Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024055012
Vladimir Perelygin, Mikhail Zharikov, Ivan Zmitrovich, Tatyana Nekrasova
The present review highlights the chitin/chitosan as biopolymers that are promising for biomedical research development. Our goal was to assess the potential for practical use of these biopolymers and to summarize information on traditional and innovative technologies for their production and purification. The widespread occurrence of chitin and chitosan in nature as well as the unique chemical and biological properties of chitosan are reasons of growing interest in the use of the latter in several pharmaceutical fields. The main stages of chitin extraction and its further modification into chitosan are deproteinization, demineralization, deacetylation, and the main methods of chitosan purification are filtration, dialysis and reprecipitation. The profitability of the production of chitin/chitosan from crustaceans and edible mushrooms is approximately at the same level. The cost of mushroom products can be reduced by using agricultural or forestry waste as nutrient substrates. This makes the use of fungi as sources of chitin/chitosan in forested regions a rather promising issue.
{"title":"Chitin and Its Derivative Chitosan: Distribution in Nature, Applications Realm, and Technology Research (A Review)","authors":"Vladimir Perelygin, Mikhail Zharikov, Ivan Zmitrovich, Tatyana Nekrasova","doi":"10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024055012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024055012","url":null,"abstract":"The present review highlights the chitin/chitosan as biopolymers that are promising for biomedical research development. Our goal was to assess the potential for practical use of these biopolymers and to summarize information on traditional and innovative technologies for their production and purification. The widespread occurrence of chitin and chitosan in nature as well as the unique chemical and biological properties of chitosan are reasons of growing interest in the use of the latter in several pharmaceutical fields. The main stages of chitin extraction and its further modification into chitosan are deproteinization, demineralization, deacetylation, and the main methods of chitosan purification are filtration, dialysis and reprecipitation. The profitability of the production of chitin/chitosan from crustaceans and edible mushrooms is approximately at the same level. The cost of mushroom products can be reduced by using agricultural or forestry waste as nutrient substrates. This makes the use of fungi as sources of chitin/chitosan in forested regions a rather promising issue.","PeriodicalId":14025,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141737171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024054937
Oksana Zaitseva, Marta Sergushkina, Dmitry Popyvanov, Yanina Nazarova, Tatyana Polezhaeva, Olga Solomina, Andrey Khudyakov
Polysaccharide fractions from the mycelium of the fungus Hericium erinaceus BP 16, cultivated on sterile grain substrates (barley, oats, wheat, rice, rye), were isolated and characterized. 1% solutions were prepared from the resulting fractions, mixed with a blood, which was then subjected to cold stress at a temperature of 6°C for 3, 5 and 7 days. It has been shown that the fraction of H. erinaceus grown on rye is characterized by a high content of the protein fraction and arabinose monosaccharide and contributes to the preservation of higher phagocytic, bactericidal and antioxidant activity cells throughout the entire period of stress. Polysaccharide fractions of the fungus H. erinaceus, grown on various grain substrates, can serve as an immunomodulatory and antioxidant food additive and provide significant benefits in the daily life of people with stress and reduced immunity.
