International journal of disaster risk reduction最新文献_第9页

A framework for appraising the status of disaster resilience within the multi-hazard environment of coastal Bangladesh 孟加拉国沿海多种灾害环境下的抗灾能力评估框架

IF 4.2 1区地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International journal of disaster risk reduction

Pub Date : 2024-09-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2024.104832

Fostering resilience is widely acknowledged as a crucial strategy for mitigating the escalating risks posed by climate-related disasters around the world. Resilience assessment plays a vital role in this endeavour by assessing the baseline level of resilience, identifying the key resilience factors, and monitoring progress towards building resilience with time. Given this context, and considering the evolving conceptualization of resilience, we devised a framework for appraising the status of resilience across the coastal region of Bangladesh. Our framework represents a significant scholarly contribution, as it encompasses a broad spectrum of resilience dimensions, including stability, recoverability, and transformability. To operationalize this framework, we selected thirty context-specific variables and organized them systematically around these three overarching components. Employing a simple weighted average methodology, we constructed sub-indices for each component, which were subsequently aggregated into a composite resilience index. For spatial visualization, our findings were mapped in a Geographic Information System (GIS) environment. Our analysis revealed Chattogram, Barguna, and Khulna as the most resilient districts. This manifests the potential for resilience enhancement even within areas exposed and inherently sensitive to multiple hazards through the optimal use of available resources. Notably, in the trio of districts, Barguna exhibited the highest stability index score, Chattogram showcased the highest recoverability score, and Khulna emerged with the top transformability index score. This finding underscores the significance of incorporating diverse capacities in resilience frameworks. These insights offer valuable guidance for refining resilience assessment frameworks in other developing countries of the world. Furthermore, the outcomes of our assessment can serve as a baseline for the coastal administrators of Bangladesh while developing disaster management policies and actions centering around fostering resilient communities. Thus, our study not only contributes to disaster theory, but holds practical implications for evidence-based decision-making to secure a more resilient future of the coastal communities of Bangladesh.

人们普遍认为，提高抗灾能力是减轻世界各地与气候有关的灾害所带来的不断升级的风险的重要战略。抗灾能力评估通过评估抗灾能力的基线水平、确定关键抗灾因素以及监测随着时间推移在建设抗灾能力方面取得的进展，在这一努力中发挥着至关重要的作用。在此背景下，考虑到抗灾能力概念的不断发展，我们设计了一个评估孟加拉国沿海地区抗灾能力状况的框架。我们的框架涵盖了广泛的复原力维度，包括稳定性、可恢复性和可转化性，是一项重要的学术贡献。为了将这一框架付诸实施，我们选择了 30 个特定环境变量，并围绕这三个主要组成部分对其进行了系统化组织。采用简单的加权平均方法，我们为每个组成部分构建了子指数，随后将其汇总为综合复原力指数。为了实现空间可视化，我们在地理信息系统（GIS）环境中绘制了研究结果图。我们的分析表明，恰特格勒、巴尔古纳和库尔纳是抗灾能力最强的地区。这表明，通过优化利用现有资源，即使是在暴露于多种灾害且对多种灾害天生敏感的地区，也有可能提高抗灾能力。值得注意的是，在这三个地区中，巴古纳的稳定性指数得分最高，恰特洛格的可恢复性得分最高，而库尔纳的可转化性指数得分最高。这一发现强调了将不同能力纳入复原力框架的重要性。这些见解为完善世界其他发展中国家的复原力评估框架提供了宝贵的指导。此外，我们的评估结果还可作为孟加拉国沿海管理者在制定灾害管理政策和行动时的基准，这些政策和行动的核心是培养具有抗灾能力的社区。因此，我们的研究不仅为灾害理论做出了贡献，而且对基于证据的决策具有实际意义，可确保孟加拉国沿海社区拥有更具复原力的未来。

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引用次数: 0

Community resilience to socio-environmental disasters in Itajaí Valley, Brazil 巴西伊塔雅伊谷社区抵御社会环境灾害的能力

IF 4.2 1区地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International journal of disaster risk reduction

Pub Date : 2024-09-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2024.104828

