{"title":"The role of strain rate in the dynamic response of materials","authors":"Y. Partom","doi":"10.22161/ijcmp.4.1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22161/ijcmp.4.1.3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13866,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry","volume":"72 1","pages":"9-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83351193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Manganese L-tartrate dihydrate, L-MnC4H4O6·2H2O, and manganese DL-tartrate dihydrate, DL-MnC4H4O6·2H2O, crystals were grown at room temperature by the gel method using silica gels as the growth medium. Differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis, and X-ray diffraction measurements were performed on both crystals. The space group symmetries (monoclinic P21 and P2/c) and structural parameters of the crystals were determined at room temperature. Both structures consisted of slightly distorted MnO6 octahedra, C4H4O6 and H2O molecules, and O–H···O hydrogen-bonding frameworks between adjacent molecules. Weight losses due to thermal decomposition of the crystals were found to occur in the temperature range of 300–1150 K. We inferred that the weight losses were caused by the evaporation of bound 2H2O molecules, and the evolutions of gases from C4H4O4 and of (1/2)O2 gas from MnO2, and that the residual black substance left in the vessels after decomposition was manganese oxide (MnO).
{"title":"Crystal Structures and Thermal Properties of L-MnC4H4O6•2H2O and DL-MnC4H4O6•2H2O","authors":"T. Fukami, S. Tahara","doi":"10.5539/ijc.v12n1p78","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v12n1p78","url":null,"abstract":"Manganese L-tartrate dihydrate, L-MnC4H4O6·2H2O, and manganese DL-tartrate dihydrate, DL-MnC4H4O6·2H2O, crystals were grown at room temperature by the gel method using silica gels as the growth medium. Differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis, and X-ray diffraction measurements were performed on both crystals. The space group symmetries (monoclinic P21 and P2/c) and structural parameters of the crystals were determined at room temperature. Both structures consisted of slightly distorted MnO6 octahedra, C4H4O6 and H2O molecules, and O–H···O hydrogen-bonding frameworks between adjacent molecules. Weight losses due to thermal decomposition of the crystals were found to occur in the temperature range of 300–1150 K. We inferred that the weight losses were caused by the evaporation of bound 2H2O molecules, and the evolutions of gases from C4H4O4 and of (1/2)O2 gas from MnO2, and that the residual black substance left in the vessels after decomposition was manganese oxide (MnO).","PeriodicalId":13866,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry","volume":"9 1","pages":"78-88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86922252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Fisli, D. Mustika, S. Sudirman, Torowati Torowati, T. Mulyaningsih, A. Dimyati, I. Joni
Graphite material is extremely undissolvable to be turned into chemical solutions, therefore sample preparation is a serious problem faced in the determination of elemental impurity content in a graphite material. In this work, The nondestructive approach of instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) is applied to determine the concentration of multi-element in a graphite material, by employing both the forth floating process and the acid treatment method to the local Indonesian graphite. The sample was irradiated in the Rabbit system of G.A. Sywabessy Multi-Purpose Reactor at Serpong, Indonesia. The precision of the analysis was evaluated using certified reference materials which were obtained good performance with the most of concentration value in the range of 3 < zheta score < -3. Eleven elemental (Al, Sb, Co, Cu, La, Mn, Sc, Na, W, V, and Zn) concentration were determined in the forth floating process of the graphite. The Cu elemental is the most content with the value of 60,8 mg/kg or about 90% of total concentration content in graphite. Followed by the Sb content with a value of 5,5 mg/kg (about 8% of total impurities content in graphite). The remaining 2% includes the intermediate and the minor content of other impurity elements. After the acid treatment, the total concentration of impurities contained in the graphite material drastically decreases from 6.7% w/w to about 0,1; 0.6; and 0.59 % w/w for treatment employing the HF, HNO3+H2SO4,and HF+HCl+H2SO4 acid reagent, respectively. Cu element makes the largest contribution to reduce the concentration of impurities in graphite which decreased from 60,675 mg/kg to 1,088 mg/kg; 925 mg/kg and 835 mg/kg for HF, HNO3+H2SO4 and HF+HCl+H2SO4 acid reagent, respectively. In addition, Sb element concentration dropped dramatically from 5,514 mg/kg to 93 mg/kg using HF reagents. The other trace elements (As, Ba, Ca, Ce, Eu, Fe, Mg, Sm, and Th) were also identified in the acid reagent treated graphite sample which are suspected to derivates from the impurity reagent and or from contamination during the sample preparation. The treated HF for graphite was obtained the low purity grades approach for nuclear graphite.