{"title":"The Influence of Polysaccharide Fractions of the Lion’s Mane Medicinal Mushroom Hericium erinaceus (Agaricomycetes) on the Immunomodulatory and Antioxidant Activity of Neutrophils Exposed to Stress of Different Durations","authors":"Oksana Zaitseva, Marta Sergushkina, Dmitry Popyvanov, Yanina Nazarova, Tatyana Polezhaeva, Olga Solomina, Andrey Khudyakov","doi":"10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024054937","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024054937","url":null,"abstract":"Polysaccharide fractions from the mycelium of the fungus Hericium erinaceus BP 16, cultivated on sterile grain substrates (barley, oats, wheat, rice, rye), were isolated and characterized. 1% solutions were prepared from the resulting fractions, mixed with a blood, which was then subjected to cold stress at a temperature of 6°C for 3, 5 and 7 days. It has been shown that the fraction of H. erinaceus grown on rye is characterized by a high content of the protein fraction and arabinose monosaccharide and contributes to the preservation of higher phagocytic, bactericidal and antioxidant activity cells throughout the entire period of stress. Polysaccharide fractions of the fungus H. erinaceus, grown on various grain substrates, can serve as an immunomodulatory and antioxidant food additive and provide significant benefits in the daily life of people with stress and reduced immunity.","PeriodicalId":14025,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141721171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024055061
Yi En Wong, Muhammad Fazril Mohamad Razif, Szu-Ting Ng, Chon-Seng Tan, Shin Yee Fung, Dharmani Murugan
Hypertension is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases such as coronary artery disease, heart failure and stroke. Lignosus rhinocerus (Cooke) Ryvarden (also known as tiger milk mushroom) has been reported to exhibit a range of pharmacological effects, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, antioxidative, immunomodulatory and anti-asthmatic activities. Thus far, limited research has explored its ability to mediate vascular effects in vivo. Therefore, this study investigated the antihypertensive and vascular protective effects of L. rhinocerus TM02® sclerotia supplementation in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats served as a normotensive control group. SHR were orally administered with L. rhinocerus TM02® sclerotia (100 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg, respectively) for 8 weeks, and blood pressure was monitored every 2 weeks. Vascular function was evaluated using an organ bath (aorta) and wire myograph (renal artery) at the treatment endpoint. The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) in the aorta and renal artery were evaluated using dihydroethidium (DHE) and difluoro fluorescein acetate (DAF-FM) fluorescence assays, respectively. Total plasma nitrate/nitrite and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels were evaluated via colorimetric assays. In vivo treatment with L. rhinocerus TM02® sclerotia significantly attenuated the increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP). It also alleviated vascular dysfunction and decreased elevated ROS in the aorta and renal arteries of the treated SHRs. Moreover, L. rhinocerus TM02® sclerotia attenuated plasma TNF-α level but increased total plasma nitrate/nitrite, albeit slightly, coupled with significantly increased NO at the vascular level. Collectively, the present study demonstrated that L. rhinocerus TM02® sclerotia supplementation exerted blood pressure lowering effects, partly attributed to improvements in vascular function via reduction in vascular oxidative stress.
{"title":"Medicinal Tiger Milk Mushroom Lignosus rhinocerus TM02® (Agaricomycetes) Sclerotia Supplementation Mitigates Hypertension and Alleviates Vascular Dysfunction Partly Through Oxidative Stress Modulation in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats","authors":"Yi En Wong, Muhammad Fazril Mohamad Razif, Szu-Ting Ng, Chon-Seng Tan, Shin Yee Fung, Dharmani Murugan","doi":"10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024055061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024055061","url":null,"abstract":"Hypertension is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases such as coronary artery disease, heart failure and stroke. Lignosus rhinocerus (Cooke) Ryvarden (also known as tiger milk mushroom) has been reported to exhibit a range of pharmacological effects, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, antioxidative, immunomodulatory and anti-asthmatic activities. Thus far, limited research has explored its ability to mediate vascular effects in vivo. Therefore, this study investigated the antihypertensive and vascular protective effects of L. rhinocerus TM02® sclerotia supplementation in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats served as a normotensive control group. SHR were orally administered with L. rhinocerus TM02® sclerotia (100 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg, respectively) for 8 weeks, and blood pressure was monitored every 2 weeks. Vascular function was evaluated using an organ bath (aorta) and wire myograph (renal artery) at the treatment endpoint. The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) in the aorta and renal artery were evaluated using dihydroethidium (DHE) and difluoro fluorescein acetate (DAF-FM) fluorescence assays, respectively. Total plasma nitrate/nitrite and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels were evaluated via colorimetric assays. In vivo treatment with L. rhinocerus TM02® sclerotia significantly attenuated the increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP). It also alleviated vascular dysfunction and decreased elevated ROS in the aorta and renal arteries of the treated SHRs. Moreover, L. rhinocerus TM02® sclerotia attenuated plasma TNF-α level but increased total plasma nitrate/nitrite, albeit slightly, coupled with significantly increased NO at the vascular level. Collectively, the present study demonstrated that L. rhinocerus TM02® sclerotia supplementation exerted blood pressure lowering effects, partly attributed to improvements in vascular function via reduction in vascular oxidative stress.","PeriodicalId":14025,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141775677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024054674
