Pub Date : 2021-05-05DOI: 10.9734/IJBCRR/2021/V30I130246
F. Bedel, Ekissi Elvis Serge Gbocho, Yapi Jocelyn Constant, K. Patrice
Attieke has become one of the most consumed foodstuffs and very popular among the populations of Côte d'Ivoire. It is a steamed cassava semolina with a long transformation process involving different fermentation times. Physicochemical and biochemical analyses have shown that attiéké has many nutritional potentials. Physicochemical parameters (pH, lactic and acetic acids, ethanol, starch, sugars (total and reducing) and vitamin C) were analysed during the process of transforming cassava (Manihot esculenta C.) into attieke. Moisture levels ranged from 61.5% (fresh pulp) to 45% (Attieke). The pH of the fresh cassava (6.1) decreases and reaches 4.7 on the third day of fermentation while that of the attiéké is 5. The acetic (0.48%) and lactic (0.72%) acid contents Original Research Article Fagbohoun et al.; IJBCRR, 30(1): 61-68, 2021; Article no.IJBCRR.67717 62 increase and are respectively 2.40 and 3.60% in the attieke. The ethanol content, which does not exist in the fresh pulp, appears during the fermentation and then decreases from 0.86% (24 hours of fermentation) to 2.40 (attieke). The starch content of cassava pulp decreased from 41.1 (fresh pulp) to 39.5% (fresh Attieke). The vitamin C content of the fresh pulp (69mg/100g) decreases and represents only 1 mg/100g in the fresh attieke.
{"title":"Change in Physicochemical Parameters during Traditional Processing of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) into Attiéké (Cassava semolina)","authors":"F. Bedel, Ekissi Elvis Serge Gbocho, Yapi Jocelyn Constant, K. Patrice","doi":"10.9734/IJBCRR/2021/V30I130246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/IJBCRR/2021/V30I130246","url":null,"abstract":"Attieke has become one of the most consumed foodstuffs and very popular among the populations of Côte d'Ivoire. It is a steamed cassava semolina with a long transformation process involving different fermentation times. Physicochemical and biochemical analyses have shown that attiéké has many nutritional potentials. Physicochemical parameters (pH, lactic and acetic acids, ethanol, starch, sugars (total and reducing) and vitamin C) were analysed during the process of transforming cassava (Manihot esculenta C.) into attieke. Moisture levels ranged from 61.5% (fresh pulp) to 45% (Attieke). The pH of the fresh cassava (6.1) decreases and reaches 4.7 on the third day of fermentation while that of the attiéké is 5. The acetic (0.48%) and lactic (0.72%) acid contents Original Research Article Fagbohoun et al.; IJBCRR, 30(1): 61-68, 2021; Article no.IJBCRR.67717 62 increase and are respectively 2.40 and 3.60% in the attieke. The ethanol content, which does not exist in the fresh pulp, appears during the fermentation and then decreases from 0.86% (24 hours of fermentation) to 2.40 (attieke). The starch content of cassava pulp decreased from 41.1 (fresh pulp) to 39.5% (fresh Attieke). The vitamin C content of the fresh pulp (69mg/100g) decreases and represents only 1 mg/100g in the fresh attieke.","PeriodicalId":13942,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biochemistry Research and Review","volume":"77 1","pages":"61-68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77523530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-29DOI: 10.9734/IJBCRR/2021/V30I130245
M. A. fadunsin, O. Ebuehi, I. Akande, A. O. Kolawole
β-amylase is an enzyme that hydrolyzes the α-1,4-glucan bonds from the non-reducing ends of starch and other carbohydrate polymers reducing it to maltose units. Maltose has much application with food processing and pharmaceutical industries. The enzyme was purified to apparent homogeneity with a monomeric molecular weight of 30.1 kDa based on SDS-PAGE. The binding Constant (Ka), Kd ΔH, ΔS and ΔG values were 1.53103Lmol-1 ,3.12x10-4Lmol-1, 19.35kJmol-1, 56.67Jmol-1K-1, and -18.17kJmol-1 respectively. The binding profile of β-amylase with epicatechin was spontaneous with a stoichiometric ratio of 2:1. Hydrophobic bonding played a major role in stabilizing the β-amylase-ligand complex. The mode of reaction was by static quenching. It further dictates that the binding reaction is entropy driven. The inhibitory effect of this plant polyphenols on β-Amylase might contribute to the regulation of β-Amylase activity in plants.
