Pub Date : 2025-04-21DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105510
Rui Yang , Bo Liu , Na Li
The stakeholder participation approach (SPA) is widely applied in post-disaster risk communication (PDRC). While existing literature emphasizes the critical role of stakeholder relationships in achieving effective PDRC, our understanding of these relationships and their impact on PDRC effectiveness remains limited. This study addresses this gap by introducing the concept of relationship quality and examining its conceptualization and influence on perceived PDRC effectiveness. Drawing on structural equation modeling (SEM) and survey data from a post-flood reconstruction project in Yan'an, China, the study validates relationship quality as a meaningful construct within the PDRC context, comprising four key dimensions: trust, fairness, communication, and coordination. The results reveal that trust, communication, and coordination serve as chain mediators in the relationship between fairness and PDRC effectiveness. Based on these findings, the study proposes several strategies for enhancing PDRC effectiveness through SPA, including shifting governance from a vertical to a horizontal structure, prioritizing relationship quality management, and recognizing the contributions of individual stakeholders.
{"title":"Stakeholder participation for effective post-disaster risk communication: The role of relationship quality","authors":"Rui Yang , Bo Liu , Na Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105510","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105510","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The stakeholder participation approach (SPA) is widely applied in post-disaster risk communication (PDRC). While existing literature emphasizes the critical role of stakeholder relationships in achieving effective PDRC, our understanding of these relationships and their impact on PDRC effectiveness remains limited. This study addresses this gap by introducing the concept of <em>relationship quality</em> and examining its conceptualization and influence on perceived PDRC effectiveness. Drawing on structural equation modeling (SEM) and survey data from a post-flood reconstruction project in Yan'an, China, the study validates relationship quality as a meaningful construct within the PDRC context, comprising four key dimensions: trust, fairness, communication, and coordination. The results reveal that trust, communication, and coordination serve as chain mediators in the relationship between fairness and PDRC effectiveness. Based on these findings, the study proposes several strategies for enhancing PDRC effectiveness through SPA, including shifting governance from a vertical to a horizontal structure, prioritizing relationship quality management, and recognizing the contributions of individual stakeholders.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13915,"journal":{"name":"International journal of disaster risk reduction","volume":"123 ","pages":"Article 105510"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143874588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-18DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105505
Andras N. Zsido , Pedro Dias , Carlos M. Coelho
Emergencies are sudden, life-threatening situations that challenge individuals' ability to respond effectively. The Emergency Reaction Questionnaire (ERQ) is a measure widely used to assess individual differences in emergency behavior; however, its 30-item length may limit its utility in certain contexts. Consequently, in this study, we aimed to develop two abbreviated versions of the ERQ: a short form retaining the original factor structure, and a super-short form that still captures the two core dimensions of readiness and helplessness. We used Item Response Theory to evaluate the psychometric properties of ERQ items and reduce the length of the scale on a large community sample (N = 1448). We assessed external validity on a subsample of participants (N = 415). Our results showed that the 16-item short and 6-item super-short forms effectively preserved the psychometric robustness of the original ERQ. Both versions successfully differentiated participants, with readiness scales exhibiting a normal distribution and helplessness scales clustering at the extremes. External validity analyses confirmed positive associations between readiness scores and sensation seeking, while helplessness scores were positively correlated with anxiety and trauma sensitivity. These findings align with theoretical frameworks of defensive behavior and support the utility of the ERQ short forms for assessing adaptive and maladaptive responses to emergencies. The ERQ short forms provide versatile tools for a variety of settings, including large-scale screening, disaster preparedness education, and resilience training programs.
