytic activity. The enzyme kinetics revealed that [Cho]OAc acted as a noncompetitive inhibitor. Additionally, [EMIM]DEP may not be considered as an inhibitor as it increases the Vmax and does not significantly affect the KM. In both cases, the study proved that IL did not result in a severe loss of cellulase activity, which is a promising outcome for one-pot hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials.
{"title":"Hydrolysis Kinetics of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch in Ionic Liquids and Cellulase Integrated System","authors":"A. Elgharbawy, M. Alam, M. Moniruzzaman, H. Salleh","doi":"10.5539/IJC.V11N2P95","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/IJC.V11N2P95","url":null,"abstract":"Ionic liquids (ILs) are developing as potential solvents in lignocellulose solvation, which enables cellulase accessibility into the substrate. Nevertheless, ILs could result in enzyme deactivation because of the high polarity. Therefore, developing a system of ILs-compatible cellulase (IL-E) to promote lignocellulose conversion into sugars is a challenge in ILs applications. This study used an IL-E to attain high conversion yield of sugars from oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB). Cellulase (Tr-Cel) from Trichoderma reesei was stable in the ILs, 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium diethyl phosphate [EMIM]DEP and choline acetate [Cho]OAc. The inhibition and deactivation of cellulase were evaluated using the model substrate, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and EFB as a lignocellulosic material to assess the hydrolytic activity. The enzyme kinetics revealed that [Cho]OAc acted as a noncompetitive inhibitor. Additionally, [EMIM]DEP may not be considered as an inhibitor as it increases the Vmax and does not significantly affect the KM. In both cases, the study proved that IL did not result in a severe loss of cellulase activity, which is a promising outcome for one-pot hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials.","PeriodicalId":13866,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80406524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Contamination control area refers to the control / eliminated of the activities of microorganisms present in the materials or process. This technique to eliminated is major importance in this study are those that cause food spoilage and are infectious. The principal areas of interest in this study are health, aerospace and food industry because the materials utilized in the process charging the contamination; thus, to control these microorganisms, moist heat and chemicals are used. However, technological development has led to a problem with some portable-materials, as these techniques are not suitable in specific cases in which there may be material damage and health safety problems. To address these problems, the present research identified a new constructive experimental device that has a triple deck (UV, Ozone, and UV-Ozone). This configuration can sterilize material with photochemical process cannot be damaged. After this protocol was generated, flat plate materials were contaminated with E. coli and 3 different configuration protocols were applied. The results show a microbial reduction of approximately 99.999% after an exposure of 30 – 40 min with ozone/UV, 30 min with UV-only, and 20 min with ozone. This device has the ability to sterilize the materials.
{"title":"Contamination Control in a Portable-Materials With Photochemical Process","authors":"Bruno Pereira de Oliveira, K. Blanco, V. Bagnato","doi":"10.5539/IJC.V11N2P86","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/IJC.V11N2P86","url":null,"abstract":"Contamination control area refers to the control / eliminated of the activities of microorganisms present in the materials or process. This technique to eliminated is major importance in this study are those that cause food spoilage and are infectious. The principal areas of interest in this study are health, aerospace and food industry because the materials utilized in the process charging the contamination; thus, to control these microorganisms, moist heat and chemicals are used. However, technological development has led to a problem with some portable-materials, as these techniques are not suitable in specific cases in which there may be material damage and health safety problems. To address these problems, the present research identified a new constructive experimental device that has a triple deck (UV, Ozone, and UV-Ozone). This configuration can sterilize material with photochemical process cannot be damaged. After this protocol was generated, flat plate materials were contaminated with E. coli and 3 different configuration protocols were applied. The results show a microbial reduction of approximately 99.999% after an exposure of 30 – 40 min with ozone/UV, 30 min with UV-only, and 20 min with ozone. This device has the ability to sterilize the materials.","PeriodicalId":13866,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85588516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Paltahe, Tsamo Cornelius, B. Sambo, D. Christian, Téri Téri, Danga Rallet, Abdoul Wahabou
This paper presents the variation in physico-chemical properties of a local Maroua tannery effluent before and after a flocculation treatment. Tanning is a process that consists of the transformation of the animal skin into leather by using different baths which contain many chemical reagents and produces high quantity of liquid and solid waste. The used water of traditional tannery of Maroua is directly thrown in nature without any pre-treatment posing a potential risk to the environment and human health. Physico-chemical parameters such as temperature, pH and conductivity, Total suspended solids, Total hardness, chlorides, sulfides, nitrates,COD, BOD5 , ammonium ion, dissolve oxygen, turbidity, colour and odour were determined before and after aluminum sulfate powder flocculation treatment for effluents collected from soaking, liming, deliming and vegetable tanning stages of the tannery process. The results obtained showed that most of the physico-chemical parameters are higher than the international standard. The results obtained made it possible to classify these four effluents in order of toxicity as follows: Liming water > vegetable tanning water > deliming water > soaking water. The treatment of these waste waters by flocculation reduces the concentrations of certain pollutant loads such as TSS, turbidity, hardness, COD, BOD5, sulfate; but remains less effective on others such as nitrate, chloride and ammonium ion (8%). There is also a decrease in pH, an increase in dissolved oxygen and conductivity. The flocculation treatment thus considerably reduced the toxicity of these effluents, especially its organic load.
{"title":"Physico-Chemical Characterization of Local Tannery Waste Water Before and After Flocculation Treatment","authors":"A. Paltahe, Tsamo Cornelius, B. Sambo, D. Christian, Téri Téri, Danga Rallet, Abdoul Wahabou","doi":"10.5539/IJC.V11N2P77","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/IJC.V11N2P77","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the variation in physico-chemical properties of a local Maroua tannery effluent before and after a flocculation treatment. Tanning is a process that consists of the transformation of the animal skin into leather by using different baths which contain many chemical reagents and produces high quantity of liquid and solid waste. The used water of traditional tannery of Maroua is directly thrown in nature without any pre-treatment posing a potential risk to the environment and human health. Physico-chemical parameters such as temperature, pH and conductivity, Total suspended solids, Total hardness, chlorides, sulfides, nitrates,COD, BOD5 , ammonium ion, dissolve oxygen, turbidity, colour and odour were determined before and after aluminum sulfate powder flocculation treatment for effluents collected from soaking, liming, deliming and vegetable tanning stages of the tannery process. The results obtained showed that most of the physico-chemical parameters are higher than the international standard. The results obtained made it possible to classify these four effluents in order of toxicity as follows: Liming water > vegetable tanning water > deliming water > soaking water. The treatment of these waste waters by flocculation reduces the concentrations of certain pollutant loads such as TSS, turbidity, hardness, COD, BOD5, sulfate; but remains less effective on others such as nitrate, chloride and ammonium ion (8%). There is also a decrease in pH, an increase in dissolved oxygen and conductivity. The flocculation treatment thus considerably reduced the toxicity of these effluents, especially its organic load.","PeriodicalId":13866,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88528372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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