{"title":"Purification and Interaction of β-amylase from Dioscorea alata (Water Yam) with Epicatechin","authors":"M. A. fadunsin, O. Ebuehi, I. Akande, A. O. Kolawole","doi":"10.9734/IJBCRR/2021/V30I130245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/IJBCRR/2021/V30I130245","url":null,"abstract":"β-amylase is an enzyme that hydrolyzes the α-1,4-glucan bonds from the non-reducing ends of starch and other carbohydrate polymers reducing it to maltose units. Maltose has much application with food processing and pharmaceutical industries. The enzyme was purified to apparent homogeneity with a monomeric molecular weight of 30.1 kDa based on SDS-PAGE. The binding Constant (Ka), Kd ΔH, ΔS and ΔG values were 1.53103Lmol-1 ,3.12x10-4Lmol-1, 19.35kJmol-1, 56.67Jmol-1K-1, and -18.17kJmol-1 respectively. The binding profile of β-amylase with epicatechin was spontaneous with a stoichiometric ratio of 2:1. Hydrophobic bonding played a major role in stabilizing the β-amylase-ligand complex. The mode of reaction was by static quenching. It further dictates that the binding reaction is entropy driven. The inhibitory effect of this plant polyphenols on β-Amylase might contribute to the regulation of β-Amylase activity in plants.","PeriodicalId":13942,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biochemistry Research and Review","volume":"186 1","pages":"51-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86819810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-30DOI: 10.9734/IJBCRR/2021/V30I130242
Alaa Etaiwi, E. Hashem, M. Ajabnoor, Nabil Al-Ama
Background and Aim: Atherosclerosis is a chronic systematic disease where lesion (plaque) develops results in activation of inflammatory reaction that leads to arterial obstruction. Atherosclerosis is the underlying cause for many cardiovascular diseases (CVD) which were estimated with 42 percent of total death in Saudi Arabia while Coronary artery diseases (CAD) accounted for 35 percent of total chronic diseases death in Saudi Arabia by 2008. Risk factors that attribute in progression of atherosclerotic lesion and subsequent complications are smoking, high Low Density Lipoprotein –Cholesterol (LDL-C), high blood pressure, obesity and alcohol. Materials and Methods: This study was carried on 20 healthy individuals as a control group, 15 patients with stable angina, 15 patients with recent myocardial infraction (MI) and 15 patient 24hours post MI. All subjects were males with age 45±65 years and underwent exclusion/inclusion Original Research Article Etaiwi et al.; IJBCRR, 30(1): 20-30, 2021; Article no.IJBCRR.66866 21 criteria. COX-2, MMPs levels were quantitatively measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: There is insignificant differences in both COX-2 and MMP-2 levels among studied groups (P = 0.450 and 0.246 respectively) .On other hand, MMP-9 demonstrate a significant elevation in its level in studied groups (P = 0.014): its level significantly increase in stable angina (31.474 ± 12.188 ng/ml) compared to both control (9.920 ± 0.075 ng/ml) and Post MI groups (16.012 ± 13.852 ng/ml) (P = 0.001 and 0.004 respectively) and significantly increase in MI group (26.020 ± 14.792 ng/ml) when compared to both control (P = 0.006) and post MI (P = 0.038) groups. Conclusion: We can conclude that both COX-2 and MMP-2 cannot be used as markers for diagnosis of stable angina or MI. While MMP-9 as it showed significant elevation in its level in MI and then decrease in post MI, it can be considered as a good marker for confirming the diagnosis of MI and post MI stage.
{"title":"Study of Diagnostic Value of Cyclooxygenase-2 and Matrix Metalloproteinases in Atherosclerosis","authors":"Alaa Etaiwi, E. Hashem, M. Ajabnoor, Nabil Al-Ama","doi":"10.9734/IJBCRR/2021/V30I130242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/IJBCRR/2021/V30I130242","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Aim: Atherosclerosis is a chronic systematic disease where lesion (plaque) develops results in activation of inflammatory reaction that leads to arterial obstruction. Atherosclerosis is the underlying cause for many cardiovascular diseases (CVD) which were estimated with 42 percent of total death in Saudi Arabia while Coronary artery diseases (CAD) accounted for 35 percent of total chronic diseases death in Saudi Arabia by 2008. Risk factors that attribute in progression of atherosclerotic lesion and subsequent complications are smoking, high Low Density Lipoprotein –Cholesterol (LDL-C), high blood pressure, obesity and alcohol. Materials and Methods: This study was carried on 20 healthy individuals as a control group, 15 patients with stable angina, 15 patients with recent myocardial infraction (MI) and 15 patient 24hours post MI. All subjects were males with age 45±65 years and underwent exclusion/inclusion Original Research Article Etaiwi et al.; IJBCRR, 30(1): 20-30, 2021; Article no.IJBCRR.66866 21 criteria. COX-2, MMPs levels were quantitatively measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: There is insignificant differences in both COX-2 and MMP-2 levels among studied groups (P = 0.450 and 0.246 respectively) .On other hand, MMP-9 demonstrate a significant elevation in its level in studied groups (P = 0.014): its level significantly increase in stable angina (31.474 ± 12.188 ng/ml) compared to both control (9.920 ± 0.075 ng/ml) and Post MI groups (16.012 ± 13.852 ng/ml) (P = 0.001 and 0.004 respectively) and significantly increase in MI group (26.020 ± 14.792 ng/ml) when compared to both control (P = 0.006) and post MI (P = 0.038) groups. Conclusion: We can conclude that both COX-2 and MMP-2 cannot be used as markers for diagnosis of stable angina or MI. While MMP-9 as it showed significant elevation in its level in MI and then decrease in post MI, it can be considered as a good marker for confirming the diagnosis of MI and post MI stage.","PeriodicalId":13942,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biochemistry Research and Review","volume":"141 1","pages":"20-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74527897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-02DOI: 10.9734/IJBCRR/2021/V30I130241
Y. D. Dakum, C. Amajoh, A. Ombugadu, G. Istifanus, F. Agwom, S. Joseph, I. R. Jwanse, P. M. Lapang, S. W. Kopdorah, D. Pam
