Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024052574
Mariam Rusitashvili, Aza Kobakhidze, Vladimir Elisashvili
In the present study, wide diversity in the set and activity of lignin-modifying enzymes (LME) was revealed during submerged fermentation of mandarin peel with fifteen strains of white rot basidiomycetes. Among them, Trametes pubescens BCC153 was distinguished by the simultaneous production of laccase, manganese peroxidase (MnP), and lignin peroxidase (LiP). Supplementation of CuSO4 at a concentration of 1 mM in the media for the cultivation of four Trametes species manifold increased the production of laccase. The diverse effects of chemically different lignocellulosic growth substrates and nitrogen sources on the production of individual LME have been established. The maximum laccase activity of T. pubescens was observed when the fungus was cultivated on media containing mandarin peel and wheat bran, whereas the highest MnP and LiP activities were detected in the submerged fermentation of tobacco residue. Peptone and casein hydrolysate appeared to be the best sources of nitrogen for the production of laccase and both peroxidases by T. pubescens BCC153 whereas KNO3 was the worst nitrogen-containing compound for the production of all enzymes.
本研究发现，在柑橘皮与 15 株白腐基枝菌浸没发酵过程中，木质素改性酶（LME）的种类和活性存在很大差异。其中，Trametes pubescens BCC153因同时产生漆酶、锰过氧化物酶（MnP）和木质素过氧化物酶（LiP）而脱颖而出。在培养四种曲霉的培养基中添加浓度为 1 mM 的 CuSO4 可成倍提高漆酶的产量。化学性质不同的木质纤维素生长基质和氮源对单个 LME 产量的不同影响已经确定。在含有柑橘皮和麦麸的培养基上培养 T. pubescens 时，可观察到其最大的漆酶活性，而在烟草残渣的浸没发酵中则检测到最高的 MnP 和 LiP 活性。蛋白胨和酪蛋白水解物似乎是 T. pubescens BCC153 产生漆酶和两种过氧化物酶的最佳氮源，而 KNO3 是产生所有酶的最差含氮化合物。
{"title":"Activity of Lignin-Modifying Enzyme of Selected Medicinal Mushrooms in Submerged Fermentation of Lignocellulosic Materials","authors":"Mariam Rusitashvili, Aza Kobakhidze, Vladimir Elisashvili","doi":"10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024052574","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024052574","url":null,"abstract":"In the present study, wide diversity in the set and activity of lignin-modifying enzymes (LME) was revealed during submerged fermentation of mandarin peel with fifteen strains of white rot basidiomycetes. Among them, Trametes pubescens BCC153 was distinguished by the simultaneous production of laccase, manganese peroxidase (MnP), and lignin peroxidase (LiP). Supplementation of CuSO4 at a concentration of 1 mM in the media for the cultivation of four Trametes species manifold increased the production of laccase. The diverse effects of chemically different lignocellulosic growth substrates and nitrogen sources on the production of individual LME have been established. The maximum laccase activity of T. pubescens was observed when the fungus was cultivated on media containing mandarin peel and wheat bran, whereas the highest MnP and LiP activities were detected in the submerged fermentation of tobacco residue. Peptone and casein hydrolysate appeared to be the best sources of nitrogen for the production of laccase and both peroxidases by T. pubescens BCC153 whereas KNO3 was the worst nitrogen-containing compound for the production of all enzymes.","PeriodicalId":14025,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139515757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024053282
Shikha Guleria, Savita Jandaik, Preeti Thakur
For generations, individuals have been incorporating wild edible fungi into their diets. Precisely identifying mushrooms is essential for harnessing their potential benefits for human use. Specifically, the taxonomical identification of Pleurotus species is known for its complexity. In modern times, it is always necessary to use molecular analysis as a valuable approach for gaining a deeper understanding of the systematics and the delineation of species. Thus, this study confirmed the identity of two wild isolates of Pleurotus djamor (pink oyster mushroom) using the internal transcribed spacer sequences. The amplicons underwent sequencing, and the resulting data was assembled and analyzed. The nucleotide sequences of the two wild isolates blasted against sequences from GenBank database revealed that two wild isolates matched 96.80 and 95.27% P. djamor with accession number KF280324.1 and KT273366.1. Commercially cultivated species took less time for spawn run (17.75 days), primordial initiation (22.25 days) and recoded highest biological efficiency (73.92%) among wild isolates. Nutritional analysis revealed that wild isolates showcase an abundance of nutrients, surpassing commercially cultivated species in terms of moisture, protein, and crude fiber content. This distinctive nutritional profile positions wild isolates as an exceptional superfood, fostering overall health enhancement.