{"title":"Development of the short and super-short version of the Emergency Reaction Questionnaire","authors":"Andras N. Zsido , Pedro Dias , Carlos M. Coelho","doi":"10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105505","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105505","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Emergencies are sudden, life-threatening situations that challenge individuals' ability to respond effectively. The Emergency Reaction Questionnaire (ERQ) is a measure widely used to assess individual differences in emergency behavior; however, its 30-item length may limit its utility in certain contexts. Consequently, in this study, we aimed to develop two abbreviated versions of the ERQ: a short form retaining the original factor structure, and a super-short form that still captures the two core dimensions of readiness and helplessness. We used Item Response Theory to evaluate the psychometric properties of ERQ items and reduce the length of the scale on a large community sample (N = 1448). We assessed external validity on a subsample of participants (N = 415). Our results showed that the 16-item short and 6-item super-short forms effectively preserved the psychometric robustness of the original ERQ. Both versions successfully differentiated participants, with readiness scales exhibiting a normal distribution and helplessness scales clustering at the extremes. External validity analyses confirmed positive associations between readiness scores and sensation seeking, while helplessness scores were positively correlated with anxiety and trauma sensitivity. These findings align with theoretical frameworks of defensive behavior and support the utility of the ERQ short forms for assessing adaptive and maladaptive responses to emergencies. The ERQ short forms provide versatile tools for a variety of settings, including large-scale screening, disaster preparedness education, and resilience training programs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13915,"journal":{"name":"International journal of disaster risk reduction","volume":"123 ","pages":"Article 105505"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143874589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-17DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105501
Chi Vuong Tai , Dongkyun Kim , Rico Kronenberg , Ivan Vorobevskii , Thanh Thi Luong
Despite the growing interest in flood risk assessment in recent years, the relationship between flood vulnerability and income disparity remains underexplored, especially in the dimension of residential basements. To address this research gap, we first estimated annual income at building floor level using housing sale prices and associated conversion indices. The reverse geocoding technique was subsequently adopted to assign income data of residential basements to associated building footprints for further analysis. This study assessed the impacts of flood events between 2010 and 2022 on different income groups of basement residents in Seoul, a city characterized by global financial standing and high population density, but also high vulnerability to floods. Our findings reveal that (1) flood events disproportionately impact areas with lower housing sale prices, which are also home to a large proportion of lower-income residents; (2) 85.3 % of affected basement households belong to the below-middle-income group, with even higher proportions observed in lower-income districts ranked 10th or below; (3) four districts Gangseo, Guro, Songpa, and Gangnam exhibit a pattern in which higher-income households are generally less affected by flooding; and (4) in some sub-districts, below-middle-income basements are located in areas characterized by both high flood exposure and socio-economic vulnerability. These results suggest two key policy implications, including (1) below-middle-income basement residents, particularly those in highly vulnerable sub-districts, should be prioritized in flood mitigation strategies; and (2) flood risk information should be more effectively integrated into the housing market to better inform both prospective buyers and policymakers.
{"title":"Beneath the surface: Exploring relationship between pluvial floods and income disparities for residential basements in Seoul, South Korea","authors":"Chi Vuong Tai , Dongkyun Kim , Rico Kronenberg , Ivan Vorobevskii , Thanh Thi Luong","doi":"10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105501","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105501","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite the growing interest in flood risk assessment in recent years, the relationship between flood vulnerability and income disparity remains underexplored, especially in the dimension of residential basements. To address this research gap, we first estimated annual income at building floor level using housing sale prices and associated conversion indices. The reverse geocoding technique was subsequently adopted to assign income data of residential basements to associated building footprints for further analysis. This study assessed the impacts of flood events between 2010 and 2022 on different income groups of basement residents in Seoul, a city characterized by global financial standing and high population density, but also high vulnerability to floods. Our findings reveal that (1) flood events disproportionately impact areas with lower housing sale prices, which are also home to a large proportion of lower-income residents; (2) 85.3 % of affected basement households belong to the below-middle-income group, with even higher proportions observed in lower-income districts ranked 10th or below; (3) four districts Gangseo, Guro, Songpa, and Gangnam exhibit a pattern in which higher-income households are generally less affected by flooding; and (4) in some sub-districts, below-middle-income basements are located in areas characterized by both high flood exposure and socio-economic vulnerability. These results suggest two key policy implications, including (1) below-middle-income basement residents, particularly those in highly vulnerable sub-districts, should be prioritized in flood mitigation strategies; and (2) flood risk information should be more effectively integrated into the housing market to better inform both prospective buyers and policymakers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13915,"journal":{"name":"International journal of disaster risk reduction","volume":"123 ","pages":"Article 105501"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143847711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-17DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105492