{"title":"Determination of Elements in Acid Leaching of Graphite Using Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis","authors":"A. Fisli, D. Mustika, S. Sudirman, Torowati Torowati, T. Mulyaningsih, A. Dimyati, I. Joni","doi":"10.5539/ijc.v12n1p89","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v12n1p89","url":null,"abstract":"Graphite material is extremely undissolvable to be turned into chemical solutions, therefore sample preparation is a serious problem faced in the determination of elemental impurity content in a graphite material. In this work, The nondestructive approach of instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) is applied to determine the concentration of multi-element in a graphite material, by employing both the forth floating process and the acid treatment method to the local Indonesian graphite. The sample was irradiated in the Rabbit system of G.A. Sywabessy Multi-Purpose Reactor at Serpong, Indonesia. The precision of the analysis was evaluated using certified reference materials which were obtained good performance with the most of concentration value in the range of 3 < zheta score < -3. Eleven elemental (Al, Sb, Co, Cu, La, Mn, Sc, Na, W, V, and Zn) concentration were determined in the forth floating process of the graphite. The Cu elemental is the most content with the value of 60,8 mg/kg or about 90% of total concentration content in graphite. Followed by the Sb content with a value of 5,5 mg/kg (about 8% of total impurities content in graphite). The remaining 2% includes the intermediate and the minor content of other impurity elements. After the acid treatment, the total concentration of impurities contained in the graphite material drastically decreases from 6.7% w/w to about 0,1; 0.6; and 0.59 % w/w for treatment employing the HF, HNO3+H2SO4,and HF+HCl+H2SO4 acid reagent, respectively. Cu element makes the largest contribution to reduce the concentration of impurities in graphite which decreased from 60,675 mg/kg to 1,088 mg/kg; 925 mg/kg and 835 mg/kg for HF, HNO3+H2SO4 and HF+HCl+H2SO4 acid reagent, respectively. In addition, Sb element concentration dropped dramatically from 5,514 mg/kg to 93 mg/kg using HF reagents. The other trace elements (As, Ba, Ca, Ce, Eu, Fe, Mg, Sm, and Th) were also identified in the acid reagent treated graphite sample which are suspected to derivates from the impurity reagent and or from contamination during the sample preparation. The treated HF for graphite was obtained the low purity grades approach for nuclear graphite.","PeriodicalId":13866,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry","volume":"1 1","pages":"89-98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91240494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-11DOI: 10.22159/ijcr.2020v4i1.98
Divya Nataraj, N. Reddy
Alginate is a polysaccharide obtained from seaweeds that are abundantly available and have shown great potential for diverse industrial applications. However, alginate lacks properties such as stability under aqueous conditions and it is difficult to control the rate of degradation of alginate-based materials, crucial for various medical applications. Therefore, researchers have modified alginate using physical or chemical approaches to enhance physical properties, biocompatibility, solubility and also to control the biodegradability of alginate-based materials. Crosslinking using ionic, covalent, photo and enzymatic approaches are one of the preferred methods for modifying the properties of alginates and its derivatives. Crosslinking binds the individual polymer chains with one another to form a network that enhances mechanical properties and stability. Among the different crosslinking approaches, ionic crosslinking provides biomaterials with limited stability whereas biomaterials with high mechanical stability can be prepared by covalent crosslinking. Although a wide variety of crosslinking chemicals and approaches are available to make alginate suitable for various applications, the methods used, properties and applications of the cross-linked materials vary significantly between studies. There are very few reports that have compared and evaluated the benefits of using different crosslinking approaches and the properties and applications of cross-linked alginate. In this review, the various methods of crosslinking alginates, their advantages, and limitations have been reviewed with particular emphasis on medical applications of alginate. The data for writing the review was obtained using search engines like Google scholar, Sci-hub and Sci finder and the keywords used include alginate, crosslinking, ionic, covalent, photo, enzymatic, biomedical applications.
