Pub Date : 2024-02-01DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024052879
Huai Liang Ma, Shi Yu Ma, Chen Xi Fu, Jia Qi Yang, Dan Lin Li
Air humidity is an important environmental factor restricting the fruit body growth of Auricularia heimuer. Low air humidity causes the fruit body to desiccate and enter dormancy. However, the survival mechanisms to low air humidity for fruit bodies before dormancy remain poorly understood. In the present study, we cultivated A. heimuer in a greenhouse and collected the fruit bodies at different air humidities (90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, and 50%) to determine the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and non-enzymatic antioxidants such as ascorbic acid (AsA) and glutathione (GSH); and the activities of enzymatic antioxidants including superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and glutathione reductase (GR). Results showed that the MDA contents had a tendency to increase with decreasing relative air humidity. Relative air humidity below 90% caused membrane lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress (based on MDA contents) to the fruit body, which we named air humidity stress. In contrast to the control and with the degree of stress, the GSH contents and activities of SOD, CAT, GR, GPX, and APX tended to ascend, whereas AsA showed a declining trend; the POD activity only rose at 50%. The antioxidants favored the fruit body to alleviate oxidative damage and strengthened its tolerance to air humidity stress. The antioxidant defense system could be an important mechanism for the fruit body of A. heimuer in air humidity stress.
{"title":"Antioxidant defenses against air humidity stress in fruit body of Auricularia heimuer","authors":"Huai Liang Ma, Shi Yu Ma, Chen Xi Fu, Jia Qi Yang, Dan Lin Li","doi":"10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024052879","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024052879","url":null,"abstract":"Air humidity is an important environmental factor restricting the fruit body growth of Auricularia heimuer. Low air humidity causes the fruit body to desiccate and enter dormancy. However, the survival mechanisms to low air humidity for fruit bodies before dormancy remain poorly understood. In the present study, we cultivated A. heimuer in a greenhouse and collected the fruit bodies at different air humidities (90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, and 50%) to determine the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and non-enzymatic antioxidants such as ascorbic acid (AsA) and glutathione (GSH); and the activities of enzymatic antioxidants including superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and glutathione reductase (GR). Results showed that the MDA contents had a tendency to increase with decreasing relative air humidity. Relative air humidity below 90% caused membrane lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress (based on MDA contents) to the fruit body, which we named air humidity stress. In contrast to the control and with the degree of stress, the GSH contents and activities of SOD, CAT, GR, GPX, and APX tended to ascend, whereas AsA showed a declining trend; the POD activity only rose at 50%. The antioxidants favored the fruit body to alleviate oxidative damage and strengthened its tolerance to air humidity stress. The antioxidant defense system could be an important mechanism for the fruit body of A. heimuer in air humidity stress.","PeriodicalId":14025,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139761030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-01DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024052864
Maura Tellez-Tellez, Gerardo Diaz-Godinez
Mushrooms have been used by humans for centuries as food and medicine because they have been shown to affect certain diseases, mushrooms for medicinal purposes have been consumed in the form of extracts and/or biomass of the mycelium or fruiting body. The beneficial health effects of mushrooms are due to their content of bioactive compounds (polysaccharides, proteins, ergosterol, lectins, etc.). On the other hand, diabetes is one of the metabolic diseases that affects the population worldwide, characterized by hyperglycemia that involves a defective metabolism of insulin, a hormone secreted by ß cells and that mainly stimulates glucose absorption by the cells, however, it also affects the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins; poor control of this disease leads to serious damage to eyesight, kidneys, bones, heart, skin, blood vessels, nerves, etc. It has been reported that the consumption of some mushrooms helps control and treat diabetes, since among other actions, they promote the secretion of insulin by the pancreas, help reduce blood glucose and have α-glucosidase inhibitory activity which improves glucose uptake by cells, which are effects that prescription medications have for patients with diabetes. In that sense, this manuscript shows a review of scientific studies that support the abilities of some mushrooms to be used in the control and/or treatment of diabetes.