Mosquitoes are the most important group of insects in terms of public health importance, which transmit serious human diseases. The continuous application of synthetic insecticides to control these mosquitoes causes development of resistance in vector species, and an adverse effect on environmental quality and non-target organisms including human health. Therefore, the use of active toxic agents from plant extracts as alternative mosquito control strategy cannot be over emphasized, as these are non-toxic, easily available at affordable prices, biodegradable and show Original Research Article Dakum et al.; IJBCRR, 30(1): 8-19, 2021; Article no.IJBCRR.64567 9 target specific activities against different species of vector mosquitoes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the larvicidal efficacy of the aqueous and methanol leaf extracts of H. suaveolens against the fourth instars larvae of Anopheles species. Standard WHO protocols was adopted for the larvicidal bioassay. Larvicidal activity was evaluated at concentrations of 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 mg/L. The larval mortality was observed after 24 and 48hours bioassay. The results are mean of three replicates and the mortalities recorded were subjected to chi-square test and probit analysis to determine median lethal concentrations (LC50). TheGC-MS analysis ofthe methanolic leaf extract of the plantrevealed the presence of twelve compounds on the chromatogram. Among the major compounds areOleic Acid (33.33%), Octadecanoic acid (13.52%), 1,3-Cyclohexadiene-1-methanol,alpha.,2,6,6-(10.42%), 1,3-Cyclopentanediol, trans (9.60%), nHexadecanoic acid (9.01%) and 4-Hepten-3-one, 4-methyl (7.0%).The phytochemical screening of the aqueous and methanol leaf extracts of the plant revealed the presence of Tannins, Terpenoids, Flavonoids, Steroids, Carbohydrates, Cardiac glycoside and resins. The LC50 values estimated were 316.22mg/Lfor methanol extract and 323.59 mg/L for aqueous extract. The differences between the two extracts were however not significantly different at P>0.05. The findings also revealed that mortality was concentration dependent and both extracts showed promising larvicidal activity against Anopheles species larvae. Therefore, the crude leaf extract of the plant is recommended to be used as alternative to synthetic larvicides and further research is needed to test the activity of the plant on non-target organisms.
{"title":"Larvicidal Efficacy and GC-MS Analysis of Hyptis suaveolens Leaf Extracts against Anopheles Species","authors":"Y. D. Dakum, C. Amajoh, A. Ombugadu, G. Istifanus, F. Agwom, S. Joseph, I. R. Jwanse, P. M. Lapang, S. W. Kopdorah, D. Pam","doi":"10.9734/IJBCRR/2021/V30I130241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/IJBCRR/2021/V30I130241","url":null,"abstract":"Mosquitoes are the most important group of insects in terms of public health importance, which transmit serious human diseases. The continuous application of synthetic insecticides to control these mosquitoes causes development of resistance in vector species, and an adverse effect on environmental quality and non-target organisms including human health. Therefore, the use of active toxic agents from plant extracts as alternative mosquito control strategy cannot be over emphasized, as these are non-toxic, easily available at affordable prices, biodegradable and show Original Research Article Dakum et al.; IJBCRR, 30(1): 8-19, 2021; Article no.IJBCRR.64567 9 target specific activities against different species of vector mosquitoes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the larvicidal efficacy of the aqueous and methanol leaf extracts of H. suaveolens against the fourth instars larvae of Anopheles species. Standard WHO protocols was adopted for the larvicidal bioassay. Larvicidal activity was evaluated at concentrations of 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 mg/L. The larval mortality was observed after 24 and 48hours bioassay. The results are mean of three replicates and the mortalities recorded were subjected to chi-square test and probit analysis to determine median lethal concentrations (LC50). TheGC-MS analysis ofthe methanolic leaf extract of the plantrevealed the presence of twelve compounds on the chromatogram. Among the major compounds areOleic Acid (33.33%), Octadecanoic acid (13.52%), 1,3-Cyclohexadiene-1-methanol,alpha.,2,6,6-(10.42%), 1,3-Cyclopentanediol, trans (9.60%), nHexadecanoic acid (9.01%) and 4-Hepten-3-one, 4-methyl (7.0%).The phytochemical screening of the aqueous and methanol leaf extracts of the plant revealed the presence of Tannins, Terpenoids, Flavonoids, Steroids, Carbohydrates, Cardiac glycoside and resins. The LC50 values estimated were 316.22mg/Lfor methanol extract and 323.59 mg/L for aqueous extract. The differences between the two extracts were however not significantly different at P>0.05. The findings also revealed that mortality was concentration dependent and both extracts showed promising larvicidal activity against Anopheles species larvae. Therefore, the crude leaf extract of the plant is recommended to be used as alternative to synthetic larvicides and further research is needed to test the activity of the plant on non-target organisms.","PeriodicalId":13942,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biochemistry Research and Review","volume":"29 1","pages":"8-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79666074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-11DOI: 10.9734/IJBCRR/2021/V30I130240
S. Okereke, O. Ikpeazu, C. J. Nwaogwugwu, Ahamefula Sunday Ezekwe, C. Nosiri, P. O. Ukogu, Duru Michael Osita, Akara Emmanuel
The bioactive components of Spondias mombin leaf have been evaluated using gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy (GC/MS). The plant were collected washed, shade dried and milled and the methanol extract of the leaf plant were prepared by soxhlet extract method. The methanol extract were analyzed for the identification of phytochemical compounds presenting the Spondias mombin plant leaf using GC/MS methods. Result of the GC-MS analysis of Spondias mombin leaf extract leads to the identification of 8 compounds. The identification of phytochemicals was based on the Molecular Weight, molecular formula, RT (Retention Time) and peak area % (concentration). These peaks indicated the presence of eight bioactive compounds in the extract. The names, molecular formular, percentage composition and molecular masses of these Short Research Article Okereke et al.; IJBCRR, 30(1): 1-7, 2021; Article no.IJBCRR.61245 2 compounds are shown in Table 1. The 8 bioactive compounds are as follows; 9oxononanoic acid,3-isopropoxy, 1,1,15,5,5 hexamethyl-3trimethylsioxytrosiloxane (C12H34O4Si4) ,1,4methanocycloocta(d)pyridazine, 1α4α4aα10α)(C13H2ON2),Hexasiloxane 1,1,3,3,5,5,7,7,9,9,11,11dodeca methyl,1,4 methanocycloocta (d) pyridazine 1,4,4a,5,6,9,10,10aoctalydro 11,11-dimethyl(1α,4α4aα10α), Hexasiloxane, 1,1,3,3,5,5,7,7,9,9,11,11 dodecamethyl, 3isopropoxy-1,1,1,5,5,5 hexamethyl-3-(trimethylsiloxy) trisiloxane C12H34O4Si4 and 1,1,1,3,5,5,5Heptamethyltrisiloxane(C7H22O2Si3). It is concluded that these bioactive component are known to exhibit medicinal value as well as pharmacological activities.
