International journal of disaster risk reduction最新文献

With the rapid social and economic development, urban environmental risks are surging, necessitating urgent attention to prevention, control, and management. Resource-based cities, reliant on natural resources for economic growth, grapple with environmental hazards stemming from mineral resource extraction, processing, and production. The proliferation of “high energy consumption and high emission” projects exacerbates these risks through indiscriminate development. Environmental risk profiles vary significantly across resource-based cities at different developmental stages and with diverse resource portfolios. Employing the environmental risk field theory, this study assesses environmental risks in growing (Ordos), mature (Ganzhou), declining (Baishan), and regenerating (Baotou) resource-based cities, from 2015 to 2021 at a 10 km × 10 km resolution. The research findings reveal significant heterogeneity in environmental risks among various types of resource-based cities. While environmental risks generally exhibit an upward trend across all four city types, the increase is notably more pronounced in growing and mature resource-based cities. Growing and regenerating resource-based cities exhibit relatively lower levels of environmental risk, with distinct spatial agglomeration, whereas mature and declining resource-based cities face higher overall environmental risks, demonstrating greater receptor vulnerability and environmental risk field intensity, respectively. These results offer insights into the spatial distribution and predominant risk profiles of various resource-based urban environmental risk, identify high-risk points, and provide valuable suggestions for management strategies in resource-based cities.

This paper presents the results of a PERMA (plus ill-being) analysis of the ways in which young post-disaster volunteers in Aotearoa New Zealand across the 2010-20 decade talked of well-being and ill-being. The 57 interviewees were divided into two cohorts based on whether they volunteered in the immediate or longer-term aftermath of disaster. Across both cohorts, interviewees believed that volunteering after disaster engendered significant well-being benefits, and that these benefits were instrumental in enabling them to counter the potentially negative impacts of disaster. Yet notable differences also existed between the two cohorts. A greater proportion of immediate post-disaster volunteers talked of tiredness/exhaustion (ill-being) but derived well-being from being part of a movement and enabling others. Conversely, those who volunteered in the longer-term aftermath recounted a broader experience of well-being (including a sense of being valued, commitment, satisfaction from having an enjoyable experience, interest, and developing self-belief). These findings contribute to scholarship on volunteers’ well-being by highlighting the differences in well-being experiences across youth volunteers in immediate disaster response and longer-term aftermath of disaster recovery.

This article examines how countries can effectively respond to global health pandemics in six stages. Previous research has assumed that human social and economic activities affect the spread of viral infectious diseases, and it has been noted that countries fight global pandemics independently, making the response inefficient. As no comprehensive governing guidelines exist for managing global public health pandemics, this article argues for the need for an international, integrated governance framework, offering theoretical reflections on a novel integrated, multilevel governance concept, the Global Governance of Pandemic Crises (GGPC), which is centered around crisis management theory at an international level. The article differentiates four pandemic governance processes—risk, emergence, recovery, and goal governance—in six pandemic periods that are linked to different processes of public health pandemic governance. The GGPC concept may prove useful to organisations responsible for governing pandemics and implementing relevant measures in affected countries.

Intensive and uncontrolled urbanization is one of the most challenging problems related to the probability of future floods due to alterations in local hydrological conditions and a rise in flood vulnerability. The main aim of the study was to assess the impact of unregulated urbanization on flood extent in two selected catchments, Lumbardhi i Pejës and Klina, located in Kosovo. To identify differences between catchments, changes in land cover type and rainfall-runoff interactions were investigated. Additionally, the dynamics of the urbanization process were evaluated for river valleys on the country scale. The results confirm that uncontrolled urbanization has an impact on the escalation of peak discharge and increases the areas affected by flash floods and floodplains. The analysis indicated that the lack of spatial planning policies in Kosovo led to uncontrolled urban development in flood valleys and the construction of barriers in natural flow paths in the period 2006–2018. On the country scale, urban areas located in natural valleys increased from 3.96 % to 11.53 %. The spatial pattern and area of urban floods were highly correlated with existing barriers, distance from natural flow paths, and slope value. Urban planning strategies based on open-access satellites including optical and radar sensors is related to inadequate spatial resolution for urban flood mapping. Additionally, flood dynamics needs to be monitored with higher temporal resolution.

The intricate interplay between extreme climatic events and rapid urbanization has compounded the difficulties associated with urban flood resilience, prompting urgent improvements in cities' disaster preparedness and early warning systems. Existing assessment methodologies overlook human factors like decision-makers' psychological biases, hindering precise evaluations of flood defense capabilities. Motivated by the practical need for innovative disaster assessment tools, this study integrates hesitant fuzzy theory with prospect theory. This pioneering approach introduces interval-type indicators into the urban flood resilience assessment framework, establishing a quantitative model to gauge the correlation between urban resilience and various influencing factors. Using the Tuojiang River Basin in western China as a focal point, the research calculates the comprehensive urban flood resilience index for six cities along the Tuojiang River from 2002 to 2021. The findings indicate a consistent upward trajectory in the urban flood resilience index, mirroring government management practices. Notably, Chengdu boasts the highest urban flood resilience index at 1.4288, while Luzhou's index stands at −0.4376, reflecting a shortfall in the expected or desired level within the assessment framework, though without compromising index comparability. Moreover, both cities surpass the regional average of 0.36, categorizing them as high-resilience areas. Significantly, the efficacy of flood defense strategies in these areas correlates positively with economic growth (5.2 %). The model proposed in this study offers a thorough quantification of urban flood defense capabilities, assisting managers in formulating precise disaster mitigation strategies and providing scientific backing for integrated flood disaster management.

Crowd shockwaves are prone to occur when evacuating dense crowds, especially in areas with corner passages, leading to congestion and accidents. The characteristics of shockwaves in corner passages need further exploration. This study used AnyLogic software based on the social force model to construct scenarios. The propagation mechanism of crowd shockwaves was revealed through simulation analysis of the changes in wave amplitude, duration, and propagation velocity of crowd density waves under different corner angles (0–90°). It was found that a 45° corner passage has advantages compared to other corner passages for evacuation. At higher desired velocities, pedestrians form a bottleneck-like area at the corner of the passage, resulting in crowd shockwaves. Because of social forces, congestion occurs primarily in the corner area. To alleviate this pressure, pedestrians actively adjust the distance between themselves and others. The time interval between the two shockwaves decreases as the desired velocity increases. The propagation time of crowd shockwaves before the corner is generally more significant than the duration after the corner. This study could guide the elimination or reduction of crowd shockwaves, improving pedestrians' evacuation efficiency and safety in evacuation passages.