Rossella Marmo , Bryan T. Adey , Giulia Celentano
Within healthcare systems, hospitals provide essential acute and emergency care to save lives and mitigate the impacts of potentially disruptive events on communities. To ensure that hospitals are ready to deal with such events, their resilience must be estimated. Although frameworks to do this exist, they mostly consist of checklists for assessing hospital preparedness which leave it to the decision-makers to determine the effects of resilience-enhancing interventions on service provision and to prioritise interventions accordingly. To help bridge this gap, this paper presents a framework to assess overall hospital resilience using service measures and resilience indicators. As intended to be used to assess resilience to hypothetical scenarios of interest, it is referred to as a stress testing framework. The framework uses five service measures and twenty indicators to estimate and quantify resilience. The values of the resilience indicators and the values of the service measures are explicitly connected, and the resilience assessment is done by comparing the values of service measures at the current operational condition against the values at the baseline condition, i.e., the reference condition at which the hospital is supposed to work. The framework is explained using a fictive example based on a tertiary hospital in Beirut, Lebanon. The framework provides a clear structured high-level overview of the resilience of hospitals and facilitates decision-making as to which actions should be taken to improve resilience.
{"title":"Stress testing hospitals using service measures and resilience indicators","authors":"Rossella Marmo , Bryan T. Adey , Giulia Celentano","doi":"10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105492","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105492","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Within healthcare systems, hospitals provide essential acute and emergency care to save lives and mitigate the impacts of potentially disruptive events on communities. To ensure that hospitals are ready to deal with such events, their resilience must be estimated. Although frameworks to do this exist, they mostly consist of checklists for assessing hospital preparedness which leave it to the decision-makers to determine the effects of resilience-enhancing interventions on service provision and to prioritise interventions accordingly. To help bridge this gap, this paper presents a framework to assess overall hospital resilience using service measures and resilience indicators. As intended to be used to assess resilience to hypothetical scenarios of interest, it is referred to as a stress testing framework. The framework uses five service measures and twenty indicators to estimate and quantify resilience. The values of the resilience indicators and the values of the service measures are explicitly connected, and the resilience assessment is done by comparing the values of service measures at the current operational condition against the values at the baseline condition, i.e., the reference condition at which the hospital is supposed to work. The framework is explained using a fictive example based on a tertiary hospital in Beirut, Lebanon. The framework provides a clear structured high-level overview of the resilience of hospitals and facilitates decision-making as to which actions should be taken to improve resilience.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13915,"journal":{"name":"International journal of disaster risk reduction","volume":"123 ","pages":"Article 105492"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143847712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Effective knowledge management (KM) is crucial for disaster risk reduction, and is especially effective with the aid of technology. This study explores the development of a disaster education repository to improve access to disaster-related information for stakeholders and school communities. Using a Design Thinking approach, the research involved a needs assessment through online surveys from 40 respondents across seven Indonesian provinces. Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) further informed the design. An empathy map and Point of View (POV) methods were used to analyze user characteristics and requirements. A prototype of the Indonesian Disaster Education Repository House (IN-DEPTH) was developed and tested through User Experience Questionnaires (UEQs) to assess usability. Initial tests with a small group, including government and NGO representatives, as well as a teacher, provided valuable insights into the system's design and functionality. This study represents an early-stage exploration of a disaster education KM system, providing valuable insights into design and functionality. The findings suggest that a centralized disaster education repository has the potential to significantly enhance the accessibility and usability of critical disaster-related information. This could lead to better-informed decision-making among stakeholders, more effective disaster risk reduction strategies, and improved disaster preparedness within school communities.