{"title":"GC-MS Analysis of Spondias mombin (Linn) Methanol Leaf Extract","authors":"S. Okereke, O. Ikpeazu, C. J. Nwaogwugwu, Ahamefula Sunday Ezekwe, C. Nosiri, P. O. Ukogu, Duru Michael Osita, Akara Emmanuel","doi":"10.9734/IJBCRR/2021/V30I130240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/IJBCRR/2021/V30I130240","url":null,"abstract":"The bioactive components of Spondias mombin leaf have been evaluated using gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy (GC/MS). The plant were collected washed, shade dried and milled and the methanol extract of the leaf plant were prepared by soxhlet extract method. The methanol extract were analyzed for the identification of phytochemical compounds presenting the Spondias mombin plant leaf using GC/MS methods. Result of the GC-MS analysis of Spondias mombin leaf extract leads to the identification of 8 compounds. The identification of phytochemicals was based on the Molecular Weight, molecular formula, RT (Retention Time) and peak area % (concentration). These peaks indicated the presence of eight bioactive compounds in the extract. The names, molecular formular, percentage composition and molecular masses of these Short Research Article Okereke et al.; IJBCRR, 30(1): 1-7, 2021; Article no.IJBCRR.61245 2 compounds are shown in Table 1. The 8 bioactive compounds are as follows; 9oxononanoic acid,3-isopropoxy, 1,1,15,5,5 hexamethyl-3trimethylsioxytrosiloxane (C12H34O4Si4) ,1,4methanocycloocta(d)pyridazine, 1α4α4aα10α)(C13H2ON2),Hexasiloxane 1,1,3,3,5,5,7,7,9,9,11,11dodeca methyl,1,4 methanocycloocta (d) pyridazine 1,4,4a,5,6,9,10,10aoctalydro 11,11-dimethyl(1α,4α4aα10α), Hexasiloxane, 1,1,3,3,5,5,7,7,9,9,11,11 dodecamethyl, 3isopropoxy-1,1,1,5,5,5 hexamethyl-3-(trimethylsiloxy) trisiloxane C12H34O4Si4 and 1,1,1,3,5,5,5Heptamethyltrisiloxane(C7H22O2Si3). It is concluded that these bioactive component are known to exhibit medicinal value as well as pharmacological activities.","PeriodicalId":13942,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biochemistry Research and Review","volume":"8 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84759135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-31DOI: 10.9734/ijbcrr/2020/v29i930233
L. Nadolnik, Vyacheslav Polubok, K. Gonchar
Background and Objective: Disturbance in adrenocortical mechanisms of regulation can play a significant role in the development of metabolic syndrome (MS). The goal of the work was to study the correlations between the glucocorticoid status of patients with metabolic syndrome and the severity of disturbances in carbohydrate and lipid metabolisms. Materials and Methods: Our studies carried out on two groups of patients, healthy subjects (n=28) and patients with MS characterized by obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and hypertension (n=20), provide evidence for close relationships between the level of blood cortisol and the extent of MS severity. The concentration of cortisol, glucose, triglycerols, total cholesterol, HDL and LDL was determined in blood samples. Results: Patients with MS and low blood cortisol level showed less pronounced disturbances in lipid metabolism: The concentration of triglycerols was decreased by 30.2%, whereas that of LDL was reduced by 16.3% compared to patients with MS and normal cortisol level. The level of cortisol Original Research Article Nadolnik et al.; IJBCRR, 29(9): 149-158, 2020; Article no.IJBCRR.63888 150 was correlated to the level of total cholesterol (rs= –0.3601, p=0.046). These relationships were more pronounced in patients with MS: their LDL levels highly significantly correlated to the cholesterol/cortisol ratio (rs=0.7062, p=0.01). In contrast to the higher blood glucose concentrations (>7.1 mmol/l), the low levels (<5.0) in patients with MS (and not in healthy subjects) were related to the risk of increase in morning blood cortisol concentrations in fasting patients. Conclusion: The results obtained show that the correlations between glucocorticoids and cholesterol can play a significant role in the mechanisms of MS development, which is most probably related to dysregulation of the pituitary-adrenal system in the development of MS.