{"title":"CHEMICAL MODIFICATIONS OF ALGINATE AND ITS DERIVATIVES","authors":"Divya Nataraj, N. Reddy","doi":"10.22159/ijcr.2020v4i1.98","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22159/ijcr.2020v4i1.98","url":null,"abstract":"Alginate is a polysaccharide obtained from seaweeds that are abundantly available and have shown great potential for diverse industrial applications. However, alginate lacks properties such as stability under aqueous conditions and it is difficult to control the rate of degradation of alginate-based materials, crucial for various medical applications. Therefore, researchers have modified alginate using physical or chemical approaches to enhance physical properties, biocompatibility, solubility and also to control the biodegradability of alginate-based materials. Crosslinking using ionic, covalent, photo and enzymatic approaches are one of the preferred methods for modifying the properties of alginates and its derivatives. Crosslinking binds the individual polymer chains with one another to form a network that enhances mechanical properties and stability. Among the different crosslinking approaches, ionic crosslinking provides biomaterials with limited stability whereas biomaterials with high mechanical stability can be prepared by covalent crosslinking. Although a wide variety of crosslinking chemicals and approaches are available to make alginate suitable for various applications, the methods used, properties and applications of the cross-linked materials vary significantly between studies. There are very few reports that have compared and evaluated the benefits of using different crosslinking approaches and the properties and applications of cross-linked alginate. In this review, the various methods of crosslinking alginates, their advantages, and limitations have been reviewed with particular emphasis on medical applications of alginate. The data for writing the review was obtained using search engines like Google scholar, Sci-hub and Sci finder and the keywords used include alginate, crosslinking, ionic, covalent, photo, enzymatic, biomedical applications.","PeriodicalId":13866,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry","volume":"14 1","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75169390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In 1965, the Ganja Alumina plant (GAP) started implementing an alkaline reduction technology for processing of alunite ore on an industrial scale. Technological deficiencies, together with design errors, led to unprofitable production. Since the plant was established, studies have been conducted to eliminate deficiencies in the reduction process, through alkaline technology and hardware design. A “reversed” scheme was developed for hydrochemical processing of alunite restored with the conversion of sodium sulphates using a KOH solution. Despite the elimination of several shortcomings in alkaline reduction technology, certain drawbacks remained, in particular- 1) significant emission of gas and dust from the kilns of fluidized bed furnace during roasting and recovery; 2) insufficient time for recovery of alunite powder, which complicates and worsens the technological and economic aspects of the process; 3) passivation of alumina in the roasting and reduction processes; 4) low yield alumina yield in the commercial product (≤ 75%); and 5) a significant amount of solid waste- 5 tonnes of red sludge per 1 tonne of AL2O3, and errors. As a result, the alunite ore processing line ceased production in 1992 and has not operated since. This article is devoted to the development of new technologies and the improvement of a new potash-alkaline method and new soda-alkaline technology for processing alunite ores. The replacement of potash with soda (sodium carbonate), using new soda-alkaline technology, is proposed. Processing of solution from the first leach with sodium sulphate by conversion with KCl leads to production of K2SO4 and NaCl. Use of the soda-alkaline technology allowed us to obtain the same products as with potash-alkaline technology, with an additional product – table salt. The fluidized bed furnace was replaced by a new type of kiln.