He Li, Fang Xiao, Chen Xi Dou, Bo Zhou, Zhao He Chen, Jing Yi Wang, Cheng Gang Wang, Fang Xie
ABSTRACT: The initiation and formation of the pinhead is the key node in growth process of Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Chinese Cordyceps). The research on the mechanism of changes in this growth stage is the basis for realizing the industrialization of its artificial cultivation. Clarifying the mechanisms of pinhead initiation is essential for its further application. Here, we performed a comprehensive transcriptome analysis of pinhead initiation process in O. sinensis. Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed remarkable variation in gene expression and enriched pathways at different pinhead initiation stages. Gene co-expression network analysis by WGCNA identified 4 modules highly relevant to different pinhead initiation stages, and 23 hub genes. The biological function analysis and hub gene annotation of these identified modules demonstrated that transmenbrance transport and nucleotide excision repair were the topmost enriched in pre-pinhead initiation stage, carbohydrate metabolism and protein glycosylation were specially enriched in pinhead initiation stage, nucleotide binding and DNA metabolic process were over-represented after pinhead stage. These key regulators are mainly involved in carbohydrate metabolism, synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids. This work excavated the candidate pathways and hub genes related to the pinhead initiation stage, which will serve as a reference for realizing the industrialization of artificial cultivation in O. sinensis.
{"title":"Integrated Comparative Transcriptome and Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis Provide Valuable Insights into the Mechanisms of Pinhead Initiation in Chinese Cordyceps Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Ascomycota)","authors":"He Li, Fang Xiao, Chen Xi Dou, Bo Zhou, Zhao He Chen, Jing Yi Wang, Cheng Gang Wang, Fang Xie","doi":"10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024054674","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024054674","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT: The initiation and formation of the pinhead is the key node in growth process of Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Chinese Cordyceps). The research on the mechanism of changes in this growth stage is the basis for realizing the industrialization of its artificial cultivation. Clarifying the mechanisms of pinhead initiation is essential for its further application. Here, we performed a comprehensive transcriptome analysis of pinhead initiation process in O. sinensis. Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed remarkable variation in gene expression and enriched pathways at different pinhead initiation stages. Gene co-expression network analysis by WGCNA identified 4 modules highly relevant to different pinhead initiation stages, and 23 hub genes. The biological function analysis and hub gene annotation of these identified modules demonstrated that transmenbrance transport and nucleotide excision repair were the topmost enriched in pre-pinhead initiation stage, carbohydrate metabolism and protein glycosylation were specially enriched in pinhead initiation stage, nucleotide binding and DNA metabolic process were over-represented after pinhead stage. These key regulators are mainly involved in carbohydrate metabolism, synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids. This work excavated the candidate pathways and hub genes related to the pinhead initiation stage, which will serve as a reference for realizing the industrialization of artificial cultivation in O. sinensis.","PeriodicalId":14025,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141504748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024054939
Antonella Mazzola, francisco kuhar, Alina Greslebin
Solid-state fermentation (SSF) of cereals with edible fungi is a promising strategy for producing functional flours. Hypothetically, the nutritional and functional properties of these flours could be modulated by manipulating substrate composition, fungal species, and incubation conditions. This article reports the variation over time in nutritional, polyphenol, and triterpene contents, as well as the antioxidant activity of rice and wheat fermented with Ganoderma sessile and Pleurotus ostreatus. Solid-state fermentation significantly improved the antioxidant power of the substrates which seemed to be highly correlated with the increase of the phenolic compounds. This increase peaked in the 2nd-3rd week and decreased after this point. Triterpene content also increased, especially in substrates fermented with G. sessile. Substrates fermented with G. sessile showed higher values than those fermented with P. ostreatus in all compounds, which could be a result of a higher growth rate. Fermented wheat showed higher values than fermented rice in all measured compounds except reducing sugars which can be related to a slower progress in the fermentation due to the more complex structure of the wheat grain. Our results reinforce the importance of substrate and strain selection for product modulation to meet the industry's growing needs.