背景与目的:肾上腺皮质调节机制的紊乱可能在代谢综合征(MS)的发生发展中发挥重要作用。这项工作的目的是研究代谢综合征患者的糖皮质激素状态与碳水化合物和脂质代谢紊乱的严重程度之间的相关性。材料与方法:我们对两组患者，健康受试者(n=28)和以肥胖、胰岛素抵抗、2型糖尿病和高血压为特征的MS患者(n=20)进行了研究，提供了血液皮质醇水平与MS严重程度密切相关的证据。测定血液中皮质醇、葡萄糖、甘油三酯、总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白和低密度脂蛋白的浓度。结果:与皮质醇水平正常的多发性硬化症患者相比，低血皮质醇水平的多发性硬化症患者的脂质代谢紊乱不明显:甘油三酯浓度下降30.2%，LDL浓度下降16.3%。Nadolnik et al.;生物工程学报，29(9):149-158,2020;文章no.IJBCRR。63888150与总胆固醇水平相关(rs= -0.3601, p=0.046)。这些关系在MS患者中更为明显:他们的LDL水平与胆固醇/皮质醇比值高度显著相关(rs=0.7062, p=0.01)。与较高的血糖浓度(>7.1 mmol/l)相反，MS患者(非健康受试者)的低血糖水平(<5.0)与空腹患者早晨血皮质醇浓度升高的风险相关。结论:所得结果表明糖皮质激素与胆固醇的相关性在MS的发生机制中发挥重要作用，很可能与MS发生过程中垂体-肾上腺系统的失调有关。
{"title":"Blood Cortisol Level in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome and Its Correlation with Parameters of Lipid and Carbohydrate Metabolisms","authors":"L. Nadolnik, Vyacheslav Polubok, K. Gonchar","doi":"10.9734/ijbcrr/2020/v29i930233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijbcrr/2020/v29i930233","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Objective: Disturbance in adrenocortical mechanisms of regulation can play a significant role in the development of metabolic syndrome (MS). The goal of the work was to study the correlations between the glucocorticoid status of patients with metabolic syndrome and the severity of disturbances in carbohydrate and lipid metabolisms. Materials and Methods: Our studies carried out on two groups of patients, healthy subjects (n=28) and patients with MS characterized by obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and hypertension (n=20), provide evidence for close relationships between the level of blood cortisol and the extent of MS severity. The concentration of cortisol, glucose, triglycerols, total cholesterol, HDL and LDL was determined in blood samples. Results: Patients with MS and low blood cortisol level showed less pronounced disturbances in lipid metabolism: The concentration of triglycerols was decreased by 30.2%, whereas that of LDL was reduced by 16.3% compared to patients with MS and normal cortisol level. The level of cortisol Original Research Article Nadolnik et al.; IJBCRR, 29(9): 149-158, 2020; Article no.IJBCRR.63888 150 was correlated to the level of total cholesterol (rs= –0.3601, p=0.046). These relationships were more pronounced in patients with MS: their LDL levels highly significantly correlated to the cholesterol/cortisol ratio (rs=0.7062, p=0.01). In contrast to the higher blood glucose concentrations (>7.1 mmol/l), the low levels (<5.0) in patients with MS (and not in healthy subjects) were related to the risk of increase in morning blood cortisol concentrations in fasting patients. Conclusion: The results obtained show that the correlations between glucocorticoids and cholesterol can play a significant role in the mechanisms of MS development, which is most probably related to dysregulation of the pituitary-adrenal system in the development of MS.","PeriodicalId":13942,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biochemistry Research and Review","volume":"28 1","pages":"149-158"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84153838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-31DOI: 10.9734/IJBCRR/2020/V29I1030238
M. A. EL-Fattah, T. El-Abaseri, Hegazy Mohamed Abd Elaziz Mohamed
Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most common cause of endstage renal disease. Albuminuria is the foremost commonly utilized marker to anticipate onset of diabetic nephropathy (DN) without sufficient affectability and specificity to identify early DN. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate Plasma cyclophilin A (CypA) as a new biomarker for early DN. Methods: This cross sectional study included 125 Egyptian subjects attending the out Patients Clinic of the Department of Internal Medicine, 10 Th of Ramadan city Health Insurance Hospital and divided into-:control group, patient with diabetic mellitus, patients with Diabetic nephropathy and patient with diabetic nephropathy and other complications. Patients were subjected to measurement of plasma cyclophyline A, FBS, HbAIC, serum creatinine, serum urea, serum uric acid, k, Na, serum phosphorus, Albumin:Creatinine Ratio, GFR, Chol, TG, LDL HDL, AST, ALT, T.BIL, D.BIL ALB, TP, GLB and A/G ratio. Results: Results showed that Cyclophilin A was significantly correlated with duration of DM, CR, Urea, UR.A, Na, phosphorus, ACR, Chol, TG, LDL, AST, ALT, T.BIL, D.BIL. Meanwhile, Cyclophilin A was negatively correlated with HA1C, K, GFR, HDL, ALB, TP, GLB and A/G ratio. At Original Research Article EL-Fattah et al.; IJBCRR, 29(10): 63-72, 2020; Article no.IJBCRR.65466 64 cut-off level ≥84.14, cyclophilin A had 91% sensitivity and 62% specificity for diagnosing diabetic nephropathy. Conclusion: CypA can be used as an early marker for DN as we found early significant high levels of urinary CypA in diabetic patients with stage 2 DN even before the appearance of albuminuria.