The Itajaí Valley (Brazil) is historically hit by disasters characterized by landslides and floods. Despite some level of preparedness, the changing rainfall regimes which became less predictable and more severe, is exacerbated by uncertainties of climate change challenging the state of resilience in the area. Community perception in disaster risk areas is one of the key components for identifying the state of resilience to disasters. Hence, to better understand the nature of changing resilience, this research aims to identify and compare the state of resilience of communities (SC) in the Itajaí Valley by analyzing risk perception of local communities. A descriptive-evaluative methodology is used through a quantitative survey approach in the at-risk areas in two distinct phases. Data collection in the first phase took place between March and July 2023, a period temporally distant from the last major disaster, which occurred in 2008. The second phase of data collection took place between the floods of October and November 2023. The results of the research indicate that exposure to the October 2023 floods had a substantial impact on the population's perception of risk, in which changes were observed in all the aspects of community resilience analyzed. In this sense, there was a significant increase in resilience during the reorganization phase, strengthening the consensus with studies related to adaptive cycles. The results enable a more precise understanding of vulnerable areas, allowing decision-makers to pinpoint where resources and efforts should be directed with greater accuracy.

伊塔雅伊河谷（巴西）历来遭受以山体滑坡和洪水为特征的灾害。尽管该地区已经做好了一定程度的防灾准备，但由于降雨机制不断变化，可预测性降低，降雨量增加，气候变化的不确定性加剧了该地区的抗灾能力。灾害风险地区的社区观念是确定抗灾能力的关键因素之一。因此，为了更好地了解抗灾能力变化的本质，本研究旨在通过分析当地社区的风险意识，确定并比较伊塔雅伊河谷社区（SC）的抗灾能力状况。本研究采用描述性评价方法，通过定量调查的方式，分两个不同阶段对高风险地区进行研究。第一阶段的数据收集工作在 2023 年 3 月至 7 月期间进行，这段时间与 2008 年发生的上一次重大灾害在时间上相距甚远。第二阶段的数据收集在 2023 年 10 月至 11 月的洪水期间进行。研究结果表明，2023 年 10 月的洪灾对居民的风险意识产生了重大影响，在分析的社区抗灾能力的所有方面都观察到了变化。从这个意义上讲，重组阶段的复原力显著增强，加强了与适应周期相关研究的共识。研究结果有助于更准确地了解脆弱地区，使决策者能够更准确地确定资源和努力的方向。

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引用次数: 0

Translating disaster resilience: How values, world views and politics complicate interpretation and implementation 翻译抗灾能力：价值观、世界观和政治如何使解释和实施复杂化

IF 4.2 1区地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International journal of disaster risk reduction

Pub Date : 2024-09-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2024.104840

Globalized climate change and ecological collapse discourses have created a universally relatable conceptual arena within which institutional actors’ debate, design and implement interventions to create ‘disaster resilient cities’ in the Global South. The implications of resilience ideologies and practices adopted from the Global North can have detrimental and counterproductive effects when translated into interventions in postcolonial countries like Pakistan. In this research paper, we use interviews and discourse analysis to underscore the techniques, rationalities, and framings mobilized by governmental and non-governmental actors in the name of ‘reducing risks’ and building ‘disaster resilience’. Within this arena, Pakistani institutional actors create, mimic, and adapt normative resilience trajectories influenced by international resilience standards that do not align, or worse, conflict with the spiritual, cultural, and postcolonial contexts and values of communities they engage with. Imposition of international resilience standards may result in disconnected top-down interventions that overlook the vulnerabilities of local communities deemed as ‘beneficiaries’ and misallocate funds in favor of ineffective projects and programmes, ultimately missing opportunities for meaningful change. While building upon existing urban resilience efforts in Pakistan is important, it is critical to recognize that merely pursuing resilience as an outcome is not enough. Fulfilling basic needs should take precedence over resilience efforts, particularly when the goal is not only the survival of local communities in the face of escalating climate and disaster risks but also their overall well-being.