{"title":"Progression Over Time of Nutritional Content and Antioxidant Activity of Grains Fermented with Medicinal Mushrooms Pleurotus ostreatus and Ganoderma sessile (Agaricomycetes)","authors":"Antonella Mazzola, francisco kuhar, Alina Greslebin","doi":"10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024054939","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024054939","url":null,"abstract":"Solid-state fermentation (SSF) of cereals with edible fungi is a promising strategy for producing functional flours. Hypothetically, the nutritional and functional properties of these flours could be modulated by manipulating substrate composition, fungal species, and incubation conditions. This article reports the variation over time in nutritional, polyphenol, and triterpene contents, as well as the antioxidant activity of rice and wheat fermented with Ganoderma sessile and Pleurotus ostreatus. Solid-state fermentation significantly improved the antioxidant power of the substrates which seemed to be highly correlated with the increase of the phenolic compounds. This increase peaked in the 2nd-3rd week and decreased after this point. Triterpene content also increased, especially in substrates fermented with G. sessile. Substrates fermented with G. sessile showed higher values than those fermented with P. ostreatus in all compounds, which could be a result of a higher growth rate. Fermented wheat showed higher values than fermented rice in all measured compounds except reducing sugars which can be related to a slower progress in the fermentation due to the more complex structure of the wheat grain. Our results reinforce the importance of substrate and strain selection for product modulation to meet the industry's growing needs.","PeriodicalId":14025,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141721199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cordyceps militaris, Chinese traditional medicinal fungus, has many bioactive properties. Cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine) is a major bioactive component of C. militaris. Various methods can significantly elevate cordycepin production, which suggests a diverse set of metabolic regulatory mechanisms. Thus, we aimed to identify transcription factors that regulate cordycepin biosynthesis pathways. Transcriptome analysis of wild type C. militaris, C. militaris GYS60, a cordycepin high-producing strain, and C. militaris GYS80, a low-producing strain, were used to measure expression and function of genes related to cordycepin biosynthesis. The transcriptome expression data were confirmed by qRT-PCR. We identified 155 relevant transcription factors in 19 families that included Fork head/winged helix factors, other C4 zinc finger-type factors, C2H2 zinc finger factors, tryptophan cluster factors, nuclear receptors with C4 zinc fingers, homeodomain factors, and Rel homology region factors. Energy generation and amino acid conversion pathways were activated in GYS60 so that abundance of cordycepin precursors was increased. Genes and transcription factors for rate-limiting enzymes in these pathways were identified. Overexpression of two key transcription factors, Krüppel-like factor 4 (Klf4) and Retinoid X receptor alpha (Rxra), promoted high cordycepin production in GYS60. In GYS60, Klf4 and Rxra were responsible for upregulation of genes in cordycepin biosynthesis, namely an oxidoreductase, 3',5'-cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase, a transferase, and adenylate cyclase. Upregulation of these genes increased 3'-AMP content, thereby elevating cordycepin synthesis.