{"title":"Plasma Cyclophilin A as a Novel Biomarker in Chronic Nephropathy","authors":"M. A. EL-Fattah, T. El-Abaseri, Hegazy Mohamed Abd Elaziz Mohamed","doi":"10.9734/IJBCRR/2020/V29I1030238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/IJBCRR/2020/V29I1030238","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most common cause of endstage renal disease. Albuminuria is the foremost commonly utilized marker to anticipate onset of diabetic nephropathy (DN) without sufficient affectability and specificity to identify early DN. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate Plasma cyclophilin A (CypA) as a new biomarker for early DN. Methods: This cross sectional study included 125 Egyptian subjects attending the out Patients Clinic of the Department of Internal Medicine, 10 Th of Ramadan city Health Insurance Hospital and divided into-:control group, patient with diabetic mellitus, patients with Diabetic nephropathy and patient with diabetic nephropathy and other complications. Patients were subjected to measurement of plasma cyclophyline A, FBS, HbAIC, serum creatinine, serum urea, serum uric acid, k, Na, serum phosphorus, Albumin:Creatinine Ratio, GFR, Chol, TG, LDL HDL, AST, ALT, T.BIL, D.BIL ALB, TP, GLB and A/G ratio. Results: Results showed that Cyclophilin A was significantly correlated with duration of DM, CR, Urea, UR.A, Na, phosphorus, ACR, Chol, TG, LDL, AST, ALT, T.BIL, D.BIL. Meanwhile, Cyclophilin A was negatively correlated with HA1C, K, GFR, HDL, ALB, TP, GLB and A/G ratio. At Original Research Article EL-Fattah et al.; IJBCRR, 29(10): 63-72, 2020; Article no.IJBCRR.65466 64 cut-off level ≥84.14, cyclophilin A had 91% sensitivity and 62% specificity for diagnosing diabetic nephropathy. Conclusion: CypA can be used as an early marker for DN as we found early significant high levels of urinary CypA in diabetic patients with stage 2 DN even before the appearance of albuminuria.","PeriodicalId":13942,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biochemistry Research and Review","volume":"72 1","pages":"63-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91155882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-31DOI: 10.9734/IJBCRR/2020/V29I1030236
P. Palanivelu
Aim: To analyze the RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRps) of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-related coronaviruses (CoVs) to find out the conserved motifs, metal binding sites and catalytic amino acids and propose a plausible mechanism of action for these enzymes, using SARS-CoV-2 RdRp as a model enzyme. Study Design: Bioinformatics, Biochemical, Site-directed mutagenesis (SDM), X-ray crystallographic and cryo-Electron microscopic (cryo-EM) data were analyzed. Methodology: Bioinformatics, Biochemical, Site-directed mutagenesis, X-ray crystallographic and cryo-EM data of these enzymes from RNA viral pathogens were analyzed. The advanced version of Clustal Omega was used for protein sequence analysis of the RdRps. Results: Multiple sequence alignment (MSA) of RdRps from different SARS-related CoVs show a large number of highly conserved motifs among them. Though the RdRp from the Middle Eastern Original Research Article Palanivelu; IJBCRR, 29(10): 29-52, 2020; Article no.IJBCRR.64238 30 Respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV differed in many conserved regions yet the active site regions are completely conserved. Possible catalytic regions consist of an absolutely conserved amino acid K, as in single subunit (SSU) RNA polymerases and most of the DNA dependent DNA polymerases (DdDps). The invariant ‘gatekeeper/DNA template binding’ YG pair that was reported in all SSU DNA dependent RNA polymerases (DdRps), prokaryotic multi-subunit (MSU) DdRps and DdDps is also highly conserved in the RdRps of SARS-CoVs. The universal metal binding motif –GDDand an additional motif–SDDare also found in all SARS-CoV RdRps. In stark contrast, the (–) strand RNA viral pathogens like Ebola, rabies, etc. use –GDNrather than –GDDfor catalytic metal binding. An invariant YA pair (instead of an YG pair) is found in the primases of the SARS-CoVs. The SARS-CoVs RdRps and primases exhibit very similar active site and catalytic regions with almost same distance conservations between the template binding YG/YA pair and the catalytic K. In SARS-CoV RdRps an invariant R is placed at -5 which is shown to play a role in nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) selection and is in close agreement with SSU DdRps (viral family) and DdDps. In primases no such invariant R/K/H is found very close to the catalytic K in the downstream region, as found in RdRp and Nidovirus RdRp-Associated Nucleotidyltransferase (NiRAN) domains. An invariant YA pair is placed in the NiRAN domain instead of an YG pair, and an invariant H is placed at -5 position. Moreover, the Zn binding motif with the completely conserved Cs and a few DxD/DxxD type metal binding motifs are found in the RdRps and NiRAN domain. However, the primases contained only the DXD type metal binding motifs. Conclusions: The SARS and SARS-related CoV RdRps are very similar as large peptide regions are highly conserved among them. The closer identity between the RdRps of palm civet-CoV and SARS-CoV (CoV-1) suggest their possible link as found betw