{"title":"Indonesia Disaster Education Repository House (IN-DEPTH) as a knowledge management system platform for disaster education","authors":"Nasliati , Mizan Bustanul Fuady Bisri , Daisuke Sasaki , Rina Suryani Oktari","doi":"10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105502","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105502","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Effective knowledge management (KM) is crucial for disaster risk reduction, and is especially effective with the aid of technology. This study explores the development of a disaster education repository to improve access to disaster-related information for stakeholders and school communities. Using a Design Thinking approach, the research involved a needs assessment through online surveys from 40 respondents across seven Indonesian provinces. Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) further informed the design. An empathy map and Point of View (POV) methods were used to analyze user characteristics and requirements. A prototype of the Indonesian Disaster Education Repository House (IN-DEPTH) was developed and tested through User Experience Questionnaires (UEQs) to assess usability. Initial tests with a small group, including government and NGO representatives, as well as a teacher, provided valuable insights into the system's design and functionality. This study represents an early-stage exploration of a disaster education KM system, providing valuable insights into design and functionality. The findings suggest that a centralized disaster education repository has the potential to significantly enhance the accessibility and usability of critical disaster-related information. This could lead to better-informed decision-making among stakeholders, more effective disaster risk reduction strategies, and improved disaster preparedness within school communities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13915,"journal":{"name":"International journal of disaster risk reduction","volume":"123 ","pages":"Article 105502"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143863993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-15DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105424
Stefania Ondei , Grant J. Williamson , Scott Foyster , David M.J.S. Bowman
Wildfires are causing increased house loss worldwide, especially at the wildland-urban interface. Despite the existing plethora of guidelines to help creating defensible space in a garden and protect houses from wildfire, quantifying risk remains a research frontier. We designed an assessment method based on a recent global review of defensible space guidelines and identified hazards based on fuel type, amount, and spatial arrangement. We trialled the assessment in 32 gardens located in southern Tasmania (Australia). We combined survey data using an expert system enabling calculation of hazard scores that accounts for the interaction between fuel characteristics and used sensitivity analysis to rank individual hazards based on their impact on hazard score. Gardens included a high number of plant taxa (N = 374), 72 % of which were exotic to Australia. The most common hazards were represented by material objects close to the house, as well as plant cover, garden vertical structure, and flammability of plants across the whole defensible space. Most gardens achieved an overall ‘Moderate’ (N = 15) or ‘High’ (N = 13) hazard score, with only two classified as ‘Low’ and one as ‘Very High’. Sensitivity analysis identified vegetation characteristics – cover, location, and watering status – as well as the presence of fire-protective elements as the individual variables with the highest impact on overall hazard score. The proposed method quantifies fire hazards within gardens, provides flexible solutions to support guideline implementation, and facilitates comparisons across different geographic settings.
{"title":"An expert system to quantify wildfire hazards in gardens and create effective defensible space","authors":"Stefania Ondei , Grant J. Williamson , Scott Foyster , David M.J.S. Bowman","doi":"10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105424","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105424","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wildfires are causing increased house loss worldwide, especially at the wildland-urban interface. Despite the existing plethora of guidelines to help creating defensible space in a garden and protect houses from wildfire, quantifying risk remains a research frontier. We designed an assessment method based on a recent global review of defensible space guidelines and identified hazards based on fuel type, amount, and spatial arrangement. We trialled the assessment in 32 gardens located in southern Tasmania (Australia). We combined survey data using an expert system enabling calculation of hazard scores that accounts for the interaction between fuel characteristics and used sensitivity analysis to rank individual hazards based on their impact on hazard score. Gardens included a high number of plant taxa (N = 374), 72 % of which were exotic to Australia. The most common hazards were represented by material objects close to the house, as well as plant cover, garden vertical structure, and flammability of plants across the whole defensible space. Most gardens achieved an overall ‘Moderate’ (N = 15) or ‘High’ (N = 13) hazard score, with only two classified as ‘Low’ and one as ‘Very High’. Sensitivity analysis identified vegetation characteristics – cover, location, and watering status – as well as the presence of fire-protective elements as the individual variables with the highest impact on overall hazard score. The proposed method quantifies fire hazards within gardens, provides flexible solutions to support guideline implementation, and facilitates comparisons across different geographic settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13915,"journal":{"name":"International journal of disaster risk reduction","volume":"121 ","pages":"Article 105424"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143843751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-15DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105382