冬虫夏草是中国传统药用真菌，具有多种生物活性特性。虫草素（3'-脱氧腺苷）是冬虫夏草的主要生物活性成分。各种方法都能显著提高虫草素的产量，这表明虫草素的代谢调节机制多种多样。因此，我们旨在确定调控虫草素生物合成途径的转录因子。我们对野生型 C. militaris、虫草素高产菌株 C. militaris GYS60 和低产菌株 C. militaris GYS80 进行了转录组分析，以测定与虫草素生物合成相关的基因的表达和功能。转录组表达数据通过 qRT-PCR 得到证实。我们确定了 19 个家族中的 155 个相关转录因子，其中包括叉头/翼螺旋因子、其他 C4 锌指型因子、C2H2 锌指因子、色氨酸簇因子、具有 C4 锌指的核受体、同源结构域因子和 Rel 同源区因子。在 GYS60 中，能量生成和氨基酸转化途径被激活，从而增加了虫草素前体的丰度。确定了这些途径中限速酶的基因和转录因子。在 GYS60 中，两个关键转录因子 Krüppel-like factor 4 (Klf4) 和 Retinoid X receptor alpha (Rxra) 的过表达促进了虫草素的大量生产。在 GYS60 中，Klf4 和 Rxra 负责上调虫草素生物合成过程中的基因，即氧化还原酶、3',5'-环 AMP 磷酸二酯酶、转移酶和腺苷酸环化酶。这些基因的上调增加了 3'-AMP 的含量，从而提高了虫草素的合成。
{"title":"Evidence for Regulation of Cordycepin Biosynthesis by Transcription Factors Krüppel-like factor 4 and Retinoid X receptor alpha in Cordyceps militaris","authors":"Hucheng Zhang, Lina Deng, Shuai Luo, Linying Liu, Guowei Yang, Yuning Zhang, Bo Gao, Dongqing Yang, Xiaojie Wang, Shuangshi Li, Xingjuan Li, Yaguang Jang, Wenyan Lao, Frank Vriesekoop","doi":"10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024054952","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024054952","url":null,"abstract":"Cordyceps militaris, Chinese traditional medicinal fungus, has many bioactive properties. Cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine) is a major bioactive component of C. militaris. Various methods can significantly elevate cordycepin production, which suggests a diverse set of metabolic regulatory mechanisms. Thus, we aimed to identify transcription factors that regulate cordycepin biosynthesis pathways. Transcriptome analysis of wild type C. militaris, C. militaris GYS60, a cordycepin high-producing strain, and C. militaris GYS80, a low-producing strain, were used to measure expression and function of genes related to cordycepin biosynthesis. The transcriptome expression data were confirmed by qRT-PCR. We identified 155 relevant transcription factors in 19 families that included Fork head/winged helix factors, other C4 zinc finger-type factors, C2H2 zinc finger factors, tryptophan cluster factors, nuclear receptors with C4 zinc fingers, homeodomain factors, and Rel homology region factors. Energy generation and amino acid conversion pathways were activated in GYS60 so that abundance of cordycepin precursors was increased. Genes and transcription factors for rate-limiting enzymes in these pathways were identified. Overexpression of two key transcription factors, Krüppel-like factor 4 (Klf4) and Retinoid X receptor alpha (Rxra), promoted high cordycepin production in GYS60. In GYS60, Klf4 and Rxra were responsible for upregulation of genes in cordycepin biosynthesis, namely an oxidoreductase, 3',5'-cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase, a transferase, and adenylate cyclase. Upregulation of these genes increased 3'-AMP content, thereby elevating cordycepin synthesis.","PeriodicalId":14025,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141745664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Royal sun medicinal mushroom Agaricus brasiliensis KA21 has various beneficial pharmacological effects; however, these effects are influenced by its cultivation conditions. A. brasiliensis KA21 is rich in β-glucan, which promotes wound healing. This study evaluated the wound healing-promoting effects of A. brasiliensis KA21 and the influence of cultivation conditions on these effects. Upon evaluation of its effect on wound healing, the outdoor-cultivated A. brasiliensis KA21 (KAOD) promoted wound healing in mice, and the effect of KAOD was stronger than that of the indoor-cultivated one (KAID). In addition, A. brasiliensis KA21 promoted the synthesis of collagen I and III, which are involved in promoting wound healing; KAOD strongly induced collagen III production. Furthermore, KAOD suppressed the decrease in skin elasticity after acetone application in our mouse model, which was not observed for KAID. These results show that KAOD is useful as a supplement in surgery and injury healing for humans and animals, improving immunity against pathogens in wound areas and promoting wound healing. In addition, KAOD may be useful in the field of skin aesthetics for repairing skin damage and maintaining skin elasticity.