{"title":"RNA Dependent RNA Polymerases of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Related Coronaviruses- An Insight into their Active Sites and Mechanism of Action","authors":"P. Palanivelu","doi":"10.9734/IJBCRR/2020/V29I1030236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/IJBCRR/2020/V29I1030236","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: To analyze the RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRps) of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-related coronaviruses (CoVs) to find out the conserved motifs, metal binding sites and catalytic amino acids and propose a plausible mechanism of action for these enzymes, using SARS-CoV-2 RdRp as a model enzyme. Study Design: Bioinformatics, Biochemical, Site-directed mutagenesis (SDM), X-ray crystallographic and cryo-Electron microscopic (cryo-EM) data were analyzed. Methodology: Bioinformatics, Biochemical, Site-directed mutagenesis, X-ray crystallographic and cryo-EM data of these enzymes from RNA viral pathogens were analyzed. The advanced version of Clustal Omega was used for protein sequence analysis of the RdRps. Results: Multiple sequence alignment (MSA) of RdRps from different SARS-related CoVs show a large number of highly conserved motifs among them. Though the RdRp from the Middle Eastern Original Research Article Palanivelu; IJBCRR, 29(10): 29-52, 2020; Article no.IJBCRR.64238 30 Respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV differed in many conserved regions yet the active site regions are completely conserved. Possible catalytic regions consist of an absolutely conserved amino acid K, as in single subunit (SSU) RNA polymerases and most of the DNA dependent DNA polymerases (DdDps). The invariant ‘gatekeeper/DNA template binding’ YG pair that was reported in all SSU DNA dependent RNA polymerases (DdRps), prokaryotic multi-subunit (MSU) DdRps and DdDps is also highly conserved in the RdRps of SARS-CoVs. The universal metal binding motif –GDDand an additional motif–SDDare also found in all SARS-CoV RdRps. In stark contrast, the (–) strand RNA viral pathogens like Ebola, rabies, etc. use –GDNrather than –GDDfor catalytic metal binding. An invariant YA pair (instead of an YG pair) is found in the primases of the SARS-CoVs. The SARS-CoVs RdRps and primases exhibit very similar active site and catalytic regions with almost same distance conservations between the template binding YG/YA pair and the catalytic K. In SARS-CoV RdRps an invariant R is placed at -5 which is shown to play a role in nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) selection and is in close agreement with SSU DdRps (viral family) and DdDps. In primases no such invariant R/K/H is found very close to the catalytic K in the downstream region, as found in RdRp and Nidovirus RdRp-Associated Nucleotidyltransferase (NiRAN) domains. An invariant YA pair is placed in the NiRAN domain instead of an YG pair, and an invariant H is placed at -5 position. Moreover, the Zn binding motif with the completely conserved Cs and a few DxD/DxxD type metal binding motifs are found in the RdRps and NiRAN domain. However, the primases contained only the DXD type metal binding motifs. Conclusions: The SARS and SARS-related CoV RdRps are very similar as large peptide regions are highly conserved among them. The closer identity between the RdRps of palm civet-CoV and SARS-CoV (CoV-1) suggest their possible link as found betw","PeriodicalId":13942,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biochemistry Research and Review","volume":"40 1","pages":"29-52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88085157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-31DOI: 10.9734/IJBCRR/2020/V29I1030237
M. A. EL-Fattah, T. El-Abaseri, Hegazy Mohamed Abd Elaziz Mohamed
Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most common cause of endstage renal disease. Albuminuria is the foremost commonly utilized marker to anticipate onset of diabetic nephropathy (DN) without sufficient affectability and specificity to identify early DN. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate plasma α-Klotho as a new biomarker for chronic diabetic nephropathy. Methods: This cross sectional study included 125 Egyptian subjects attending the out Patients Clinic of the Department of Internal Medicine, 10 Th of Ramadan city Health Insurance Hospital and divided into:-control group, patient with diabetic mellitus, patients with Diabetic nephropathy and patient with diabetic nephropathy and other complications. Patients were subjected to measurement of plasma αKlotho, FBS, HbAIC, serum creatinine, serum urea, serum uric acid, k, Na, serum phosphorus, Albumin: Creatinine Ratio, GFR, Chol, TG, LDL HDL, AST, ALT, T.BIL, D.BIL ALB, TP, GLB and A/G ratio. Original Research Article Mohy Eldin et al.; IJBCRR, 29(10): 53-62, 2020; Article no.IJBCRR.65465 54 Results: Results showed that plasma a-klotho was significantly correlated with hemoglobin A1C, potassium, GFR, Albumin, TP and GLB. Meanwhile, plasma aklotho was negatively correlated with duration of DM, CR, Urea, UR.A, Na, phosphorus, ACR, Chol, TG, LDL, AST, ALT, T.BIL, and D.BIL. However, there were no significant correlations between plasma α -klotho and FBS, HDL and A/G ratio. At cut-off level ≥2.6, plasma α -klotho had 95% sensitivity and 81% specificity for diagnosing diabetic nephropathy. Conclusion: α-klotho may be the chronic diabetic nephropathy markers for predicting renal injury in patients with type 2 diabetes.