Rita Marcia da Silva Pinto Vieira , Fabiana Lourenço e Silva Ferreira , Rochane de Oliveira Caram , Silvia Midori Saito , Regina Celia dos Santos Alvalá , José Antonio Marengo Orsini , Mario Monzoni , Mariana Nicolletti , José Agnello Alves Dias de Andrade , Léa Lameirinhas Malina , Mariana Luiza Fiocco Machini , Maria Letícia de Alvarenga Carvalho
{"title":"Integrated evaluation of socio-environmental data and hydrological risk for adapting urban areas to extreme climate events in Salvador, Brazil","authors":"Rita Marcia da Silva Pinto Vieira , Fabiana Lourenço e Silva Ferreira , Rochane de Oliveira Caram , Silvia Midori Saito , Regina Celia dos Santos Alvalá , José Antonio Marengo Orsini , Mario Monzoni , Mariana Nicolletti , José Agnello Alves Dias de Andrade , Léa Lameirinhas Malina , Mariana Luiza Fiocco Machini , Maria Letícia de Alvarenga Carvalho","doi":"10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105382","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105382","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13915,"journal":{"name":"International journal of disaster risk reduction","volume":"121 ","pages":"Article 105382"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143843831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study aims to identify the challenges of procuring and contracting post-disaster reconstruction projects in developing countries using conventional construction contracts, with Nepal as a case study. After the 7.6 Mw Gorkha Earthquake in 2015, Nepal embarked on extensive reconstruction efforts supported by various foreign governments and agencies. While these efforts were generally hailed as successful, large-scale non-residential reconstruction projects encountered significant challenges. This issue is common globally due to the lack of attention from researchers on large-scale non-residential reconstruction, leading to overlooked issues and the continuous failure of these projects to meet their objectives. One key issue in such projects is using conventional construction contracts not designed for post-disaster scenarios. This study used a qualitative research design that included semi-structured interviews to collect data and thematic analysis to gain insights from individuals involved in Nepal's reconstruction. Fifteen interviews with experts involved in managing construction contracts during the reconstruction were conducted and analysed using Nvivo 14 software. Upon analysis, two main themes emerged: procurement and bureaucratic, and contract-related, each further divided into sub-categories. These themes highlight how Procurement Act and conventional contracts used in reconstruction in Nepal failed to address post-disaster needs. The findings emphasise the necessity for pre-disaster evaluations and updates to procurement laws and contracts to establish more suitable approaches for reconstruction. Aligning contracts with the specific requirements of post-disaster contexts can significantly enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of reconstruction efforts. Future research should focus on developing disaster-focused contracts to enhance global reconstruction practices.
{"title":"Contracting challenges in post-disaster reconstruction in developing countries: Evidence from Nepal reconstruction","authors":"Ayush Puri , Naseem Ameer Ali, Mohamed Elkharboutly","doi":"10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105428","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105428","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aims to identify the challenges of procuring and contracting post-disaster reconstruction projects in developing countries using conventional construction contracts, with Nepal as a case study. After the 7.6 Mw Gorkha Earthquake in 2015, Nepal embarked on extensive reconstruction efforts supported by various foreign governments and agencies. While these efforts were generally hailed as successful, large-scale non-residential reconstruction projects encountered significant challenges. This issue is common globally due to the lack of attention from researchers on large-scale non-residential reconstruction, leading to overlooked issues and the continuous failure of these projects to meet their objectives. One key issue in such projects is using conventional construction contracts not designed for post-disaster scenarios. This study used a qualitative research design that included semi-structured interviews to collect data and thematic analysis to gain insights from individuals involved in Nepal's reconstruction. Fifteen interviews with experts involved in managing construction contracts during the reconstruction were conducted and analysed using Nvivo 14 software. Upon analysis, two main themes emerged: procurement and bureaucratic, and