{"title":"Mushrooms and Fungi and Their Biological Compounds with Antidiabetic Activity: A Review","authors":"Maura Tellez-Tellez, Gerardo Diaz-Godinez","doi":"10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024052864","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024052864","url":null,"abstract":"Mushrooms have been used by humans for centuries as food and medicine because they have been shown to affect certain diseases, mushrooms for medicinal purposes have been consumed in the form of extracts and/or biomass of the mycelium or fruiting body. The beneficial health effects of mushrooms are due to their content of bioactive compounds (polysaccharides, proteins, ergosterol, lectins, etc.). On the other hand, diabetes is one of the metabolic diseases that affects the population worldwide, characterized by hyperglycemia that involves a defective metabolism of insulin, a hormone secreted by ß cells and that mainly stimulates glucose absorption by the cells, however, it also affects the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins; poor control of this disease leads to serious damage to eyesight, kidneys, bones, heart, skin, blood vessels, nerves, etc. It has been reported that the consumption of some mushrooms helps control and treat diabetes, since among other actions, they promote the secretion of insulin by the pancreas, help reduce blood glucose and have α-glucosidase inhibitory activity which improves glucose uptake by cells, which are effects that prescription medications have for patients with diabetes. In that sense, this manuscript shows a review of scientific studies that support the abilities of some mushrooms to be used in the control and/or treatment of diabetes.","PeriodicalId":14025,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139761494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-01DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024052840
Rosalba González-Solís, Guillermo Mendoza, Antero Ramos, Victor M. Bandala, Leticia Montoya, Aday González-Bakker, José M. Padrón, Irene Lagunes, Ángel Trigos
Polyporoid fungi represent a vast source of bioactive compounds with potential pharmacological applications. The importance of polyporoid fungi in TCM has led to an extensive use of some species of Ganoderma for promoting health and longevity because their consumption is associated with several bioactivities. Nevertheless, bioactivity of some other members of the Polyporaceae family has also been reported. This work reports the antiproliferative and antibacterial activity of crude extracts obtained from fruiting bodies of polypore fungi collected from the central region of Veracruz, Mexico, aimed at understanding the diversity of polypore species with potential pharmacological applications. 29 collections were identified macro- and microscopically in 19 species of polyporoid fungi, belonging to 13 genera. The antiproliferative activity screening of extracts against solid tumor cell lines (A549, SW1573, HeLa, HBL-100, T-47D and WiDr) allow us to identify four extracts with strong bioactivity (GI50= 50 μg/mL). Afterwards a phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences from the ITS region obtained from bioactive specimens allowed us to identify three extracts as Pycnoporus sanguineus (GI50= 10 μg/mL) and the fourth bioactive extract as Ganoderma oerstedii (GI50= 50 μg/mL). Likewise, extracts from P. sanguineus showed mild or moderate antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Xanthomonas albilineas. Bioprospecting studies of polyporoid fungi add to the knowledge of the diversity of macrofungi in Mexico and allow us to select one of the bioactive P. sanguineus to continue the pursuit of bioactive compounds through mycochemical studies.
多孔真菌是具有潜在药理应用价值的生物活性化合物的巨大来源。由于多孔真菌在中医中的重要性，灵芝的一些种类被广泛用于促进健康和延年益寿，因为食用灵芝具有多种生物活性。然而，多孔菌科其他一些成员的生物活性也有报道。本研究报告了从墨西哥韦拉克鲁斯中部地区采集的多孔真菌子实体中提取的粗提取物的抗增殖和抗菌活性，旨在了解具有潜在药理应用价值的多孔真菌物种的多样性。通过宏观和显微镜鉴定了隶属于 13 个属的 19 种多孔真菌中的 29 个藏品。通过对实体瘤细胞系（A549、SW1573、HeLa、HBL-100、T-47D 和 WiDr）进行抗增殖活性筛选，我们确定了四种生物活性较强的提取物（GI50= 50 μg/mL）。随后，通过对从生物活性标本中获得的 ITS 区域 DNA 序列进行系统进化分析，我们确定三种提取物为 Pycnoporus sanguineus（GI50= 10 μg/mL），第四种生物活性提取物为 Ganoderma oerstedii（GI50= 50 μg/mL）。同样，山苍子提取物对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和白血黄单胞菌具有轻度或中度抗菌活性。对多孔真菌的生物勘探研究增加了我们对墨西哥大型真菌多样性的了解，并使我们能够选择其中一种具有生物活性的 P. sanguineus，通过真菌化学研究继续寻找生物活性化合物。
{"title":"Antiproliferative and Antibacterial Activity of Polyporoid Fungi from Veracruz, Mexico","authors":"Rosalba González-Solís, Guillermo Mendoza, Antero Ramos, Victor M. Bandala, Leticia Montoya, Aday González-Bakker, José M. Padrón, Irene Lagunes, Ángel Trigos","doi":"10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024052840","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024052840","url":null,"abstract":"Polyporoid fungi represent a vast source of bioactive compounds with potential pharmacological applications. The importance of polyporoid fungi in TCM has led to an extensive use of some species of Ganoderma for promoting health and longevity because their consumption is associated with several bioactivities. Nevertheless, bioactivity of some other members of the Polyporaceae family has also been reported. This work reports the antiproliferative and antibacterial activity of crude extracts obtained from fruiting bodies of polypore fungi collected from the central region of Veracruz, Mexico, aimed at understanding the diversity of polypore species with potential pharmacological applications. 