{"title":"Taxonomic Identification and Nutritional Profiling of Wild Isolates of the Pink Oyster Mushroom Pleurotus djamor (Agaricomycetes) from Northwestern Himalayas (India)","authors":"Shikha Guleria, Savita Jandaik, Preeti Thakur","doi":"10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024053282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024053282","url":null,"abstract":"For generations, individuals have been incorporating wild edible fungi into their diets. Precisely identifying mushrooms is essential for harnessing their potential benefits for human use. Specifically, the taxonomical identification of <i>Pleurotus</i> species is known for its complexity. In modern times, it is always necessary to use molecular analysis as a valuable approach for gaining a deeper understanding of the systematics and the delineation of species. Thus, this study confirmed the identity of two wild isolates of <i>Pleurotus djamor</i> (pink oyster mushroom) using the internal transcribed spacer sequences. The amplicons underwent sequencing, and the resulting data was assembled and analyzed. The nucleotide sequences of the two wild isolates blasted against sequences from GenBank database revealed that two wild isolates matched 96.80 and 95.27% <i>P. djamor</i> with accession number KF280324.1 and KT273366.1. Commercially cultivated species took less time for spawn run (17.75 days), primordial initiation (22.25 days) and recoded highest biological efficiency (73.92%) among wild isolates. Nutritional analysis revealed that wild isolates showcase an abundance of nutrients, surpassing commercially cultivated species in terms of moisture, protein, and crude fiber content. This distinctive nutritional profile positions wild isolates as an exceptional superfood, fostering overall health enhancement.","PeriodicalId":14025,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141147755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024052325
Norhaida Che Azmi, Tuan Syaripah Atiqah Najwa Tuan Yahya, Fung Shin Yee, Ng Szu Ting, Tan Chon Seng
Leukemia can be a result of genetic changes associated with protein tyrosine kinase activity such as in MPL W515L and BCR/ABL genes. However, the current conventional treatment of leukemia produces severe side effects that urge the approach to use natural products. A medicinal mushroom, Lignosus rhinocerus shows potential as an anti-cancer treatment. To investigate the efficacy and mechanism of action of the L. rhinocerus cultivar (TM02®) extract on leukaemogenic tyrosine kinase cell lines, a cold-water extract (CWE) was produced by using TM02® sclerotia powder at 4◦C. The carbohydrate and protein contents were found to be 77.24% and 1.75% respectively. In comparison to the normal Ba/F3 cell, the CWE TM02® shows significant effects on exhibiting proliferation of Ba/F3 expressed MPL W515L and BCR/ABL, possibly due to the presence of phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties of TM02®, which contribute to act on various signalling pathways, and the reported apoptotic activity of CWE TM02®. In contrast, CWE TM02® significantly exhibited high scavenging activity of both Ba/F3 expressed MPL W515L and BCR/ABL. At concentrations of 125 µg/mL and 500 µg/mL of CWE TM02® decreased 49.5% and 67.5% of cell migration activity of Ba/F3 expressed MPL W515L and BCR/ABL respectively. Therefore, we postulate that CWE TM02® has the capability to mediate the migration route of the leukaemogenic tyrosine kinase cell lines.