contract-related, each further divided into sub-categories. These themes highlight how Procurement Act and conventional contracts used in reconstruction in Nepal failed to address post-disaster needs. The findings emphasise the necessity for pre-disaster evaluations and updates to procurement laws and contracts to establish more suitable approaches for reconstruction. Aligning contracts with the specific requirements of post-disaster contexts can significantly enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of reconstruction efforts. Future research should focus on developing disaster-focused contracts to enhance global reconstruction practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13915,"journal":{"name":"International journal of disaster risk reduction","volume":"121 ","pages":"Article 105428"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143843930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-15DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105442
Mirza Waleed , Muhammad Sajjad
Flood-related disasters have far-reaching impacts on infrastructure and societal well-being. Though characterizing flood susceptibilities using state-of-the-art approaches and modelling socio-economic exposure to highlight vulnerabilities is essential to assess and manage flood-associated risks, current studies are usually regional/coarser resolutions neglecting localized situations. Here we developed an integrated machine learning, artificial intelligence, and geospatial modelling-based framework for high-resolution flood susceptibility (30 m) and socio-economic exposure estimations at a larger scale using Pakistan as a case. To do so, the data on flooding, elevation, drainage, rainfall, Landsat-8 imagery, and gridded socio-economic layers were used. We produced the first national-scale high-resolution susceptibility maps for Pakistan, pinpointing areas at higher risk of flooding, and assessing the potential impact on the population and the economy. Our findings suggest that ∼29 % of the total area of Pakistan falls under critical flood susceptibility levels, with Sindh and Punjab being the most at-risk provinces. Notably, ∼95 million people (47 %) in Pakistan are exposed to high flood susceptibility with 74 % population of Sindh, 56 % of Punjab, and 33 % of Balochistan residing in high susceptibility areas. We further pinpoint economic hotspots in Sindh and upper Punjab as particularly vulnerable to flood risks, which calls for proactive disaster preparedness measures. Through the presented characterization of flood susceptibility and socio-economic exposure, our findings are useful to devise targeted interventions in highly exposed regions to enhance resilience and reduce the risks/impact of future floods. By addressing vulnerabilities and fostering resilience, Pakistan can effectively mitigate flood risks and safeguard its population and infrastructure.
{"title":"High-resolution flood susceptibility mapping and exposure assessment in Pakistan: An integrated artificial intelligence, machine learning and geospatial framework","authors":"Mirza Waleed , Muhammad Sajjad","doi":"10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105442","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105442","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Flood-related disasters have far-reaching impacts on infrastructure and societal well-being. Though characterizing flood susceptibilities using state-of-the-art approaches and modelling socio-economic exposure to highlight vulnerabilities is essential to assess and manage flood-associated risks, current studies are usually regional/coarser resolutions neglecting localized situations. Here we developed an integrated machine learning, artificial intelligence, and geospatial modelling-based framework for high-resolution flood susceptibility (30 m) and socio-economic exposure estimations at a larger scale using Pakistan as a case. To do so, the data on flooding, elevation, drainage, rainfall, Landsat-8 imagery, and gridded socio-economic layers were used. We produced the first national-scale high-resolution susceptibility maps for Pakistan, pinpointing areas at higher risk of flooding, and assessing the potential impact on the population and the economy. Our findings suggest that ∼29 % of the total area of Pakistan falls under critical flood susceptibility levels, with Sindh and Punjab being the most at-risk provinces. Notably, ∼95 million people (47 %) in Pakistan are exposed to high flood susceptibility with 74 % population of Sindh, 56 % of Punjab, and 33 % of Balochistan residing in high susceptibility areas. We further pinpoint economic hotspots in Sindh and upper Punjab as particularly vulnerable to flood risks, which calls for proactive disaster preparedness measures. Through the presented characterization of flood susceptibility and socio-economic exposure, our findings are useful to devise targeted interventions in highly exposed regions to enhance resilience and reduce the risks/impact of future floods. By addressing vulnerabilities and fostering resilience, Pakistan can effectively mitigate flood risks and safeguard its population and infrastructure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13915,"journal":{"name":"International journal of disaster risk reduction","volume":"121 ","pages":"Article 105442"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143843931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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