29 collections were identified macro- and microscopically in 19 species of polyporoid fungi, belonging to 13 genera. The antiproliferative activity screening of extracts against solid tumor cell lines (A549, SW1573, HeLa, HBL-100, T-47D and WiDr) allow us to identify four extracts with strong bioactivity (GI50= 50 μg/mL). Afterwards a phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences from the ITS region obtained from bioactive specimens allowed us to identify three extracts as Pycnoporus sanguineus (GI50= 10 μg/mL) and the fourth bioactive extract as Ganoderma oerstedii (GI50= 50 μg/mL). Likewise, extracts from P. sanguineus showed mild or moderate antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Xanthomonas albilineas. Bioprospecting studies of polyporoid fungi add to the knowledge of the diversity of macrofungi in Mexico and allow us to select one of the bioactive P. sanguineus to continue the pursuit of bioactive compounds through mycochemical studies.","PeriodicalId":14025,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":"113 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139760852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-01DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024052892
Lucia Ruvalcaba, Aldo Gutiérrez, Martín Esqueda
Podaxis pistillaris, an abundant gasteroid mushroom, has become an important biological element in arid and semi-arid communities worldwide. This mushroom possesses cosmetic, edible, and medicinal attributes, playing a crucial role in communities of countries such as Australia, India, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and Mexico. Proximate studies highlight its nutritional richness, characterized by high protein content and essential bioelements such as K, P, and Mg. Furthermore, P. pistillaris is integral to the traditional medicine of indigenous communities in America, Asia, and Africa, where it is revered for its purported wound-healing, anti-inflammatory, and coagulant properties. In the case of Mexico, the Seri community utilizes and markets P. pistillaris in various forms, including ointments and the sale of its spores. Chemical analysis of this species reveals notable compounds, including epicorazines A, B, and C, exhibiting antimicrobial properties, along with polysaccharides such as β-glucans, and a recently identified ergosterol derivative named podaxisterol. Despite its importance, the chemical characterization and assessment of the biological activity of its compounds have been largely understudied. Consequently, there are currently no wound-healing products in the market derived from fungi, as the majority originate from plant sources. This work aims to present the essential aspects of its ethnobiological use, medicinal properties, bioactive compounds, and biotechnological applications. In addition, it underscores the overlooked status of P. pistillaris among fungi inhabiting arid areas, emphasizing its potential as a valuable subject for further research.
Podaxis pistillaris 是一种丰富的石膏状蘑菇，已成为全球干旱和半干旱社区的重要生物元素。这种蘑菇具有美容、食用和药用特性，在澳大利亚、印度、沙特阿拉伯、也门和墨西哥等国的社区中发挥着重要作用。近似物研究强调了其丰富的营养，其特点是蛋白质含量高，并含有钾、钙和镁等必需的生物元素。此外，P. pistillaris 还是美洲、亚洲和非洲土著社区传统医药中不可或缺的成分，因其据称具有愈合伤口、消炎和凝血的功效而备受推崇。在墨西哥，Seri 社区以各种形式利用和销售 P. pistillaris，包括软膏和销售其孢子。对该物种的化学分析发现了一些显著的化合物，包括具有抗菌特性的表环唑 A、B 和 C，以及多糖（如 β-葡聚糖）和最近发现的一种名为 podaxisterol 的麦角甾醇衍生物。尽管这种植物非常重要，但对其化合物的化学特征和生物活性的评估在很大程度上研究不足。因此，目前市场上还没有从真菌中提取的伤口愈合产品，因为大多数产品都来自植物。本研究旨在介绍真菌的民族生物学用途、药用特性、生物活性化合物和生物技术应用的基本方面。此外，它还强调了 P. pistillaris 在栖息于干旱地区的真菌中被忽视的地位，强调了其作为一个有价值的研究课题的潜力。
{"title":"Current Biological Knowledge, Applications, and Potential Use of the Desert Shaggy Mane Mushroom Podaxis pistillaris (Agaricomycetes): A Review","authors":"Lucia Ruvalcaba, Aldo Gutiérrez, Martín Esqueda","doi":"10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024052892","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024052892","url":null,"abstract":"Podaxis pistillaris, an abundant gasteroid mushroom, has become an important biological element in arid and semi-arid communities worldwide. This mushroom possesses cosmetic, edible, and medicinal attributes, playing a crucial role in communities of countries such as Australia, India, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and Mexico. Proximate studies highlight its nutritional richness, characterized by high protein content and essential bioelements such as K, P, and Mg. Furthermore, P. pistillaris is integral to the traditional medicine of indigenous communities in America, Asia, and Africa, where it is revered for its purported wound-healing, anti-inflammatory, and coagulant properties. In the case of Mexico, the Seri community utilizes and markets P. pistillaris in various forms, including ointments and the sale of its spores. Chemical analysis of this species reveals notable compounds, including