{"title":"The Effects of Tiger Milk Mushroom Lignosus rhinocerus TM02® (Agaricomycetes) on Leukaemogenic Tyrosine Kinase Cell Lines","authors":"Norhaida Che Azmi, Tuan Syaripah Atiqah Najwa Tuan Yahya, Fung Shin Yee, Ng Szu Ting, Tan Chon Seng","doi":"10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024052325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024052325","url":null,"abstract":"Leukemia can be a result of genetic changes associated with protein tyrosine kinase activity such as in MPL W515L and BCR/ABL genes. However, the current conventional treatment of leukemia produces severe side effects that urge the approach to use natural products. A medicinal mushroom, Lignosus rhinocerus shows potential as an anti-cancer treatment. To investigate the efficacy and mechanism of action of the L. rhinocerus cultivar (TM02®) extract on leukaemogenic tyrosine kinase cell lines, a cold-water extract (CWE) was produced by using TM02® sclerotia powder at 4◦C. The carbohydrate and protein contents were found to be 77.24% and 1.75% respectively. In comparison to the normal Ba/F3 cell, the CWE TM02® shows significant effects on exhibiting proliferation of Ba/F3 expressed MPL W515L and BCR/ABL, possibly due to the presence of phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties of TM02®, which contribute to act on various signalling pathways, and the reported apoptotic activity of CWE TM02®. In contrast, CWE TM02® significantly exhibited high scavenging activity of both Ba/F3 expressed MPL W515L and BCR/ABL. At concentrations of 125 µg/mL and 500 µg/mL of CWE TM02® decreased 49.5% and 67.5% of cell migration activity of Ba/F3 expressed MPL W515L and BCR/ABL respectively. Therefore, we postulate that CWE TM02® has the capability to mediate the migration route of the leukaemogenic tyrosine kinase cell lines.","PeriodicalId":14025,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":"208 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139374232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024052488
Somanjana Khatua, Krishnendu Acharya
In our previous study, we have established Russula pseudocyanoxantha as a unique species, playing a crucial role in indigenous diets through ages. The research also brought attention to bioactive potential of polysaccharide fraction extracted from the unexplored food using hot water. However, residue of the conventional process still contains therapeutic bio-polymers that could further be utilized for pharmacological purposes instead of being discarded. Therefore, the current study aims to valorize the solid remnants, contributing to a deeper understanding of the novel taxon. Subsequently, the leftover was treated with cold alkali, leading to the preparation of a high-yield fraction (RP-CAP). Chemical characterization through FT-IR, GC-MS, HPTLC, and spectroscopy demonstrated presence of several monomers in the carbohydrate backbone, predominantly composed of β-glucan. Furthermore, GPC chromatogram indicated presence of a homogeneous polymer with Mw of ~129.28 kDa. Subsequently, potent antioxidant activity was noted in terms of radical scavenging (O2•−, OH•, DPPH• and ABTS•+), chelating ability, reducing power and total antioxidant activity where EC50 values ranged from 472–3600 µg/mL. Strong immune-boosting effect was also evident, as the bio-polymers stimulated murine macrophage cell proliferation, phagocytic activity, pseudopod formation, and NO as well as ROS synthesis. In-depth analysis revealed that the fraction stimulated synthesis of several inflammatory mediators, elucidating the mode of action through TLR/NF-κB pathway. Therefore, the findings collectively suggest that RP-CAP possesses great potential to serve as a health-improving component.