{"title":"Analysis of Technological Issues, Related to Processing of Alunite at Ganja Alumina Plant (GAP), and Ways of Their Solving","authors":"Eldar I. Taghiyev","doi":"10.5539/ijc.v12n1p69","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v12n1p69","url":null,"abstract":"In 1965, the Ganja Alumina plant (GAP) started implementing an alkaline reduction technology for processing of alunite ore on an industrial scale. Technological deficiencies, together with design errors, led to unprofitable production. Since the plant was established, studies have been conducted to eliminate deficiencies in the reduction process, through alkaline technology and hardware design. A “reversed” scheme was developed for hydrochemical processing of alunite restored with the conversion of sodium sulphates using a KOH solution. Despite the elimination of several shortcomings in alkaline reduction technology, certain drawbacks remained, in particular- 1) significant emission of gas and dust from the kilns of fluidized bed furnace during roasting and recovery; 2) insufficient time for recovery of alunite powder, which complicates and worsens the technological and economic aspects of the process; 3) passivation of alumina in the roasting and reduction processes; 4) low yield alumina yield in the commercial product (≤ 75%); and 5) a significant amount of solid waste- 5 tonnes of red sludge per 1 tonne of AL2O3, and errors. As a result, the alunite ore processing line ceased production in 1992 and has not operated since. This article is devoted to the development of new technologies and the improvement of a new potash-alkaline method and new soda-alkaline technology for processing alunite ores. The replacement of potash with soda (sodium carbonate), using new soda-alkaline technology, is proposed. Processing of solution from the first leach with sodium sulphate by conversion with KCl leads to production of K2SO4 and NaCl. Use of the soda-alkaline technology allowed us to obtain the same products as with potash-alkaline technology, with an additional product – table salt. The fluidized bed furnace was replaced by a new type of kiln.","PeriodicalId":13866,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry","volume":"60 1","pages":"69-77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88986446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background- 6-Gingerol and 6-Shogaol are novel biologically active phenol compounds isolated from rhizomes of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), which has a potential role as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and apoptotic. Till date there are no scientific reports on the functional properties of Ginger against the molecular mechanisms of angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and metastasis. Hence, in the present study we have explored the feasibility of active ginger compounds (6-Gingerol and 6-Shogaol) to validate their molecular mechanisms on angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in breast cancer progression through in silico approach. Methodology- Studies have been targeted to find the interactions between selected protein receptors, which play a pivotal role in angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis and ligands of Ginger compounds (6-Gingerol and 6-Shogaol) by using Accelrys discovery studio 2.5, followed by analysis of data. Results- Based on the in silico approaches, we found the best interactions between ginger compounds (6-Gingerol and 6-Shogaol) and targeted protein molecules as shown less than 3.10 A0H-bond distance to indicate higher binding affinity and stronger interactions and high docking scores. We demonstrate docking interactions of 6-Gingerol with the proteins involved in angiogenesis like VEGF-A (3QTK), VEGFR-1 (5ABD), VEGFR-2/VEGF-E COMPLEX (3V6B, Angiopoietin-2 (4JZC), PDGF-B (4QCI), KDR (5EW3) and with the proteins involved in lymphangiogenesis such as VEGF-C(2XIX), VEGF-C in complex with domains of 2 and 3 of VEGFR2 (2X1W), NRP2(4QDS) and Neuropilin-1/VEGF-A complex (4DEQ). Similarly, our data shows that 6-Shogaol also interacts with angiogenic specific proteins, like [VEGF-A (3QTK), VEGFR-1 (5ABD), VEGFR-2/VEGF-E COMPLEX (3V6B), Angiopoietin-2 (4JZC), PDGF-B (4QCI), KDR (5EW3)] and lymphangiogenesis [VEGF-C(2XIX), VEGF-C in complex with domains of 2 and 3 of VEGFR2 (2X1W), NRP2(4QDS) and Neuropilin-1/VEGF-A complex (4DEQ)]. Discussion- In silico approaches suggest a stronger binding affinity between the ginger compounds (6-Gingerol and 6-Shogaol) and selected proteins critical in angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. The present study underlines the feasibility of neutraceuticals to target the pathways participating in breast cancer progression through neovascularization. Our results also advocate 6-Gingerol to be more potent inhibitor of lymphangiogenesis assessed by its binding efficacy with VEGF-C and NRP2 (4QDS) as compared against 6-Shogaol.