{"title":"α-Klotho as A Novel Biomarkers in Chronic Diabetic Nephropathy","authors":"M. A. EL-Fattah, T. El-Abaseri, Hegazy Mohamed Abd Elaziz Mohamed","doi":"10.9734/IJBCRR/2020/V29I1030237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/IJBCRR/2020/V29I1030237","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most common cause of endstage renal disease. Albuminuria is the foremost commonly utilized marker to anticipate onset of diabetic nephropathy (DN) without sufficient affectability and specificity to identify early DN. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate plasma α-Klotho as a new biomarker for chronic diabetic nephropathy. Methods: This cross sectional study included 125 Egyptian subjects attending the out Patients Clinic of the Department of Internal Medicine, 10 Th of Ramadan city Health Insurance Hospital and divided into:-control group, patient with diabetic mellitus, patients with Diabetic nephropathy and patient with diabetic nephropathy and other complications. Patients were subjected to measurement of plasma αKlotho, FBS, HbAIC, serum creatinine, serum urea, serum uric acid, k, Na, serum phosphorus, Albumin: Creatinine Ratio, GFR, Chol, TG, LDL HDL, AST, ALT, T.BIL, D.BIL ALB, TP, GLB and A/G ratio. Original Research Article Mohy Eldin et al.; IJBCRR, 29(10): 53-62, 2020; Article no.IJBCRR.65465 54 Results: Results showed that plasma a-klotho was significantly correlated with hemoglobin A1C, potassium, GFR, Albumin, TP and GLB. Meanwhile, plasma aklotho was negatively correlated with duration of DM, CR, Urea, UR.A, Na, phosphorus, ACR, Chol, TG, LDL, AST, ALT, T.BIL, and D.BIL. However, there were no significant correlations between plasma α -klotho and FBS, HDL and A/G ratio. At cut-off level ≥2.6, plasma α -klotho had 95% sensitivity and 81% specificity for diagnosing diabetic nephropathy. Conclusion: α-klotho may be the chronic diabetic nephropathy markers for predicting renal injury in patients with type 2 diabetes.","PeriodicalId":13942,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biochemistry Research and Review","volume":"213 1","pages":"53-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76968273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-31DOI: 10.9734/IJBCRR/2020/V29I1030234
F. Oyedeji, A. Fawehinmi, H. Lawal
There are scientific reports of medicinal plants having curative properties. These properties may be due to the presence of various phytochemicals in the plants. Cassia alata is a specie in the Fabaceae family. The purpose of this study is to determine the antidermatophyte activity of the extract, formulate a cream with the extract and determine the stability of the cream by measuring the pH, Free-thaw test, Centrifugation and sensitivity to light. We also subjected the formulated cream to temperature variation test at -10, 4, 30, 37 and 45 C. The percentage yield was 8.5%. The extract contain alkaloid (4.24±0.24%), saponin(1.35±0.39%), tannin (0.45±0.29%) and flavonoid (2.42±0.32%) respectively. The antifungal test results showed the activity against the dermatophytes to be in the increasing order M.furfur (12± 0.2 mm) < Microsporum audounii (12±0.4 mm) < Trichophyton mentagrophtes (14±0.2mm) < Epidermophyton floccosum (16±0.2 mm).Temperature stability and Centrifuge testing indicated that the formulations were stable. Light testing indicated no change in the colour of the cream. Our study showed that the plant Original Research Article Oyedeji et al.; IJBCRR, 29(10): 1-8, 2020; Article no.IJBCRR.63936 2 has high potential as an anti-dermatophyte when formulated as a cream for topical use. The stability of the cream formulations indicated that it can be used for the management of dermatophytosis.
{"title":"Antidermatophyte Activity of Ethanol Extract and Stability of Creams Formulated from Cassia alata Linn","authors":"F. Oyedeji, A. Fawehinmi, H. Lawal","doi":"10.9734/IJBCRR/2020/V29I1030234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/IJBCRR/2020/V29I1030234","url":null,"abstract":"There are scientific reports of medicinal plants having curative properties. These properties may be due to the presence of various phytochemicals in the plants. Cassia alata is a specie in the Fabaceae family. The purpose of this study is to determine the antidermatophyte activity of the extract, formulate a cream with the extract and determine the stability of the cream by measuring the pH, Free-thaw test, Centrifugation and sensitivity to light. We also subjected the formulated cream to temperature variation test at -10, 4, 30, 37 and 45 C. The percentage yield was 8.5%. The extract contain alkaloid (4.24±0.24%), saponin(1.35±0.39%), tannin (0.45±0.29%) and flavonoid (2.42±0.32%) respectively. The antifungal test results showed the activity against the dermatophytes to be in the increasing order M.furfur (12± 0.2 mm) < Microsporum audounii (12±0.4 mm) < Trichophyton mentagrophtes (14±0.2mm) < Epidermophyton floccosum (16±0.2 mm).Temperature stability and Centrifuge testing indicated that the formulations were stable. Light testing indicated no change in the colour of the cream. Our study showed that the plant Original Research Article Oyedeji et al.; IJBCRR, 29(10): 1-8, 2020; Article no.IJBCRR.63936 2 has high potential as an anti-dermatophyte when formulated as a cream for topical use. The stability of the cream formulations indicated that it can be used for the management of dermatophytosis.","PeriodicalId":13942,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biochemistry Research and Review","volume":"132 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85611253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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