epicorazines A, B, and C, exhibiting antimicrobial properties, along with polysaccharides such as β-glucans, and a recently identified ergosterol derivative named podaxisterol. Despite its importance, the chemical characterization and assessment of the biological activity of its compounds have been largely understudied. Consequently, there are currently no wound-healing products in the market derived from fungi, as the majority originate from plant sources. This work aims to present the essential aspects of its ethnobiological use, medicinal properties, bioactive compounds, and biotechnological applications. In addition, it underscores the overlooked status of P. pistillaris among fungi inhabiting arid areas, emphasizing its potential as a valuable subject for further research.","PeriodicalId":14025,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":"28 1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139921305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ganoderic acids (GAs) are the main active ingredient of Ganoderma lucidum, which has been widely accepted as a medicinal mushroom. Due to the low yield of GAs produced by liquid cultured Ganoderma mycelium and solid cultured fruiting bodies, the commercial production and clinical application of GAs are limited. Therefore, it is important to increase the yield of GA in G. lucidum. A comprehensive literature search was performed with no set data range using the following keywords such as "triterpene," "ganoderic acids," "Ganoderma lucidum," and "Lingzhi" within the main databases including Web of Science, PubMed, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). The data were screened using titles and abstracts and those relevant to the topic were included in the paper and was not limited to studies published in English. Present review focuses on the four aspects: fermentation conditions and substrate, extrinsic elicitor, genetic engineering, and mutagenesis, which play significant roles in increasing triterpene acids production, thus providing an available reference for further research on G. lucidum fermentation.
灵芝酸（GAs）是灵芝的主要活性成分，已被广泛接受为一种药用蘑菇。由于液体培养的灵芝菌丝体和固体培养的子实体产生的灵芝酸产量较低，灵芝酸的商业生产和临床应用受到限制。因此，提高灵芝的GA产量非常重要。在主要数据库（包括 Web of Science、PubMed 和中国国家知识基础设施（CNKI））中使用以下关键词（如 "三萜"、"灵芝酸"、"灵芝 "和 "灵芝"）进行了全面的文献检索，未设定数据范围。通过标题和摘要对数据进行筛选，与主题相关的数据被纳入论文，且不限于以英文发表的研究。本综述主要从发酵条件和底物、外源诱导剂、基因工程和诱变四个方面探讨了提高三萜酸产量的重要作用，从而为三萜酸发酵的进一步研究提供了参考。
{"title":"Strategies to Increase the Production of Triterpene Acids in Lingzhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (Agaricomycetes): A Review","authors":"chunchao han, xiaomei sun, Jing Wang, Mengtao Cheng, Yitong Qi","doi":"10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024052871","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024052871","url":null,"abstract":"Ganoderic acids (GAs) are the main active ingredient of Ganoderma lucidum, which has been widely accepted as a medicinal mushroom. Due to the low yield of GAs produced by liquid cultured Ganoderma mycelium and solid cultured fruiting bodies, the commercial production and clinical application of GAs are limited. Therefore, it is important to increase the yield of GA in G. lucidum. A comprehensive literature search was performed with no set data range using the following keywords such as \"triterpene,\" \"ganoderic acids,\" \"Ganoderma lucidum,\" and \"Lingzhi\" within the main databases including Web of Science, PubMed, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). The data were screened using titles and abstracts and those relevant to the topic were included in the paper and was not limited to studies published in English. Present review focuses on the four aspects: fermentation conditions and substrate, extrinsic elicitor, genetic engineering, and mutagenesis, which play significant roles in increasing triterpene acids production, thus providing an available reference for further research on G. lucidum fermentation.","PeriodicalId":14025,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139760958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024054165
Wenting Hu, Yudie He, Ze Yang, Qingfeng Meng, Shaobin Fu
Edible mushrooms, both wild and cultivated, can be seen as healthy functional food. More and more valuable compounds are obtained from mycelia of macromycetes. However, there was limited report about the medicinal fungus Laetiporus versisporus (Lloyd) Imazeki. Herein, L. versisporus was fermented on rice media and the secondary metabolites of mycelia were investigated. In this study, two-step method was used to obtain fermented products, silica gel column chromatography, recrystallization, medium pressure column chromatography, preparative thin-layer chromatography were applied to separate the chemical constituents. Nine chemical compounds (1−9) including one new triterpenoid acid versisponic acid F were identified by NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy and MS (mass spectrometry). Seven compounds including monolinoleoyl glycerol, linoleic acid, ergosta-5, 7, 22-triene-3β-ol, β-sitosterol, daucosterol, versisponic acid F were isolated for the first time from L. versisporus.