{"title":"Molecular Docking Studies to Understand the Potential Role of Ginger Compounds (6-Gingerol and 6-Shogaol) on Anti-Angiogenic and Anti-Lymphangiogenic Mechanisms","authors":"S. Nanchari, Shyam Perugu, V. Venkatesan","doi":"10.5539/ijc.v12n1p61","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v12n1p61","url":null,"abstract":"Background- 6-Gingerol and 6-Shogaol are novel biologically active phenol compounds isolated from rhizomes of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), which has a potential role as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and apoptotic. Till date there are no scientific reports on the functional properties of Ginger against the molecular mechanisms of angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and metastasis. Hence, in the present study we have explored the feasibility of active ginger compounds (6-Gingerol and 6-Shogaol) to validate their molecular mechanisms on angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in breast cancer progression through in silico approach. Methodology- Studies have been targeted to find the interactions between selected protein receptors, which play a pivotal role in angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis and ligands of Ginger compounds (6-Gingerol and 6-Shogaol) by using Accelrys discovery studio 2.5, followed by analysis of data. Results- Based on the in silico approaches, we found the best interactions between ginger compounds (6-Gingerol and 6-Shogaol) and targeted protein molecules as shown less than 3.10 A0H-bond distance to indicate higher binding affinity and stronger interactions and high docking scores. We demonstrate docking interactions of 6-Gingerol with the proteins involved in angiogenesis like VEGF-A (3QTK), VEGFR-1 (5ABD), VEGFR-2/VEGF-E COMPLEX (3V6B, Angiopoietin-2 (4JZC), PDGF-B (4QCI), KDR (5EW3) and with the proteins involved in lymphangiogenesis such as VEGF-C(2XIX), VEGF-C in complex with domains of 2 and 3 of VEGFR2 (2X1W), NRP2(4QDS) and Neuropilin-1/VEGF-A complex (4DEQ). Similarly, our data shows that 6-Shogaol also interacts with angiogenic specific proteins, like [VEGF-A (3QTK), VEGFR-1 (5ABD), VEGFR-2/VEGF-E COMPLEX (3V6B), Angiopoietin-2 (4JZC), PDGF-B (4QCI), KDR (5EW3)] and lymphangiogenesis [VEGF-C(2XIX), VEGF-C in complex with domains of 2 and 3 of VEGFR2 (2X1W), NRP2(4QDS) and Neuropilin-1/VEGF-A complex (4DEQ)]. Discussion- In silico approaches suggest a stronger binding affinity between the ginger compounds (6-Gingerol and 6-Shogaol) and selected proteins critical in angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. The present study underlines the feasibility of neutraceuticals to target the pathways participating in breast cancer progression through neovascularization. Our results also advocate 6-Gingerol to be more potent inhibitor of lymphangiogenesis assessed by its binding efficacy with VEGF-C and NRP2 (4QDS) as compared against 6-Shogaol.","PeriodicalId":13866,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry","volume":"242 1","pages":"61-68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73231509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) electrodes modified with polymeric films of poly 2,2 bithiophene (PBth) and/or poly 2,2’,5,2’’-terthiophene (PTerth) were subjected to optical, photoelectrochemical (PEC), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) studies. Electropolymerization of mixed monomers containing bi-thiophene (Bth) and ter-thiophene (Terth) with different ratios resulted in the formation of intermixed phases. The recorded optical and PEC and EIS outcome data show that these intermixed polymer networks do not follow a monotonic relationship with the monomer ratios used to generate them. Optical studies indicate the formation of indirect and direct band gaps in the intermixed phases. Films generated in mixed monomers have greater energy-band tails than those generated from pure monomers. PEC studies indicated that these intermixed phases possess p-p type hole accumulations, evident from the initial sharp rise in photocurrent. EIS results did not support linear relationship between the percent of Bth in monomer mixture and the dielectric-related properties such as barrier energy Wm, hopping frequency (ω hopping), electrical conductivity (σ), and density of state at Fermi level N (EF).