{"title":"Cold Alkali Extractable Antioxidative Polysaccharide from Russula pseudocyanoxantha, a Novel Mushroom, Stimulates Immune Responses in RAW264.7 Cells by Regulating TLR/NF-κB Pathway","authors":"Somanjana Khatua, Krishnendu Acharya","doi":"10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024052488","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024052488","url":null,"abstract":"In our previous study, we have established Russula pseudocyanoxantha as a unique species, playing a crucial role in indigenous diets through ages. The research also brought attention to bioactive potential of polysaccharide fraction extracted from the unexplored food using hot water. However, residue of the conventional process still contains therapeutic bio-polymers that could further be utilized for pharmacological purposes instead of being discarded. Therefore, the current study aims to valorize the solid remnants, contributing to a deeper understanding of the novel taxon. Subsequently, the leftover was treated with cold alkali, leading to the preparation of a high-yield fraction (RP-CAP). Chemical characterization through FT-IR, GC-MS, HPTLC, and spectroscopy demonstrated presence of several monomers in the carbohydrate backbone, predominantly composed of β-glucan. Furthermore, GPC chromatogram indicated presence of a homogeneous polymer with Mw of ~129.28 kDa. Subsequently, potent antioxidant activity was noted in terms of radical scavenging (O2•−, OH•, DPPH• and ABTS•+), chelating ability, reducing power and total antioxidant activity where EC50 values ranged from 472–3600 µg/mL. Strong immune-boosting effect was also evident, as the bio-polymers stimulated murine macrophage cell proliferation, phagocytic activity, pseudopod formation, and NO as well as ROS synthesis. In-depth analysis revealed that the fraction stimulated synthesis of several inflammatory mediators, elucidating the mode of action through TLR/NF-κB pathway. Therefore, the findings collectively suggest that RP-CAP possesses great potential to serve as a health-improving component.","PeriodicalId":14025,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139481976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024052600
Lei Sun, Yin Li, Lei Wang, Xiumin Pu, Weihuan Li, Xianhao Cheng
To assess the strain resources and address production challenges in Ganoderma cultivation. 150 Ganoderma strains were collected from 13 provinces in China. A comparative analysis of agronomic traits and effective components was conducted. Among the 150 strains, key agronomic traits measured were: average stipe diameter (15.92 mm), average stipe length (37.46 mm), average cap horizontal diameter (94.97 mm), average cap vertical diameter (64.21 mm), average cap thickness (15.22 mm), and average fruiting body weight (14.30 g). Based on these agronomic traits, four promising strains, namely, L08, L12, Z21, and Z39, were recommended for further cultivation and breeding. The average crude polysaccharide content ranged from 0.048% to 0.977%, and triterpenoids ranged from 0.804% to 2.010%. In addition, 73 triterpenoid compounds were identified, constituting 47.1% of the total compounds. Using a distance discrimination method, the types, and relative contents of triterpenoid compounds in 150 Ganoderma strains were classified, achieving 98% accuracy in G. lingzhi identification. The 16 triterpenoid components used for G. lingzhi identification included oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, 3β-acetoxyergosta-7,22-dien-5α-ol, ganoderic acid DM, ganoderiol B, ganorderol A, ganoderic acid GS-1, tsugaric acid A, ganoderic acid GS-2, ganoderenic acid D, ganoderic acid Mf, ganoderic acid A, ganoderic acid K, ganoderic acid V, ganoderic acid G, and leucocontextin J. This study provides valuable insights for exploring and utilizing Ganoderma resources and for the development of new varieties.
{"title":"Comparative Analysis of Agronomic Traits, Yield, and Effective Components of Main Cultivated Ganoderma Mushroom (Agaricomycetes) in China","authors":"Lei Sun, Yin Li, Lei Wang, Xiumin Pu, Weihuan Li, Xianhao Cheng","doi":"10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024052600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024052600","url":null,"abstract":"To assess the strain resources and address production challenges in Ganoderma cultivation. 150 Ganoderma strains were collected from 13 provinces in China. A comparative analysis of agronomic traits and effective components was conducted. Among the 150 strains, key agronomic traits measured were: average stipe diameter (15.92 mm), average stipe length (37.46 mm), average cap horizontal diameter (94.97 mm), average cap vertical diameter (64.21 mm), average cap thickness (15.22 mm), and average fruiting body weight (14.30 g). Based on these agronomic traits, four promising strains, namely, L08, L12, Z21, and Z39, were recommended for further cultivation and breeding. The average crude polysaccharide content ranged from 0.048% to 0.977%, and triterpenoids ranged from 0.804% to 2.010%. In addition, 73 triterpenoid compounds were identified, constituting 47.1% of the total compounds. Using a distance discrimination method, the types, and relative contents of triterpenoid compounds in 150 Ganoderma strains were classified, achieving 98% accuracy in G. lingzhi identification. The 16 triterpenoid components used for G. lingzhi identification included oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, 3β-acetoxyergosta-7,22-dien-5α-ol, ganoderic acid DM, ganoderiol B, ganorderol A, ganoderic acid GS-1, tsugaric acid A, ganoderic acid GS-2, ganoderenic acid D, ganoderic acid Mf, ganoderic acid A, ganoderic acid K, ganoderic acid V, ganoderic acid G, and leucocontextin J. This study provides valuable insights for exploring and utilizing Ganoderma resources and for the development of new varieties.","PeriodicalId":14025,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":"147 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139590437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study aimed to identify antibacterial compounds from the broth extract of Fomitopsis meliae (MSUCC009). From small-scale fermentation, the broth extract of F. meliae showed antibacterial activity. Therefore, the fermentation of this fungal strain was scaled up and the broth extract was chemically investigated. Purification of the broth extract led to the isolation of two 5-hydroxymethylfuran metabolites, 5-hydroxymethyl-2- furoic acid methyl ester and 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxylic acid (HMFCA) together with a pyrimidine base, uracil. This is the first isolation report of 5-hydroxymethylfuran derivatives from the genus Fomitopsis. The structures of isolated compounds were elucidated based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) spectroscopic methods, and comparison with previous reports. 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxylic acid exhibited antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus with MIC and MBC values of > 0.25 mg/mL. 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furoic acid methyl ester and 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxylic acid were also tested against A549 cancer cell lines. These two compounds were inactive in this cytotoxicity assay.