全球化的气候变化和生态崩溃论述创造了一个普遍适用的概念领域，机构行动者在这一领域内进行辩论、设计和实施干预措施，以便在全球南部创建 "具有抗灾能力的城市"。来自全球北方的抗灾意识形态和实践在巴基斯坦等后殖民国家转化为干预措施时，可能会产生有害和适得其反的影响。在这篇研究论文中，我们利用访谈和话语分析来强调政府和非政府行为者以 "降低风险 "和建设 "抗灾能力 "为名所调动的技术、合理性和框架。在这一领域中，巴基斯坦的机构行动者创造、模仿和调整受国际抗灾标准影响的规范性抗灾轨迹，而这些标准与他们所接触的社区的精神、文化和后殖民背景及价值观并不一致，甚至存在冲突。强加国际复原力标准可能会导致自上而下的干预措施脱节，从而忽视被视为 "受益者 "的当地社区的脆弱性，并错误地分配资金以支持无效的项目和计划，最终错失实现有意义变革的机会。在巴基斯坦现有城市抗灾能力的基础上再接再厉固然重要，但关键是要认识到，仅仅将抗灾能力作为一项成果来追求是不够的。满足基本需求应优先于抗灾努力，特别是当目标不仅是当地社区在不断升级的气候和灾害风险面前的生存，而且是他们的整体福祉时。

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引用次数: 0

Multifaceted economic impacts of a 500-year flood on gateway communities of Yellowstone National Park 500 年一遇洪水对黄石国家公园门户社区的多方面经济影响

IF 4.2 1区地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International journal of disaster risk reduction

Pub Date : 2024-09-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2024.104827

Disasters can have dramatic implications for gateway communities of National Parks, especially local economies that rely on park tourist visitation as their primary source of income. In June 2022, a 500-year flood event impacted Yellowstone National Park (YNP) and gateway businesses, both directly through infrastructure damages (property loss) and indirectly through park closures and post-disaster marketing. We used a combination of approaches to document and explore the relative importance of these diverse sources of economic impacts. First, structured surveys were used to evaluate economic impacts, from the perspective of individual business owners and community leaders in six gateway communities surrounding YNP. Average revenue loss was 48 % during peak tourist season across all communities but averaged 75 % for communities inaccessible to the park. Direct infrastructure damages to businesses were localized; however, even businesses sustaining property losses suggested more severe economic impacts were the result of loss of visitors from park closures and damaging media coverage. Using annual visitation and economic input-output model data, we developed a statistical model to estimate regional economic impacts from the flood. The model corroborated the results of our survey and suggested the flood led to a total loss of $156 million in visitor spending in gateway areas in 2022, exceeding economic losses from the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. We present some guidelines for building economic resilience in gateway communities, including diversifying sources of income, building social capital, embracing tourist adaptations, and developing coordinated park-gateway-regional messaging and marketing to the media post-disasters.

灾难可能会对国家公园的门户社区产生巨大影响，尤其是那些依赖公园游客作为主要收入来源的地方经济。2022 年 6 月，一场 500 年一遇的洪水对黄石国家公园 (YNP) 和门户商业造成了影响，直接影响是基础设施损坏（财产损失），间接影响是公园关闭和灾后营销。我们采用了多种方法来记录和探索这些不同经济影响来源的相对重要性。首先，我们通过结构化调查，从云南国家公园周边六个门户社区的个体工商户和社区领袖的角度评估了经济影响。在旅游旺季，所有社区的平均收入损失为 48%，但在无法进入公园的社区，平均收入损失为 75%。对企业造成的直接基础设施损失是局部性的；然而，即使是遭受财产损失的企业也表示，更严重的经济影响是公园关闭和破坏性媒体报道造成的游客损失。利用年度游客量和经济投入产出模型数据，我们开发了一个统计模型来估算洪水对地区经济的影响。该模型证实了我们的调查结果，并表明洪水导致 2022 年门户地区游客消费总损失达 1.56 亿美元，超过了 2020 年 COVID-19 大流行造成的经济损失。我们提出了在门户社区建立经济恢复能力的一些指导原则，包括收入来源多样化、建立社会资本、接纳游客的适应性以及在灾后向媒体发布公园-门户-区域协调的信息和营销。