{"title":"Chemical Constitutes from Mycelia of Laetiporus versisporus (Agaricomycetes)","authors":"Wenting Hu, Yudie He, Ze Yang, Qingfeng Meng, Shaobin Fu","doi":"10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024054165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024054165","url":null,"abstract":"Edible mushrooms, both wild and cultivated, can be seen as healthy functional food. More and more valuable compounds are obtained from mycelia of macromycetes. However, there was limited report about the medicinal fungus <i>Laetiporus versisporus</i> (Lloyd) Imazeki. Herein, <i>L. versisporus </i>was fermented on rice media and the secondary metabolites of mycelia were investigated. In this study, two-step method was used to obtain fermented products, silica gel column chromatography, recrystallization, medium pressure column chromatography, preparative thin-layer chromatography were applied to separate the chemical constituents. Nine chemical compounds (1−9) including one new triterpenoid acid versisponic acid F were identified by NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy and MS (mass spectrometry). Seven compounds including monolinoleoyl glycerol, linoleic acid, ergosta-5, 7, 22-triene-3β-ol, β-sitosterol, daucosterol, versisponic acid F were isolated for the first time from <i>L. versisporus</i>.","PeriodicalId":14025,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141528961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024055569
Ayşenur Gürgen, Orhan Unal, Mustafa Sevindik
In our study, the biological activities of the wild edible mushroom Cantharellus cibarius were determined. First of all, 64 different experiments were performed in the Soxhlet device at 40−70°C extraction temperatures, 4, 6, 8, and 10 h of extraction time and 0.25, 0.50, 1, and 2 mg/mL extract concentrations, and total antioxidant (TAS) and total oxidant values (TOS) were determined, and both single-purpose and multi-objective optimization studies were performed. The extraction conditions were optimized so that the objective function of the single-purpose optimization would be the maximum TAS value, and the objective function of the multi-objective optimization would be the maximum TAS and minimum TOS values. The data obtained from the experimental study were modeled with artificial neural networks from artificial intelligence methods, and optimization was performed with a genetic algorithm. After the single-objective optimization process, the optimum extraction conditions were found as 46.622°C, 5.110 h and 1.973 mg/mL and the multi-objective optimum extraction conditions were found as 50.927°C, 6.094 h and 1.439 mg/mL. The TAS values of the extracts obtained as a result of single-objective and multi-objective optimization were measured as 5.511 and 5.359, respectively, and the TOS values were measured as 7.289 and 6.061. The anti-AChE value of the extracts was calculated as 16.12, 20.31 and anti-BChE value as 36.92, 40.28. In addition, it was determined that the single-objective optimization extract had stronger antiproliferative activity than the multi-objective extract. As a result, it was determined that the biological activities of the extracts of C. cibarius obtained under suitable conditions were high.