{"title":"The Isolation of 5-Hydroxymethylfuran Metabolites from the Broth Extract of Fomitopsis meliae (Agaricomycetes)","authors":"Siriwan Srisit, Chanyaporn Bunloed, Wichayaporn Soma, Jiraporn Panchompoo, Chiraphat Takpho, Ruchilak Rattarom, Aphidech Sangdee, Prapairat Seephonkai","doi":"10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024055584","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024055584","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to identify antibacterial compounds from the broth extract of <i>Fomitopsis meliae</i> (MSUCC009). From small-scale fermentation, the broth extract of <i>F. meliae</i> showed antibacterial activity. Therefore, the fermentation of this fungal strain was scaled up and the broth extract was chemically investigated. Purification of the broth extract led to the isolation of two 5-hydroxymethylfuran metabolites, 5-hydroxymethyl-2- furoic acid methyl ester and 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxylic acid (HMFCA) together with a pyrimidine base, uracil. This is the first isolation report of 5-hydroxymethylfuran derivatives from the genus <i>Fomitopsis</i>. The structures of isolated compounds were elucidated based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) spectroscopic methods, and comparison with previous reports. 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxylic acid exhibited antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> with MIC and MBC values of > 0.25 mg/mL. 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furoic acid methyl ester and 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxylic acid were also tested against A549 cancer cell lines. These two compounds were inactive in this cytotoxicity assay.","PeriodicalId":14025,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142222422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024052497
yudie he, min tan, qianping cao, xu linghu, ze Yang, Qing-Feng Meng, shaobin fu
Liquid fermentation could yield substantial mycelia mass and valuable secondary metabolites in large-scale production within a short fermented duration. The liquid fermented process of mycelia of Poria cocos was optimized using a combination of single-factor experimentation and response surface methodology (RSM) to obtain more extract of P. cocos. The optimal conditions were determined as follows: The carbon source concentration at 1%, the nitrogen source concentration at 1%, the inoculum volume at 7% and a culture time of 9 days. Under these conditions, the ethyl acetate extract mass of P. cocos mycelia reached 0.0577±0.0041 mg. There were significant interactions between nitrogen source concentration and cultivation time. The predicted values by the mathematical model based on the response surface analysis showed a close agreement with experimental data.