{"title":"Optical and Photoelectrochemical Investigation of Mixed Photoactive Poly 2,2’,5,2’’ ter-thiophene and Poly 2,2 bithiophene. Role of Intermixed Phases Created By the Co-electro-polymerization Process","authors":"K. Kasem, M. Schultz, Sarah H. Osman","doi":"10.5539/ijc.v12n1p49","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v12n1p49","url":null,"abstract":"Fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) electrodes modified with polymeric films of poly 2,2 bithiophene (PBth) and/or poly 2,2’,5,2’’-terthiophene (PTerth) were subjected to optical, photoelectrochemical (PEC), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) studies. Electropolymerization of mixed monomers containing bi-thiophene (Bth) and ter-thiophene (Terth) with different ratios resulted in the formation of intermixed phases. The recorded optical and PEC and EIS outcome data show that these intermixed polymer networks do not follow a monotonic relationship with the monomer ratios used to generate them. Optical studies indicate the formation of indirect and direct band gaps in the intermixed phases. Films generated in mixed monomers have greater energy-band tails than those generated from pure monomers. PEC studies indicated that these intermixed phases possess p-p type hole accumulations, evident from the initial sharp rise in photocurrent. EIS results did not support linear relationship between the percent of Bth in monomer mixture and the dielectric-related properties such as barrier energy Wm, hopping frequency (ω hopping), electrical conductivity (σ), and density of state at Fermi level N (EF).","PeriodicalId":13866,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry","volume":"20 1","pages":"49-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74711927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Sudirman, W. A. Adi, E. Budianto, K. Shidqi, R. Yudianti
Synthesis of mono-dispersed Pt/MWCNTs has been performed. Platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) were grown directly on multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) through sol-gel method using NaBH4 as reducing agent. 120 mg of activated MWCNT were weighed and then incorporated into the mixture (1) and sonicated for 2 hours to form the mixture (2). H2PtCl6 was weighed as much as 90 mg and dissolved into 45 mL of ethylene glycol until formed mixture (3). Solution (3) was dropwise every 3 seconds into the mixture (2). After that the mixture was distilled for 12 hours at a rate of 450 rpm. Subsequently the mixture was sonicated for 3 hours, then checked its pH, adjusting the desired pH to 4, 7, or 13 using the mixture 2M NaOH-ethylene glycol. The tests include SEM, EDS, XRD, and TEM for the morphologies and microstructures of the mono-dispersed Pt/MWCNT. The result of SEM observation and the analysis of the element using EDS found that the composite sample looked homogenous and contained element of C (MWCNT) and Pt (platinum). From the XRD shows that the composite Pt/MWCNT of the product synthesized without the reducing agent consists of three phases, namely C (MWCNTs), Pt (platinum), and H2PtH4, while the product synthesized using NaBH4 reducing agent consist of two phases, namely C (MWCNTs) and Pt (platinum ). The TEM image shows that the Pt NPs are spherical in size ~ 5 nm. Pt NPs appear to be attached on MWCNTs, either agglomerated or dispersed on the surface of MWCNTs. This paper will be compared between Pt/MWCNTs synthesis results with and without using NaBH4 reducing agent, as well as dispersed Pt NPs on MWCNTs.
{"title":"Mono-Dispersed Pt/MWNTs: Growing Directly on Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes (MWNTs) Using NaBH4 as Reducing Agent for Component of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC)","authors":"S. Sudirman, W. A. Adi, E. Budianto, K. Shidqi, R. Yudianti","doi":"10.5539/ijc.v12n1p37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v12n1p37","url":null,"abstract":"Synthesis of mono-dispersed Pt/MWCNTs has been performed. Platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) were grown directly on multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) through sol-gel method using NaBH4 as reducing agent. 120 mg of activated MWCNT were weighed and then incorporated into the mixture (1) and sonicated for 2 hours to form the mixture (2). H2PtCl6 was weighed as much as 90 mg and dissolved into 45 mL of ethylene glycol until formed mixture (3). Solution (3) was dropwise every 3 seconds into the mixture (2). After that the mixture was distilled for 12 hours at a rate of 450 rpm. Subsequently the mixture was sonicated for 3 hours, then checked its pH, adjusting the desired pH to 4, 7, or 13 using the mixture 2M NaOH-ethylene glycol. The tests include SEM, EDS, XRD, and TEM for the morphologies and microstructures of the mono-dispersed Pt/MWCNT. The result of SEM observation and the analysis of the element using EDS found that the composite sample looked homogenous and contained element of C (MWCNT) and Pt (platinum). From the XRD shows that the composite Pt/MWCNT of the product synthesized without the reducing agent consists of three phases, namely C (MWCNTs), Pt (platinum), and H2PtH4, while the product synthesized using NaBH4 reducing agent consist of two phases, namely C (MWCNTs) and Pt (platinum ). The TEM image shows that the Pt NPs are spherical in size ~ 5 nm. Pt NPs appear to be attached on MWCNTs, either agglomerated or dispersed on the surface of MWCNTs. This paper will be compared between Pt/MWCNTs synthesis results with and without using NaBH4 reducing agent, as well as dispersed Pt NPs on MWCNTs.","PeriodicalId":13866,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry","volume":"164 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74211549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
International Journal of Chemistry wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal is greatly appreciated. Many authors, regardless of whether International Journal of Chemistry publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Reviewers for Volume 11, Number 2 Abdul Rouf Dar, University of Florida, USA Ahmad Galadima, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Nigeria Ahmet Ozan Gezerman, Yildiz Technical University, Turkey Amer A. Taqa, Mosul University, Iraq Asghari Gul, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan Ayodele Temidayo Odularu, University of Fort Hare, South Africa Binod P Pandey, The Pennsylvania State University, USA Brice Ulrich Saha Foudjo, Catholic University of Cameroon, Cameroon Elnaz Rostampour, Islamic Azad University, Iran Fes Sun Fabiyi, Bowen University, Nigeria Ho Soon Min, INTI International University, Malaysia Hongbin Liu, University of Washington, USA Kevin C. Cannon, Penn State Abington, USA Khaldun M. Al Azzam, Batterjee Medical College for Sciences and Technology, Saudi Arabia Merve Kaya, Toros Agri., Turkey Mohamed Abass, Ain Shams University, Egypt Monira Nessem Michael, National institute of standards (NIS), Egypt Mustafa Oguzhan Kaya, Siirt University, Turkey Nanda Gunawardhana, Saga University, Japan Nanthaphong Khamthong, Rangsit University, Thailand Rabia Rehman, University of the Punjab, Pakistan Rodrigo Vieira Rodrigues, University of São Paulo, Brazil Sie-Tiong Ha, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia Sitaram Acharya, Texas Christian University, USA Souheyla Boudjema, University of Tlemcen, Algeria Syed A. A. Rizvi, Hampton University, USA Tony Di Feo, Natural Resources Canada, Canada Zhixin Tian, Tongji University, China Albert John On behalf of, The Editorial Board of International Journal of Chemistry Canadian Center of Science and Education
《国际化学杂志》希望感谢以下个人对本期稿件的同行评审提供的帮助。我们非常感谢他们在保持期刊质量方面的帮助和贡献。许多作者，不管《国际化学杂志》是否发表他们的作品，都很感激审稿人提供的有益反馈。第11卷第2号审稿人Abdul Rouf Dar，美国佛罗里达大学Ahmad Galadima, Usmanu Danfodiyo大学，尼日利亚Ahmet Ozan Gezerman, Yildiz技术大学，土耳其Amer A. Taqa，摩苏尔大学，伊拉克Asghari Gul, COMSATS大学伊斯兰堡，巴基斯坦Ayodele Temidayo Odularu, Fort Hare大学，南非Binod P Pandey，美国宾夕法尼亚州立大学Brice Ulrich Saha Foudjo，喀麦隆天主教大学，喀麦隆Elnaz Rostampour，伊朗伊斯兰阿扎德大学Fes Sun Fabiyi、博文大学、尼日利亚Ho Soon Min、英迪国际大学、马来西亚刘宏斌、美国华盛顿大学Kevin C. Cannon、宾州州立大学阿宾顿分校、美国Khaldun M. Al Azzam、巴特吉科技医学院、沙特阿拉伯Merve Kaya、Toros Agri。、土耳其Mohamed Abass、Ain Shams大学、埃及Monira Nessem Michael、国家标准研究所(NIS)、埃及Mustafa Oguzhan Kaya、Siirt大学、土耳其Nanda Gunawardhana、Saga大学、日本Nanthaphong Khamthong、Rangsit大学、泰国Rabia Rehman、旁遮普大学、巴基斯坦Rodrigo Vieira Rodrigues、圣保罗大学、巴西Sie-Tiong Ha、Tunku Abdul Rahman大学、马来西亚Sitaram Acharya、德克萨斯基督教大学、美国Souheyla Boudjema，阿尔及利亚特莱姆森大学Syed A. A. Rizvi，美国汉普顿大学Tony Di Feo，加拿大自然资源部，加拿大田志新，同济大学，中国Albert John代表，国际化学杂志编辑委员会，加拿大科学与教育中心
{"title":"Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 11, No. 2","authors":"A. John","doi":"10.5539/ijc.v11n2p164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v11n2p164","url":null,"abstract":"International Journal of Chemistry wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal is greatly appreciated. Many authors, regardless of whether International Journal of Chemistry publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Reviewers for Volume 11, Number 2 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Abdul Rouf Dar, University of Florida, USA \u0000 \u0000Ahmad Galadima, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Nigeria \u0000 \u0000Ahmet Ozan Gezerman, Yildiz Technical University, Turkey \u0000 \u0000Amer A. Taqa, Mosul University, Iraq \u0000 \u0000Asghari Gul, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan \u0000 \u0000Ayodele Temidayo Odularu, University of Fort Hare, South Africa \u0000 \u0000Binod P Pandey, The Pennsylvania State University, USA \u0000 \u0000Brice Ulrich Saha Foudjo, Catholic University of Cameroon, Cameroon \u0000 \u0000Elnaz Rostampour, Islamic Azad University, Iran \u0000 \u0000Fes Sun Fabiyi, Bowen University, Nigeria \u0000 \u0000Ho Soon Min, INTI International University, Malaysia \u0000 \u0000Hongbin Liu, University of Washington, USA \u0000 \u0000Kevin C. Cannon, Penn State Abington, USA \u0000 \u0000Khaldun M. Al Azzam, Batterjee Medical College for Sciences and Technology, Saudi Arabia \u0000 \u0000Merve Kaya, Toros Agri., Turkey \u0000 \u0000Mohamed Abass, Ain Shams University, Egypt \u0000 \u0000Monira Nessem Michael, National institute of standards (NIS), Egypt \u0000 \u0000Mustafa Oguzhan Kaya, Siirt University, Turkey \u0000 \u0000Nanda Gunawardhana, Saga University, Japan \u0000 \u0000Nanthaphong Khamthong, Rangsit University, Thailand \u0000 \u0000Rabia Rehman, University of the Punjab, Pakistan \u0000 \u0000Rodrigo Vieira Rodrigues, University of São Paulo, Brazil \u0000 \u0000Sie-Tiong Ha, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia \u0000 \u0000Sitaram Acharya, Texas Christian University, USA \u0000 \u0000Souheyla Boudjema, University of Tlemcen, Algeria \u0000 \u0000Syed A. A. Rizvi, Hampton University, USA \u0000 \u0000Tony Di Feo, Natural Resources Canada, Canada \u0000 \u0000Zhixin Tian, Tongji University, China \u0000 \u0000Albert John \u0000 \u0000On behalf of, \u0000 \u0000The Editorial Board of International Journal of Chemistry \u0000 \u0000Canadian Center of Science and Education","PeriodicalId":13866,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84853575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Najim, M. A. A. Hameed, M. Al-Shakban, Tahseen Saddam Fandi
Simple, rapid, cheap and sensitive spectrophotometric method has been described for the determination of zinc in pharmaceutical samples. The method is based on the formation of zinc- 8-Hydroxy quinoline chelate, the maximum absorption (lmax) at 384 nm. The method obeyed Beer's law in the range 1-5 mg/mL and the corresponding molar absorptivity value is 0.01578 ´ 103 L.mol-1.cm-1. The Sandell sensitivity values of limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) was 0.381mg/mL and 1.156 mg/mL respectively. The recovery percentage of zinc was found 98.00 %, 98.96 %,99.91%, 97.50%, 98.5% and 99.30 % for (Capsule-13 mg), (Tablet-20 mg), (Tablet-40 mg),(Capsule-50 mg), (Capsule-50 mg) and (insulin vial-0.025 mg) respectively. All variable parameters has been optimized according to ICH guidelines. The limiting concentrations of some cations for interference by Mn(II), Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Cd(II),Sn(II) ,Pb(II), Mg(II), Ca(II) and Ba(II) are reported. The method accuracy was established by comparison with conventional flame atomic absorption spectrometric method by using t-test, ttab.= 2.571, tcal. =0.3231 at 95% confidence level, indicating the absence of systematic errors.
{"title":"Spectrophotometric Determination of Zinc in Pharmaceutical Medication Samples Using 8-Hydroxyquinoline Reagent","authors":"S. Najim, M. A. A. Hameed, M. Al-Shakban, Tahseen Saddam Fandi","doi":"10.5539/ijc.v12n1p29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v12n1p29","url":null,"abstract":"Simple, rapid, cheap and sensitive spectrophotometric method has been described for the determination of zinc in pharmaceutical samples. The method is based on the formation of zinc- 8-Hydroxy quinoline chelate, the maximum absorption (lmax) at 384 nm. The method obeyed Beer's law in the range 1-5 mg/mL and the corresponding molar absorptivity value is 0.01578 ´ 103 L.mol-1.cm-1. The Sandell sensitivity values of limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) was 0.381mg/mL and 1.156 mg/mL respectively. The recovery percentage of zinc was found 98.00 %, 98.96 %,99.91%, 97.50%, 98.5% and 99.30 % for (Capsule-13 mg), (Tablet-20 mg), (Tablet-40 mg),(Capsule-50 mg), (Capsule-50 mg) and (insulin vial-0.025 mg) respectively. All variable parameters has been optimized according to ICH guidelines. The limiting concentrations of some cations for interference by Mn(II), Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Cd(II),Sn(II) ,Pb(II), Mg(II), Ca(II) and Ba(II) are reported. The method accuracy was established by comparison with conventional flame atomic absorption spectrometric method by using t-test, ttab.= 2.571, tcal. =0.3231 at 95% confidence level, indicating the absence of systematic errors.","PeriodicalId":13866,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84239467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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