在我们的研究中，对野生食用菌 Cantharellus cibarius 的生物活性进行了测定。首先，在索氏提取器中进行了 64 次不同的实验，提取温度为 40-70°C，提取时间为 4、6、8 和 10 小时，提取浓度为 0.25、0.50、1 和 2 mg/mL，测定了总抗氧化值（TAS）和总氧化值（TOS），并进行了单目标和多目标优化研究。通过优化提取条件，使单目标优化的目标函数为最大 TAS 值，多目标优化的目标函数为最大 TAS 值和最小 TOS 值。实验研究获得的数据用人工智能方法中的人工神经网络建模，并用遗传算法进行优化。经过单目标优化过程，发现最佳提取条件为 46.622°C、5.110 h 和 1.973 mg/mL，多目标最佳提取条件为 50.927°C、6.094 h 和 1.439 mg/mL。经单目标优化和多目标优化得到的提取物的 TAS 值分别为 5.511 和 5.359，TOS 值分别为 7.289 和 6.061。经计算，提取物的抗 AChE 值分别为 16.12 和 20.31，抗 BChE 值分别为 36.92 和 40.28。此外，还确定了单目标优化提取物比多目标提取物具有更强的抗增殖活性。因此，可以确定在合适条件下获得的 Cibarius 提取物具有较高的生物活性。
{"title":"Biological Activities of the Golden Chantarelle Mushroom Cantharellus cibarius (Agaricomycetes) Extracts Obtained as a Result of Single and Multi-Objective Optimization Studies","authors":"Ayşenur Gürgen, Orhan Unal, Mustafa Sevindik","doi":"10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024055569","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024055569","url":null,"abstract":"In our study, the biological activities of the wild edible mushroom <i>Cantharellus cibarius</i> were determined. First of all, 64 different experiments were performed in the Soxhlet device at 40−70°C extraction temperatures, 4, 6, 8, and 10 h of extraction time and 0.25, 0.50, 1, and 2 mg/mL extract concentrations, and total antioxidant (TAS) and total oxidant values (TOS) were determined, and both single-purpose and multi-objective optimization studies were performed.\u0000The extraction conditions were optimized so that the objective function of the single-purpose optimization would be the maximum TAS value, and the objective function of the multi-objective optimization would be the maximum TAS and minimum TOS values. The data obtained from the experimental study were modeled with artificial neural networks from artificial intelligence methods, and optimization was performed with a genetic algorithm. After the single-objective optimization process, the optimum extraction conditions were found as 46.622°C, 5.110 h and 1.973 mg/mL and the multi-objective optimum extraction conditions were found as 50.927°C, 6.094 h and 1.439 mg/mL. The TAS values of the extracts obtained as a result of single-objective and multi-objective optimization were measured as 5.511 and 5.359, respectively, and the TOS values were measured as 7.289 and 6.061. The anti-AChE value of the extracts was calculated as 16.12, 20.31 and anti-BChE value as 36.92, 40.28. In addition, it was determined that the single-objective optimization extract had stronger antiproliferative activity than the multi-objective extract. As a result, it was determined that the biological activities of the extracts of <i>C. cibarius</i> obtained under suitable conditions were high.","PeriodicalId":14025,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142222421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024052509
Jing Ma, Hui-Min Liu, Tai-Jie Yu, Mei Yang, Li-Ping Tang
Recently, mushroom poisoning is becoming one of the most serious food safety problems in China, especially in Yunnan province. However, there is insufficient information on many poisoning incidents, including mushroom information, identification and poisoning symptoms etc. In October 2022, a female midwife in Yunnan province consumed a wild mushroom called as “Gymnopus dryophilus”twice . Detailed epidemiological investigation and mushroom identification were performed in this report. Based on morphological and phylogenetic analysis, the suspected mushroom was identified as G. dryophiloides (Omphalotaceae). The victim reported nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomachache, accompanied by dizziness, headache, drowsiness, chest tightness, shortness of breath, palpitation, and weakness. The incubation period was approximately 30 min. After the victim's own vomiting, the symptoms began to subside for about an hour. Up to date, there are no detailed reports of poisoning in G. dryophiloides or G. dryophilus. In conclusion, it is the first detailed poisoning report of G. dryophiloides.
