Pub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024054187
Nevena Petrovic, Tomislav Tosti, Ivana Srbljak, Ana Đurić, Zoran Simić, Marijana Kosanic
In this manuscript, we investigated the chemical and medicinal properties of methanolic and acetonic extracts of Armillaria ostoyae and the presence of heavy metals in its dry basidiocarps. The chemical content of extracts was analyzed with the HPLC-DAD-MS/MS method. According to our results, the most abundant mineral was potassium; the most abundant organic acid was malic acid; the most abundant carbohydrate was fructose, and the most abundant polyphenol was chlorogenic acid. The antimicrobial potential was evaluated using the microdilution assay, and the results ranged from 0.62 to 20 mg/mL. Antioxidant potential was studied by DPPH (IC50 of the methanolic extract was 619.67 μg/mL and of the acetonic extract was 533.65 μg/mL) and reducing power assays (the results ranged 0.025-0.078 μg/mL). Total phenolic content was presented as gallic acid equivalent (methanolic extract - 6.12 mg GAE/g; acetonic extract – 3.99 mg GAE/g). The antidiabetic potential was explored by applying the α-amylase (the results ranged from 39.62 to 44.33%) and α-glucosidase assays (the results were in the range of 0.27–2.51%). The neuroprotective activity was asserted by the acetylcholinesterase inhibition assay (the results were in the range of 3.06-6.09%). The cytotoxic potential was investigated using the microtetrazolium assay, and the IC50 values ranged from 221.96 to > 400 μg/mL. Heavy metal content of the dry basidiocarps was evaluated using the AAS method and iron was the most abundant metal. Armillaria ostoyae is a conditionally edible mushroom, which was not studied thoroughly before, thus this research will provide valuable knowledge about this species.
{"title":"The Analysis of Chemical and Medicinal Properties of Armillaria Ostoyae (Agaricomycetes) Extracts and the Presence of Heavy Metals in Dry Basidiocarps","authors":"Nevena Petrovic, Tomislav Tosti, Ivana Srbljak, Ana Đurić, Zoran Simić, Marijana Kosanic","doi":"10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024054187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024054187","url":null,"abstract":"In this manuscript, we investigated the chemical and medicinal properties of methanolic and acetonic extracts of Armillaria ostoyae and the presence of heavy metals in its dry basidiocarps. The chemical content of extracts was analyzed with the HPLC-DAD-MS/MS method. According to our results, the most abundant mineral was potassium; the most abundant organic acid was malic acid; the most abundant carbohydrate was fructose, and the most abundant polyphenol was chlorogenic acid. The antimicrobial potential was evaluated using the microdilution assay, and the results ranged from 0.62 to 20 mg/mL. Antioxidant potential was studied by DPPH (IC50 of the methanolic extract was 619.67 μg/mL and of the acetonic extract was 533.65 μg/mL) and reducing power assays (the results ranged 0.025-0.078 μg/mL). Total phenolic content was presented as gallic acid equivalent (methanolic extract - 6.12 mg GAE/g; acetonic extract – 3.99 mg GAE/g). The antidiabetic potential was explored by applying the α-amylase (the results ranged from 39.62 to 44.33%) and α-glucosidase assays (the results were in the range of 0.27–2.51%). The neuroprotective activity was asserted by the acetylcholinesterase inhibition assay (the results were in the range of 3.06-6.09%). The cytotoxic potential was investigated using the microtetrazolium assay, and the IC50 values ranged from 221.96 to > 400 μg/mL. Heavy metal content of the dry basidiocarps was evaluated using the AAS method and iron was the most abundant metal. Armillaria ostoyae is a conditionally edible mushroom, which was not studied thoroughly before, thus this research will provide valuable knowledge about this species.","PeriodicalId":14025,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141147757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cordyceps militaris, a medicinal fungus rich in cordycepin, shows promise in treating diseases like cancer, respiratory issues, and COVID-19. This study examines the impact of different Taiwanese rice varieties on its solid-state fermentation, focusing on optimizing cordycepin production. The results indicated that the cordycepin yield was indeed affected by the type of rice used. In terms of the fruiting bodies, germ rice resulted in the highest yield (13.1±0.36 mg/g), followed by brown rice (11.9±0.26 mg/g). In the rice culture medium (RCM), brown rice led to the highest yield (4.77±0.06 mg/g). Using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and untargeted metabolomics, the study identifies four key volatile components linked to cordycepin, providing insights into developing functional rice porridge products. These findings are significant for advancing cordycepin mass production and offering dietary options for older individuals.