皇家太阳药用蘑菇巴西蘑菇（Agaricus brasiliensis KA21）具有多种有益的药理作用，但这些作用受其栽培条件的影响。巴西蘑菇 KA21 富含能促进伤口愈合的 β-葡聚糖。本研究评估了 A. brasiliensis KA21 促进伤口愈合的作用以及栽培条件对这些作用的影响。在评估其对伤口愈合的影响时，室外栽培的巴西蘑菇 A. brasiliensis KA21（KAOD）能促进小鼠伤口愈合，且 KAOD 的效果强于室内栽培的 A. brasiliensis KA21（KAID）。此外，A. brasiliensis KA21 能促进胶原蛋白 I 和 III 的合成，而胶原蛋白 I 和 III 参与促进伤口愈合；KAOD 能强烈诱导胶原蛋白 III 的生成。此外，在我们的小鼠模型中，KAOD 还能抑制应用丙酮后皮肤弹性的降低，而 KAID 则没有这种效果。这些结果表明，KAOD 可作为人类和动物手术和损伤愈合的补充剂，提高伤口部位对病原体的免疫力，促进伤口愈合。此外，KAOD 还可用于皮肤美容领域，修复皮肤损伤，保持皮肤弹性。
{"title":"Effect of Royal Sun Medicinal Mushroom Agaricus brasiliensis KA21 (Agaricomycetes) Cultivated Outdoors on Wound Healing and Maintaining Skin Elasticity","authors":"Akitomo Motoi, Katsuya Tajima, Rina Motoi, Masuro Motoi, Hoichi Amano, Daisuke Yamanaka, Ken-ichi Ishibashi, Naohito Ohno, Yoshiyuki Adachi","doi":"10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024054886","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024054886","url":null,"abstract":"Royal sun medicinal mushroom Agaricus brasiliensis KA21 has various beneficial pharmacological effects; however, these effects are influenced by its cultivation conditions. A. brasiliensis KA21 is rich in β-glucan, which promotes wound healing. This study evaluated the wound healing-promoting effects of A. brasiliensis KA21 and the influence of cultivation conditions on these effects. Upon evaluation of its effect on wound healing, the outdoor-cultivated A. brasiliensis KA21 (KAOD) promoted wound healing in mice, and the effect of KAOD was stronger than that of the indoor-cultivated one (KAID). In addition, A. brasiliensis KA21 promoted the synthesis of collagen I and III, which are involved in promoting wound healing; KAOD strongly induced collagen III production. Furthermore, KAOD suppressed the decrease in skin elasticity after acetone application in our mouse model, which was not observed for KAID. These results show that KAOD is useful as a supplement in surgery and injury healing for humans and animals, improving immunity against pathogens in wound areas and promoting wound healing. In addition, KAOD may be useful in the field of skin aesthetics for repairing skin damage and maintaining skin elasticity.","PeriodicalId":14025,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141613547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024054590
Gréta Törős, Áron Béni, Ferenc Peles, Mahendra Rai, Hassan Elramady, József Prokisch
This study aimed to examine the impact of mushroom extract-based solid media on the β-glucan content, growth rate, density, and biomass content of Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom) mycelia. Fresh, high-quality raw P. ostreatus were washed, sliced, and heated in a sealed pressure cooker at 90°C for 4 hours in the drying cabinet. Following the heating process, centrifugation was carried out. Different concentrations of Pleurotus ostreatus extract were mixed with distilled water (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) and prepared for a sterile solid media. A malt extract-based medium was maintained as a control. This study focuses on the growth performance of P. ostreatus mycelium on its own mushroom extract-based culture medium which holds considerable economic and environmental significance. During the six-day observation period, the mycelium exhibited consistent growth across all tested media, maintaining a steady growth rate of 15 mm. The increased content of mushroom extract resulted from the enhanced density of the mycelia and biomass content. It can be inferred that when media containing less than 25% of mushroom extract dilution is used, β-glucan can be formed in smaller amounts. Further research is needed to explore mushroom extract derived from different types of mushroom byproducts, which fail to meet commercial standards.