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引用次数: 0

Professional competences of emergency department nurses working in the earthquake region on triage management in children and the difficulties experienced by nurses in the decision-making process: A qualitative study 地震灾区急诊科护士在儿童分诊管理方面的专业能力以及护士在决策过程中遇到的困难：定性研究

IF 4.2 1区地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International journal of disaster risk reduction

Pub Date : 2024-09-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2024.104844

Limited resources in disasters may negatively affect the care of paediatric patients and cause complications to be prevented. The aim of this study was to investigate the professional competence of nurses regarding triage management in children during the Kahramanmaraş earthquake and the difficulties they experienced in the decision-making process. This study used a qualitative exploratory research design with a phenomenological approach. In-depth interviews were conducted with the participants individually and through focus group discussions using a semi-structured interview form. A total of 23 participants working in the emergency department during and after the earthquake were included in this study, which was conducted using a purposive sampling technique. Data were analyzed using content analysis procedures. Max Qualitative Data Analysis (2020) programme was used to code the data. As a result of data analysis, 4 main themes and 15 sub-themes emerged. The four main themes were “Professional Competencies of Nurses During Disasters,” “Triage Decision in the Emergency Department,” “Expectations of Nurses Working in a Disaster Area” and “Participation in Disaster Education”. The results of this study showed that nurses are exposed to difficulties arising from many individuals, psychological, professional, environmental, and educational variables in the early period of disaster. Participants' views revealed a strong relationship between being professionally competent, providing appropriate care to patients and emotional exhaustion.

灾难中有限的资源可能会对儿科患者的护理产生负面影响，并导致并发症无法预防。本研究旨在调查卡赫拉曼马拉什地震期间护士在儿童分诊管理方面的专业能力，以及她们在决策过程中遇到的困难。本研究采用了现象学方法的定性探索性研究设计。使用半结构化访谈表，对参与者进行了单独深入访谈和焦点小组讨论。共有 23 名在地震期间和地震后在急诊科工作的参与者参与了此次研究，研究采用了目的性抽样技术。研究采用内容分析程序对数据进行分析。使用 Max 定性数据分析 (2020) 程序对数据进行编码。经过数据分析，得出了 4 个主主题和 15 个次主题。四个主题分别是 "灾害期间护士的专业能力"、"急诊科的分诊决策"、"在灾区工作的护士的期望 "和 "参与灾害教育"。研究结果表明，在灾难发生初期，护士面临着来自个人、心理、职业、环境和教育等多方面的困难。参与者的观点表明，专业能力、为病人提供适当护理与情绪衰竭之间存在密切关系。

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引用次数: 0

The status of response to the flood early warnings in Kilosa District, Tanzania 坦桑尼亚基洛萨地区对洪水预警的响应情况

IF 4.2 1区地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International journal of disaster risk reduction

Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2024.104838

Floods have been a challenging phenomenon, jeopardizing human life and property. Measures have been taken to alleviate flood effects, including using flood early warning systems (EWS), which give warnings to people. Despite the use of warnings from EWS, there is limited information on warnings contribution to mitigate flood effects. This study investigates the status of flood early warning response measures by communities in areas where floods frequently occur in Kilosa District. The data were collected from 375 household heads through surveys and triangulated by 17 participants via focus group discussions, 22 officials through key informant interviews, and a literature survey. The data were descriptively analysed, and chi-square tests and binary logistic regression analyses were done. Results indicate that 76.53 % of the respondents receive flood early warnings from word of mouth among relatives (54.21 %), phones (45.45 %), and radios (31.65 %). Upon receiving the early warnings, 45.43 % inform family members about what to do, 43.82 % vacate flood-prone areas, and 6.99 % make flood emergency response plans. Those flood warning response measures are significantly an outcome of the households’ distance from the rivers causing floods (p < .0001), chances of receiving flood warnings (p < .0001), past flood experience (p < .0001), and the nature of the houses (p < .0007). In conclusion, individuals can proactively protect against floods by diverting floodwaters away from populated areas and reducing human exposure to flood risks. To actively protect against floods, communities should implement multiple warning systems, establish reliable mechanisms to disseminate alerts and install water level gauges in all flood-prone rivers.