{"title":"The Liquid Fermentation Process for Mycelia of Poria cocos (Agaricomycetes) by Single-Factor Experimentation and Response Surface Methodology","authors":"yudie he, min tan, qianping cao, xu linghu, ze Yang, Qing-Feng Meng, shaobin fu","doi":"10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024052497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024052497","url":null,"abstract":"Liquid fermentation could yield substantial mycelia mass and valuable secondary metabolites in large-scale production within a short fermented duration. The liquid fermented process of mycelia of Poria cocos was optimized using a combination of single-factor experimentation and response surface methodology (RSM) to obtain more extract of P. cocos. The optimal conditions were determined as follows: The carbon source concentration at 1%, the nitrogen source concentration at 1%, the inoculum volume at 7% and a culture time of 9 days. Under these conditions, the ethyl acetate extract mass of P. cocos mycelia reached 0.0577±0.0041 mg. There were significant interactions between nitrogen source concentration and cultivation time. The predicted values by the mathematical model based on the response surface analysis showed a close agreement with experimental data.","PeriodicalId":14025,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139500601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024055598
Olga N. Antosyuk, Victoria V. Kostenko, Aleksandr A. Ermoshin, Irina S. Kiseleva
In our study, four species of wood-decaying fungi with perennial fruiting bodies were used as the source of biologically active compounds (BACs) − Inonotus obliquus (chaga), Fomitopsis pinicola, Fomes fomentarius, and Ganoderma applanatum. Fungi have a wide range of secondary metabolites but are used much less frequently than plants in both folk and official medicine. Fungotherapy could be considered a promising trend in the development of modern natural therapy. Therefore, qualitative and quantitative analyses of the extracts were carried out. The cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of aqueous-alcoholic extracts, obtained from fungal fruiting bodies were assessed after application on Drosophila melanogaster. The frequency of the larvae lethally, SMART mosaicism, the GstD1 gene expression and the DNA damage were studied. The addition of 0.5% of fungal extracts to the food substrate did not cause a significant change in the lethality level in D. melanogaster. All extracts caused an increase in the degree of DNA damage. The greatest effect was caused by extract from I. obliquus and G. applanatum. Chaga extract caused a significant increase in the expression level of the GstD1 gene. F. fomentarius extract exhibited the lowest level of DNA damage and reduced GstD1 gene expression. The F. fomentarius extract showed a pronounced antiproliferative effect. So, Drosophila melanogaster could be used as the preliminary test object for early studies of biological activities from natural raw materials as it is much cheaper compared with cell lines and vertebrate models.
在我们的研究中，四种具有多年生子实体的蛀木真菌被用作生物活性化合物（BACs）的来源，它们分别是 Inonotus obliquus（chaga）、Fomitopsis pinicola、Fomes fomentarius 和 Ganoderma applanatum。真菌具有广泛的次级代谢产物，但在民间和官方医学中的使用频率远低于植物。在现代自然疗法的发展过程中，真菌疗法可谓是一种大有可为的趋势。因此，我们对提取物进行了定性和定量分析。从真菌子实体中提取的水醇提取物应用于黑腹果蝇后，对其细胞毒性和基因毒性作用进行了评估。研究了致死幼虫的频率、SMART 镶嵌、GstD1 基因表达和 DNA 损伤。在食物基质中添加 0.5%的真菌提取物不会导致黑腹果蝇致死率发生显著变化。所有提取物都会增加 DNA 的损伤程度。影响最大的是 I. obliquus 和 G. applanatum 的提取物。Chaga 提取物能显著提高 GstD1 基因的表达水平。Fomentarius 提取物的 DNA 损伤程度最低，GstD1 基因的表达也有所降低。Fomentarius 提取物具有明显的抗增殖作用。因此，与细胞系和脊椎动物模型相比，黑腹果蝇成本更低，可作为天然原料生物活性早期研究的初步试验对象。
{"title":"Extracts from Four Species of Xylotrophic Basidiomycetes Growing in the Middle Urals (Russia) Revealed Cytotoxic Effects on Model Object Drosophila melanogaster","authors":"Olga N. Antosyuk, Victoria V. Kostenko, Aleksandr A. Ermoshin, Irina S. Kiseleva","doi":"10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024055598","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024055598","url":null,"abstract":"In our study, four species of wood-decaying fungi with perennial fruiting bodies were used as the source of biologically active compounds (BACs) − <i>Inonotus obliquus</i> (chaga), <i>Fomitopsis pinicola, Fomes fomentarius,</i> and <i>Ganoderma applanatum</i>. Fungi have a wide range of secondary metabolites but are used much less frequently than plants in both folk and official medicine. Fungotherapy could be considered a promising trend in the development of modern natural therapy. Therefore, qualitative and quantitative analyses of the extracts were carried out. The cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of aqueous-alcoholic extracts, obtained from fungal fruiting bodies were assessed after application on <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>. The frequency of the larvae lethally, SMART mosaicism, the <i>GstD1</i> gene expression and the DNA damage were studied. The addition of 0.5% of fungal extracts to the food substrate did not cause a significant change in the lethality level in <i>D. melanogaster</i>. All extracts caused an increase in the degree of DNA damage. The greatest effect was caused by extract from <i>I. obliquus</i> and <i>G. applanatum</i>. Chaga extract caused a significant increase in the expression level of the <i>GstD1</i> gene. <i>F. fomentarius</i> extract exhibited the lowest level of DNA damage and reduced <i>GstD1</i> gene expression. The <i>F. fomentarius</i> extract showed a pronounced antiproliferative effect. So, <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> could be used as the preliminary test object for early studies of biological activities from natural raw materials as it is much cheaper compared with cell lines and vertebrate models.","PeriodicalId":14025,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":"99 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142222450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To study the best substrate for the Indian subcontinent, four different substrates (saw dust + wheat bran, wheat straw + wheat bran + corn cobs, saw dust + corn cobs and wheat straw + wheat bran) were screened for six different strains. The antioxidant and antibacterial properties were studied for these strains. In study it was found that the strain DMRX-767 and DMRX-768 were the most promising for yield and biological efficiency in all substrates and wheat straw+wheat bran being the best with respect to BE. To corroborate the findings, the best strain and best substrate trails were repeated. DMRX-767 and DMRX-768 were the most promising for yield and biological efficiency in all substrates, with wheat straw+wheat bran were again found the best. The methanolic extract of strain DMRX-166 showed highest antibacterial properties as highest inhibition is found for Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas syringae. However, DMRO-253 inhibited Ralstonia solanacearum and Xanthomonas campestris. DMRX-768 has the best scavenging ability followed by DMRO-253.
{"title":"Insights of Strain-Substrate Interaction, Antioxidant and Anti-bacterial Properties in of the Velvet Foot Medicinal Mushroom Flammulina velutipes (Agaricomycetes)","authors":"Rajnish Kumar, Dharmesh Gupta, Anupam Barh, Manoj Nath, VedParkash Sharma, Neerja Rana, Pawan Kumar Sharma, Chidembra Bhardwaj","doi":"10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024052533","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024052533","url":null,"abstract":"To study the best substrate for the Indian subcontinent, four different substrates (saw dust + wheat bran, wheat straw + wheat bran + corn cobs, saw dust + corn cobs and wheat straw + wheat bran) were screened for six different strains. The antioxidant and antibacterial properties were studied for these strains. In study it was found that the strain DMRX-767 and DMRX-768 were the most promising for yield and biological efficiency in all substrates and wheat straw+wheat bran being the best with respect to BE. To corroborate the findings, the best strain and best substrate trails were repeated. DMRX-767 and DMRX-768 were the most promising for yield and biological efficiency in all substrates, with wheat straw+wheat bran were again found the best. The methanolic extract of strain DMRX-166 showed highest antibacterial properties as highest inhibition is found for Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas syringae. However, DMRO-253 inhibited Ralstonia solanacearum and Xanthomonas campestris. DMRX-768 has the best scavenging ability followed by DMRO-253.","PeriodicalId":14025,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":"3 2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139582411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024055599
Shuo Wang, Ming-Hui Zeng, Yue-Ping Mao, Ting-Ting Luo, Hong-Yun Xu, Kun Wang, Yun-Xia Li, Yi Li, Li-Hua Chen, Wei-Jie Wu
This study addresses the alterations in nutrients [calcium, iron, and vitamins C and E (VC and VE, respectively)] and cordycepin content, alongside its sensory appeal in Cordyceps militaris, subjected to five distinct cooking methods: boiling, steaming, roasting, microwaving, and deep-frying. A comparative analysis showed the notable decline in nutrient content across most cooking methods excluding deep-frying. In notable contrast, the content of VE was substantially amplified during deep-frying, thereby emphasizing its value in preserving nutrients. However, an exception was noted wherein VE content remained essentially unchanged in the microwaved samples. Notably, the cordycepin content in boiled C. militaris reduced significantly, contrastingly, an elevation in this content was recorded for steamed, microwaved, or deep-fried samples, with roasting producing a stable content comparable to raw samples. The principal component analysis further discerned the iron, VC, and cordycepin as primary influencers on raw and roasted C. militaris, signifying superior retention during roasting, whereas deep-fried samples were predominantly affected by the calcium and VE content. Observation on nutrient losses revealed that boiling, steaming, and microwaving were less efficacious, compared with roasting and deep-frying. Sensory evaluations inductively favored steaming as synonymous with the finest culinary attribute, whereas deep-frying ranked least favorably on the sensory scale. Consequently, the present study offers refined dietary advice for the consumption of C. militaris catered to specific demographic groups, deepening understanding of the effects of various culinary practices on its overall nutrient profile and organoleptic properties.