{"title":"Enhancing Biomass and β-Glucan Yield from Oyster Mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus (Agaricomycetes) Mycelia Through Extract Valorization","authors":"Gréta Törős, Áron Béni, Ferenc Peles, Mahendra Rai, Hassan Elramady, József Prokisch","doi":"10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024054590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024054590","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to examine the impact of mushroom extract-based solid media on the β-glucan content, growth rate, density, and biomass content of Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom) mycelia. Fresh, high-quality raw P. ostreatus were washed, sliced, and heated in a sealed pressure cooker at 90°C for 4 hours in the drying cabinet. Following the heating process, centrifugation was carried out. Different concentrations of Pleurotus ostreatus extract were mixed with distilled water (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) and prepared for a sterile solid media. A malt extract-based medium was maintained as a control. This study focuses on the growth performance of P. ostreatus mycelium on its own mushroom extract-based culture medium which holds considerable economic and environmental significance. During the six-day observation period, the mycelium exhibited consistent growth across all tested media, maintaining a steady growth rate of 15 mm. The increased content of mushroom extract resulted from the enhanced density of the mycelia and biomass content. It can be inferred that when media containing less than 25% of mushroom extract dilution is used, β-glucan can be formed in smaller amounts. Further research is needed to explore mushroom extract derived from different types of mushroom byproducts, which fail to meet commercial standards.","PeriodicalId":14025,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141513384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024054258
Dong Yating, Lina Guo, Haile Ma, Muhammad Tayyab Rashid, Jamila Akter Tuly, GOLLY, K. Moses, Cunshan Zhou, ronghai He, xiaofei Ye, bingcheng Gan, xing Han
To study and compare the morphology of the phellinoid Agaricomycetes strains and find other strategies to improve Phellinus spp. growth and metabolism. In this study, the morphological characteristics of four Phellinus igniarius strains (phellinoid Agaricomycetes) were observed under a light microscope. The exudates from these fungi were observed using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS). The exudates were initially transparent with a water-like appearance, and became darker with time at neutral pH. Microscopy of air-dried exudates revealed regular shapes and crystals. Cl-(chloride) and K+ were the two key elements analyzed using EDS. Polyphenol oxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and laccase activities were detected in mycelia from each of the four Phellinus strains. The K+ content of the three strains was higher than that of the wild strain. Cl- content correlated negatively with that of K+. Laccase activities associated with each mycelia and its corresponding media differed under cold and contaminated conditions.
{"title":"Morphology of four strains of Medicinl phellinoid Agaricomycetes, and microstructural and physiological properties of their exudates","authors":"Dong Yating, Lina Guo, Haile Ma, Muhammad Tayyab Rashid, Jamila Akter Tuly, GOLLY, K. Moses, Cunshan Zhou, ronghai He, xiaofei Ye, bingcheng Gan, xing Han","doi":"10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024054258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024054258","url":null,"abstract":"To study and compare the morphology of the phellinoid Agaricomycetes strains and find other strategies to improve Phellinus spp. growth and metabolism. In this study, the morphological characteristics of four Phellinus igniarius strains (phellinoid Agaricomycetes) were observed under a light microscope. The exudates from these fungi were observed using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS). The exudates were initially transparent with a water-like appearance, and became darker with time at neutral pH. Microscopy of air-dried exudates revealed regular shapes and crystals. Cl-(chloride) and K+ were the two key elements analyzed using EDS. Polyphenol oxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and laccase activities were detected in mycelia from each of the four Phellinus strains. The K+ content of the three strains was higher than that of the wild strain. Cl- content correlated negatively with that of K+. Laccase activities associated with each mycelia and its corresponding media differed under cold and contaminated conditions.","PeriodicalId":14025,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141196663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Antifungal and antibacterial activities of crude extracts of Phellinus extensus, Ph. gilvus, Ph. pachyphloeus, Ph. senex and Coltricia fragilissima were investigated on eleven species of bacteria and three fungal human pathogens. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by the microdilution method. The results of this study reveal that for the eleven strains of bacteria tested, including Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella aerogenes, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus mirabilis and Escherichia choli, the MIC of the crude extract of the four species of Phellinus as well as that of C. fragilissima ranged from 3.13 to 12.50 mg/mL. For the three strains of fungi tested including Candida albicans, Aspergillus ochraceus and A. fumigetus, the MIC of the crude extracts of the same four species of Phellinus as well as that of C. fragilissima ranged from 0.39 to 3.13 mg/mL. These data reveal that the antimicrobial activity of crude extracts of Phellinus and Coltricia species is stronger on pathogenic fungi than on bacteria. C. fragilissima being of the same family as Phellinus and having recorded the values of MIC eminently close to those of the latter may potentially be used for medicinal purposes like the investigated Phellinus species. Being highly represented in the sub-Saharan regions and owing to the above-mentioned results, these species could now be considered as part of the non-exhaustive list of medicinal mushrooms in these regions and may constitute a new source of natural molecules that may be more active than synthetic products against certain fungal and bacte
研究了 Phellinus extensus、Ph. gilvus、Ph. pachyphloeus、Ph. senex 和 Coltricia fragilissima 的粗提取物对 11 种细菌和 3 种真菌人类病原体的抗真菌和抗细菌活性。采用微量稀释法测定了最低抑菌浓度（MIC）。研究结果表明，对 11 种受试细菌，包括枯草芽孢杆菌、粪肠球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、肠杆菌属、痢疾杆菌、痢疾杆菌、痢疾杆菌、痢疾杆菌、痢疾杆菌、痢疾杆菌、痢疾杆菌、痢疾杆菌、痢疾杆菌、痢疾杆菌对于 11 种细菌，包括枯草芽孢杆菌、粪肠球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、泄殖腔肠杆菌、产气克雷伯氏菌、烟曲霉菌、普通变形杆菌、奇异变形杆菌和小肠埃希氏菌，四种黄柏以及 C. fragilissima 的粗提取物的 MIC 值介于 3.13 至 12.50 毫克/毫升之间。对于所测试的三种真菌菌株，包括白色念珠菌、赭曲霉和烟曲霉，这四种黄柏的粗提取物以及 C. fragilissima 的 MIC 为 0.39 至 3.13 mg/mL。这些数据表明，Phellinus 和 Coltricia 的粗提取物对致病真菌的抗菌活性强于对细菌的抗菌活性。C. fragilissima 与 Phellinus 同属一科，其 MIC 值非常接近后者的 MIC 值，因此有可能像所研究的 Phellinus 物种一样用于药用目的。由于这些物种在撒哈拉以南地区具有很高的代表性，并由于上述结果，现在可以将其视为这些地区药用蘑菇非详尽清单的一部分，并可能构成天然分子的新来源，这些天然分子可能比合成产品对某些真菌和细菌更有活性。
{"title":"Antifungal and Antibacterial Activities of Crude Extracts of Four Phellinus species and Coltricia fragilissima (Agaricomycetes) from Cameroon and Democratic Republic of Congo","authors":"MOSSEBO Dominique Claude, Blondo-Pascal Metsebing, Romuald Oba, Fabrice Tsigaing Tsigain, Thierry Fonkui Youmbi, Marthe Carine Djuidje Fosting, Tata Charlotte Mungoh, Derek Ntantoh Ndinteh","doi":"10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024054634","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024054634","url":null,"abstract":"Antifungal and antibacterial activities of crude extracts of Phellinus extensus, Ph. gilvus, Ph. pachyphloeus, Ph. senex and Coltricia fragilissima were investigated on eleven species of bacteria and three fungal human pathogens. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by the microdilution method. The results of this study reveal that for the eleven strains of bacteria tested, including Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella aerogenes, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus mirabilis and Escherichia choli, the MIC of the crude extract of the four species of Phellinus as well as that of C. fragilissima ranged from 3.13 to 12.50 mg/mL. For the three strains of fungi tested including Candida albicans, Aspergillus ochraceus and A. fumigetus, the MIC of the crude extracts of the same four species of Phellinus as well as that of C. fragilissima ranged from 0.39 to 3.13 mg/mL. These data reveal that the antimicrobial activity of crude extracts of Phellinus and Coltricia species is stronger on pathogenic fungi than on bacteria. C. fragilissima being of the same family as Phellinus and having recorded the values of MIC eminently close to those of the latter may potentially be used for medicinal purposes like the investigated Phellinus species. Being highly represented in the sub-Saharan regions and owing to the above-mentioned results, these species could now be considered as part of the non-exhaustive list of medicinal mushrooms in these regions and may constitute a new source of natural molecules that may be more active than synthetic products against certain fungal and bacte","PeriodicalId":14025,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141528962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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