洪水是一种具有挑战性的现象，危及人类的生命和财产。已经采取了一些措施来减轻洪水的影响，包括使用洪水预警系统（EWS）向人们发出警告。尽管使用了预警系统发出的警报，但有关警报对减轻洪水影响的作用的信息却很有限。本研究调查了基洛萨地区洪水频发地区的社区采取洪水预警应对措施的情况。数据是通过调查从 375 个家庭户主处收集的，并通过焦点小组讨论的 17 位参与者、关键信息提供者访谈的 22 位官员和文献调查进行了三角测量。对数据进行了描述性分析，并进行了卡方检验和二元逻辑回归分析。结果显示，76.53% 的受访者通过亲戚（54.21%）、电话（45.45%）和收音机（31.65%）之间的口口相传收到洪水预警。收到预警后，45.43 % 的受访者会通知家人该怎么做，43.82 % 的受访者会撤离洪水易发区，6.99 % 的受访者会制定洪水应急预案。这些洪水预警应对措施与家庭距离洪水发生河流的远近（p <.0001）、收到洪水预警的几率（p <.0001）、过去的洪水经历（p <.0001）和房屋性质（p <.0007）有明显的关系。总之，个人可以通过将洪水引离人口稠密地区和减少人类面临的洪水风险来主动防范洪水。为积极防范洪灾，社区应实施多重预警系统，建立可靠的警报发布机制，并在所有易发洪灾的河流安装水位计。

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引用次数: 0

Burning through information: An investigation of information sources and information seeking behavior during 2020 Oregon wildfires 通过信息燃烧：对 2020 年俄勒冈州野火期间信息来源和信息搜索行为的调查

IF 4.2 1区地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International journal of disaster risk reduction

Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2024.104841

A series of wildfires in Oregon in 2020 resulted in severe human and property losses. Given the stressful and time-sensitive nature of such events, providing timely information to people during extreme weather events like wildfires can be challenging. Understanding individuals' most-frequently-used information sources along with their information seeking behaviors can help communicators to target audiences and effectively communicate emergency information. A quantitative study was conducted to explore the information sources Oregon residents frequently used during 2020 wildfire season along with the factors underlying their information seeking behaviors. The results indicated television news was the most frequently used information source by the respondents, followed by the National Weather Service. Rural and urban/suburban residents varied on their reliance on friends, family, and neighbors as information sources during the wildfires. Additionally, risk awareness, community type, emotional response to climate change, media trust, and age significantly predicted the information seeking behaviors of Oregon residents during the 2020 wildfire season. Those involved in communicating information during emergencies should be mindful of their audiences’ information source use and create messages for sources most likely to be relied upon. The implications of this research are useful for stakeholders dealing with emergency communication and management to better understand the public and their information needs and behaviors during emergencies.

2020 年俄勒冈州发生的一系列野火造成了严重的人员和财产损失。鉴于此类事件的紧张性和时间敏感性，在野火等极端天气事件中为人们提供及时的信息可能具有挑战性。了解个人最常使用的信息来源以及他们的信息寻求行为，有助于传播者锁定受众并有效传播应急信息。我们开展了一项定量研究，探索俄勒冈州居民在 2020 年野火季节经常使用的信息来源，以及他们寻求信息行为的基本因素。结果显示，电视新闻是受访者最常使用的信息来源，其次是国家气象局。农村和城市/郊区居民在野火期间对朋友、家人和邻居作为信息来源的依赖程度各不相同。此外，风险意识、社区类型、对气候变化的情绪反应、媒体信任度和年龄也对俄勒冈州居民在 2020 年野火季节的信息搜索行为有显著的预测作用。在紧急情况下从事信息传播的人员应注意受众对信息源的使用，并为最有可能被依赖的信息源创建信息。这项研究的意义对于从事应急传播和管理的相关人员来说非常有用，他们可以更好地了解公众及其在紧急情况下的信息需求和行为。

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引用次数: 0

Re-evaluating drought indicators: Learning from small-scale farmers in South Africa 重新评估干旱指标：向南非小农学习

IF 4.2 1区地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International journal of disaster risk reduction

Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2024.104820

引用次数: 0

Assessing the self-efficacy of village clerks for dealing with disasters triggered by natural hazards and public health emergencies in Taiwan 台湾村支书应对自然灾害和突发公共卫生事件引发的灾害的自我效能评估

IF 4.2 1区地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International journal of disaster risk reduction

Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2024.104839

Village clerks are responsible for providing first aid at the community level during natural hazards and public health emergencies such as the COVID-19 pandemic. However, it is very challenging for a village clerk to fully understand the requirements related to disaster preparedness, response and recovery that must be dealt with in both problems. In this study, an evaluation framework was developed to assess and compare the self-efficacy of village clerks in managing disasters triggered by natural hazards and public health emergencies in Taiwan. A survey was conducted with 181 participants with different personal backgrounds and a diversity of experiences with disasters. Compared with public health emergencies, village clerks exhibited more eagerness for knowledge as well as a higher degree of comprehension and confidence in carrying out their duties in the face of natural hazards. A correlation analysis showed that age, years of service, vocational education, and experience were significant to the village clerks' self-efficacy, but the significance levels varied with the type of disaster. A regression analysis further revealed that undergoing adequate vocational training was the key factor behind the village clerks’ better self-efficacy at dealing with disasters triggered by natural hazards. Based on this finding, we recommend that on-the-job training for dealing with public health emergencies should be as diversified as it is in the case of natural hazards. For village clerks, the exchange of experience and logistics will be beneficial in order to reduce the gap in managing disasters triggered by natural hazards and public health emergencies.

村支书负责在自然灾害和公共卫生突发事件（如 COVID-19 大流行病）期间在社区一级提供急救服务。然而，要村支书完全理解备灾、救灾和灾后恢复的相关要求是非常具有挑战性的，这两个问题都必须处理好。本研究制定了一个评估框架，以评估和比较台湾村支书在管理由自然灾害和突发公共卫生事件引发的灾害时的自我效能。本研究对 181 名参与者进行了调查，这些参与者具有不同的个人背景和处理灾害的不同经验。与突发公共卫生事件相比，村支书在面对自然灾害时表现出更高的求知欲、理解力和履行职责的信心。相关分析表明，年龄、工作年限、职业教育程度和工作经验对村书记的自我效能感有显著影响，但显著性水平因灾害类型而异。回归分析进一步表明，接受过充分的职业培训是村支书在应对自然灾害引发的灾难时提高自我效能感的关键因素。基于这一发现，我们建议应对突发公共卫生事件的在职培训应像应对自然灾害一样多样化。对于村支书来说，经验交流和后勤工作将有助于缩小在管理自然灾害引发的灾害和突发公共卫生事件方面的差距。

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引用次数: 0

Evacuation decisions of tourists in wildfire scenarios 游客在野火情况下的撤离决定

IF 4.2 1区地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International journal of disaster risk reduction

Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2024.104836

This paper investigates the factors affecting evacuation behaviour of tourists in wildfire scenarios by conducting a scoping review using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis approach - here using only its extension for scoping reviews. A total of 524 scientific papers were identified in the Web of Science and Scopus and 23 studies were fully reviewed. Key variables affecting the evacuation behaviour of tourists included property attachment, past experience and preparedness, safety culture, risk perception, individual and group socio-demographics, interaction with authorities, place of residence/length of stay, transportation mode and emergency information. These variables were used to apply archetypes of evacuation behaviour related to the decision to evacuate or stay based on expected tourist behaviour.

本文采用 "系统综述和元分析的首选报告项目 "方法进行了范围界定综述，调查了野火情况下影响游客疏散行为的因素--此处仅使用了范围界定综述的扩展方法。在 "科学网 "和 "Scopus "上共找到 524 篇科学论文，对 23 项研究进行了全面审查。影响游客撤离行为的关键变量包括财产归属、以往经验和准备情况、安全文化、风险认知、个人和群体社会人口统计、与当局的互动、居住地/停留时间、交通方式和紧急信息。这些变量被用来应用与根据预期游客行为做出撤离或逗留决定有关的撤离行为原型。

引用次数: 0