本研究探讨了冬虫夏草中营养成分[钙、铁、维生素 C 和 E（分别为 VC 和 VE）]和虫草素含量的变化，以及冬虫夏草在五种不同烹饪方法（煮、蒸、烤、微波和油炸）下的感官吸引力。比较分析表明，除油炸外，大多数烹饪方法的营养成分含量都明显下降。与此形成鲜明对比的是，油炸过程中 VE 的含量大幅增加，从而突出了其在保存营养成分方面的价值。不过也有例外情况，微波炉加热的样品中 VE 含量基本保持不变。值得注意的是，煮过的小米草中的虫草素含量明显降低，而蒸煮、微波或油炸样品中的虫草素含量则有所提高，烘烤样品中的虫草素含量稳定，与生样品相当。主成分分析进一步发现，铁、VC 和虫草素是影响生鲜和烘焙小米辣的主要因素，表明烘焙过程中小米辣的保留率更高，而油炸样品则主要受钙和 VE 含量的影响。对营养损失的观察表明，与烘烤和油炸相比，煮、蒸和微波加热的效果较差。感官评价归纳出蒸煮是最美味的烹饪方法，而油炸在感官评价中排名最末。因此，本研究提供了针对特定人口群体食用茜草的精细饮食建议，加深了人们对各种烹饪方法对茜草整体营养成分和感官特性的影响的了解。
{"title":"Impact of Cooking Methods on Sensory Evaluation and Nutritional Properties of Caterpillar Medicinal Mushroom Cordyceps militaris (Ascomycetes)","authors":"Shuo Wang, Ming-Hui Zeng, Yue-Ping Mao, Ting-Ting Luo, Hong-Yun Xu, Kun Wang, Yun-Xia Li, Yi Li, Li-Hua Chen, Wei-Jie Wu","doi":"10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024055599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024055599","url":null,"abstract":"This study addresses the alterations in nutrients [calcium, iron, and vitamins C and E (VC and VE, respectively)] and cordycepin content, alongside its sensory appeal in <i>Cordyceps militaris</i>, subjected to five distinct cooking methods: boiling, steaming, roasting, microwaving, and deep-frying. A comparative analysis showed the notable decline in nutrient content across most cooking methods excluding deep-frying. In notable contrast, the content of VE was substantially amplified during deep-frying, thereby emphasizing its value in preserving nutrients. However, an exception was noted wherein VE content remained essentially unchanged in the microwaved samples. Notably, the cordycepin content in boiled <i>C. militaris</i> reduced significantly, contrastingly, an elevation in this content was recorded for steamed, microwaved, or deep-fried samples, with roasting producing a stable content comparable to raw samples. The principal component analysis further discerned the iron, VC, and cordycepin as primary influencers on raw and roasted <i>C. militaris</i>, signifying superior retention during roasting, whereas deep-fried samples were predominantly affected by the calcium and VE content. Observation on nutrient losses revealed that boiling, steaming, and microwaving were less efficacious, compared with roasting and deep-frying. Sensory evaluations inductively favored steaming as synonymous with the finest culinary attribute, whereas deep-frying ranked least favorably on the sensory scale. Consequently, the present study offers refined dietary advice for the consumption of <i>C. militaris</i> catered to specific demographic groups, deepening understanding of the effects of various culinary practices on its overall nutrient profile and organoleptic properties.","PeriodicalId":14025,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":"176 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142222448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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