{"title":"A Poisoning Case of Gymnopus dryophiloides (Agaricales, Omphalotaceae)","authors":"Jing Ma, Hui-Min Liu, Tai-Jie Yu, Mei Yang, Li-Ping Tang","doi":"10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024052509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024052509","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, mushroom poisoning is becoming one of the most serious food safety problems in China, especially in Yunnan province. However, there is insufficient information on many poisoning incidents, including mushroom information, identification and poisoning symptoms etc. In October 2022, a female midwife in Yunnan province consumed a wild mushroom called as “Gymnopus dryophilus”twice . Detailed epidemiological investigation and mushroom identification were performed in this report. Based on morphological and phylogenetic analysis, the suspected mushroom was identified as G. dryophiloides (Omphalotaceae). The victim reported nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomachache, accompanied by dizziness, headache, drowsiness, chest tightness, shortness of breath, palpitation, and weakness. The incubation period was approximately 30 min. After the victim's own vomiting, the symptoms began to subside for about an hour. Up to date, there are no detailed reports of poisoning in G. dryophiloides or G. dryophilus. In conclusion, it is the first detailed poisoning report of G. dryophiloides.","PeriodicalId":14025,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139508611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The worldwide scientific community is well aware that mosquitoes are the sole agents responsible for transmitting various dreadful diseases and critical illnesses caused by vector-borne pathogens. The primary objective of this current research was to evaluate the effectiveness of methanol extract from Tricholoma equestre (L.) P. Kumm. in controlling the early life stages of Culex quinquefasciatus Say, Anopheles stephensi Liston, and Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus in Hasselquist). mosquitoes. The larvae, pupae and eggs of these mosquitoes were exposed to four different concentrations (62.5 to 500 ppm). After 120 hours of treatment, the methanol extract of T. equestre exhibited ovicidal activity ranging from 66% to 80% against the eggs of the treated mosquitoes. It also demonstrated promising larvicidal and pupicidal activity with LC50 values of 216-300 and 230-309 ppm against the early life stages of all three mosquito species. Extensive toxicity studies revealed that the methanol extract from T. equestre had no harmful effects on non-target organisms. The Suitability Index (SI) or Predator Safety Factor (PSF) indicated that the methanol extract did not harm Poecilia reticulata Peters 1859, (predatory fish), Gambusia affinis S. F. Baird & Girard 1853, Dragonfly nymph and Diplonychus indicus Venkatesan & Rao 1871 (water-bug). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis identified key compounds, including 3-Butenenitrile, 2-Methyl-(25.319%); 1-Butanol, 2-Nitro-(18.87%) and Oxalic Acid, Heptyl Propyl Ester (21.82%) which may be responsible for the observed activity. Furthermore, the formulation based on the methanol extract demonstrated similar effectiveness against all tre
全世界的科学界都清楚，蚊子是由病媒传播的病原体引起的各种可怕疾病和危重病的唯一传播媒介。目前这项研究的主要目的是评估从 Tricholoma equestre (L.) P. Kumm.中提取的甲醇提取物在控制库蚊（Culex quinquefasciatus Say）、按蚊（Anopheles stephensi Liston）和埃及伊蚊（Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus in Hasselquist)）早期生命阶段的有效性。这些蚊子的幼虫、蛹和卵暴露于四种不同浓度（百万分之 62.5 至 500）的甲烷中。经过 120 小时的处理后，T. equestre 的甲醇提取物对处理过的蚊子卵具有 66% 至 80% 的杀卵活性。它还显示出良好的杀幼虫和杀蛹活性，对三种蚊子早期生命阶段的半数致死浓度分别为 216-300 ppm 和 230-309 ppm。广泛的毒性研究表明，T. equestre 的甲醇提取物对非目标生物没有有害影响。适宜指数（SI）或捕食者安全系数（PSF）表明，甲醇提取物不会伤害 Poecilia reticulata Peters 1859（捕食鱼类）、Gambusia affinis S. F. Baird & Girard 1853、蜻蜓若虫和 Diplonychus indicus Venkatesan & Rao 1871（水蝽类）。气相色谱-质谱（GCMS）分析确定了关键化合物，包括 3-丁烯腈，2-甲基-（25.319%）；1-丁醇，2-硝基-（18.87%）和草酸，庚基丙酯（21.82%），这些化合物可能是产生所观察到的活性的原因。此外，以甲醇提取物为基础的制剂对所有三尖杉属植物都具有类似的功效。
{"title":"Mosquitocidal Susceptibility and Non-Target Effects of Tricholoma equestre (L.) P. Kumm. On the Immature Stages of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus in Hasselquist), Anopheles stephensi Liston and Culex quinquefasciatus Say","authors":"Mariappan Muthukanagavel, Nayagam Vasanth, Jeyaraj Selvakumaran, Kamaraj Ragavendran, Mathalaimuthu Anthonysamy, Mutheeswaran Subramanian, Savarimuthu Ignacimuthu, Naiyf S. Alharbi, Muthu Thiruvengadam, Pathalam Ganesan","doi":"10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024052514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024052514","url":null,"abstract":"The worldwide scientific community is well aware that mosquitoes are the sole agents responsible for transmitting various dreadful diseases and critical illnesses caused by vector-borne pathogens. The primary objective of this current research was to evaluate the effectiveness of methanol extract from Tricholoma equestre (L.) P. Kumm. in controlling the early life stages of Culex quinquefasciatus Say, Anopheles stephensi Liston, and Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus in Hasselquist). mosquitoes. The larvae, pupae and eggs of these mosquitoes were exposed to four different concentrations (62.5 to 500 ppm). After 120 hours of treatment, the methanol extract of T. equestre exhibited ovicidal activity ranging from 66% to 80% against the eggs of the treated mosquitoes. It also demonstrated promising larvicidal and pupicidal activity with LC50 values of 216-300 and 230-309 ppm against the early life stages of all three mosquito species. Extensive toxicity studies revealed that the methanol extract from T. equestre had no harmful effects on non-target organisms. The Suitability Index (SI) or Predator Safety Factor (PSF) indicated that the methanol extract did not harm Poecilia reticulata Peters 1859, (predatory fish), Gambusia affinis S. F. Baird & Girard 1853, Dragonfly nymph and Diplonychus indicus Venkatesan & Rao 1871 (water-bug). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis identified key compounds, including 3-Butenenitrile, 2-Methyl-(25.319%); 1-Butanol, 2-Nitro-(18.87%) and Oxalic Acid, Heptyl Propyl Ester (21.82%) which may be responsible for the observed activity. Furthermore, the formulation based on the methanol extract demonstrated similar effectiveness against all tre","PeriodicalId":14025,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":"101 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139508740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024052483
Rhim Ryoo, Hyorim Lee, Youngki Park
Coronaviruses (CoV), are among the major viruses causing the common cold in humans. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is high-risk human pathogens that derived from bat coronaviruses, although several other animals serve as CoV hosts, contributing to human infection. As the human activity area expanded, viruses previously prevalent only in animals mutated and became threats to humans as well, leading to worldwide epidemics. Therefore, controlling CoV infections in animals is essential to prevent CoV-related human infections. Feline coronavirus (FCoV) could be reportedly used as an alternative model for SARS-CoV-2. Traditionally, mushrooms are not only foods but are also consumed to prevent diseases. Importantly, certain edible and medicinal mushrooms display antibacterial and antiviral effects against respiratory pathogens, they could thus be tested as potential coronavirus treatment agents. Therefore, in this study, we investigated if wild forest mushrooms with various, reported physiological activities could exhibit an antiviral activity against CoV, using FCoV as a SARS-CoV-2 model infecting Crandell Rees Feline Kidney cells. We measured the antiviral activity of overall 11 wild mushrooms and our results demonstrated that Pleurotus ostreatus and Phallus luteus displayed the highest antiviral efficacy of 55.33%, followed by Tricholoma bakamatsutake at 43.77%. Grifola frondosa, Morchella esculenta, and Sarcodon imbricatus exhibited mild efficacy of 29.21%; We also tested Amanita caesareoides, Marasmius siccus, Pachyma hoelen, Phallus rubrovolvata, and Sparassis latifolia but could not detect any antiviral activity in their case. Our study confi
{"title":"Potential Antiviral Effect of Korean Forest Wild Mushrooms Against Feline Coronavirus (FCoV)","authors":"Rhim Ryoo, Hyorim Lee, Youngki Park","doi":"10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024052483","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024052483","url":null,"abstract":"Coronaviruses (CoV), are among the major viruses causing the common cold in humans. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is high-risk human pathogens that derived from bat coronaviruses, although several other animals serve as CoV hosts, contributing to human infection. As the human activity area expanded, viruses previously prevalent only in animals mutated and became threats to humans as well, leading to worldwide epidemics. Therefore, controlling CoV infections in animals is essential to prevent CoV-related human infections. Feline coronavirus (FCoV) could be reportedly used as an alternative model for SARS-CoV-2. Traditionally, mushrooms are not only foods but are also consumed to prevent diseases. Importantly, certain edible and medicinal mushrooms display antibacterial and antiviral effects against respiratory pathogens, they could thus be tested as potential coronavirus treatment agents. Therefore, in this study, we investigated if wild forest mushrooms with various, reported physiological activities could exhibit an antiviral activity against CoV, using FCoV as a SARS-CoV-2 model infecting Crandell Rees Feline Kidney cells. We measured the antiviral activity of overall 11 wild mushrooms and our results demonstrated that Pleurotus ostreatus and Phallus luteus displayed the highest antiviral efficacy of 55.33%, followed by Tricholoma bakamatsutake at 43.77%. Grifola frondosa, Morchella esculenta, and Sarcodon imbricatus exhibited mild efficacy of 29.21%; We also tested Amanita caesareoides, Marasmius siccus, Pachyma hoelen, Phallus rubrovolvata, and Sparassis latifolia but could not detect any antiviral activity in their case. Our study confi","PeriodicalId":14025,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":"88 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139552684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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