{"title":"Enhancing Cordycepin in Functional Porridge through Rice Varietal Fermentation with Cordyceps militaris (Ascomycetes) and Utilizing Non-Targeted Metabolomics for Process Enhancement","authors":"Min-Ling Liu, Tsu-Yi Chien, Hui-Chen Lo, Tai-Hao Hsu, Shih-Chieh Lee, Shih-Ching Chao","doi":"10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024054150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024054150","url":null,"abstract":"Cordyceps militaris, a medicinal fungus rich in cordycepin, shows promise in treating diseases like cancer, respiratory issues, and COVID-19. This study examines the impact of different Taiwanese rice varieties on its solid-state fermentation, focusing on optimizing cordycepin production. The results indicated that the cordycepin yield was indeed affected by the type of rice used. In terms of the fruiting bodies, germ rice resulted in the highest yield (13.1±0.36 mg/g), followed by brown rice (11.9±0.26 mg/g). In the rice culture medium (RCM), brown rice led to the highest yield (4.77±0.06 mg/g). Using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and untargeted metabolomics, the study identifies four key volatile components linked to cordycepin, providing insights into developing functional rice porridge products. These findings are significant for advancing cordycepin mass production and offering dietary options for older individuals.","PeriodicalId":14025,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141147754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024053977
Yi-Ming Huang, You-Sheng Fu, Woan-Ling Chen, Hsi-Chi Lu
Bone metastasis in metastatic breast cancer commonly results in osteolytic lesions due to osteoclast activity, promoting bone destruction and tumor progression. The bioactive fungal isolates, 4-Acetyl-antroquinonol B (4-AAQB) and Erinacine A, have diverse pharmacological and biological activities. However, their effects on breast cancer bone metastasis treatment remain unclear. Our study aimed to examine the impact of 4-AAQB or Erinacine A on breast cancer metastases in bone. The effects of 4-AAQB and Erinacine A on breast cancer-induced osteoclastogenesis, breast cancer migration, production of prometastatic cytokine (TGF-β) and marker (MMP-9), as well as potential MAPK signaling transductions were assessed. The results revealed that 4-AAQB and Erinacine A effectively suppressed breast cancer-induced osteoclastogenesis and migration, and reduced TGF-β and MMP-9 production via Erk or JNK signaling transductions, specifically in breast cancer cells or in breast cancer cells-induced osteoclasts.
由于破骨细胞的活性，转移性乳腺癌的骨转移通常会导致溶骨性病变，从而促进骨质破坏和肿瘤进展。然而，它们对乳腺癌骨转移治疗的影响仍不清楚。我们的研究旨在探讨 4-AAQB 或 Erinacine A 对乳腺癌骨转移的影响。研究评估了 4-AAQB 和 Erinacine A 对乳腺癌诱导的破骨细胞生成、乳腺癌迁移、转移细胞因子（TGF-β）和标志物（MMP-9）的产生以及潜在的 MAPK 信号转导的影响。结果发现，4-AAQB和Erinacine A能有效抑制乳腺癌诱导的破骨细胞生成和迁移，并通过Erk或JNK信号转导减少TGF-β和MMP-9的产生，特别是在乳腺癌细胞或乳腺癌细胞诱导的破骨细胞中。
{"title":"In vitro assessment of 4-acetyl-antrquinonol B and erinacine A in suppressing breast cancer-induced osteoclastogenesis","authors":"Yi-Ming Huang, You-Sheng Fu, Woan-Ling Chen, Hsi-Chi Lu","doi":"10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024053977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024053977","url":null,"abstract":"Bone metastasis in metastatic breast cancer commonly results in osteolytic lesions due to osteoclast activity, promoting bone destruction and tumor progression.\u0000The bioactive fungal isolates, 4-Acetyl-antroquinonol B (4-AAQB) and Erinacine A, have diverse pharmacological and biological activities. However, their effects on breast cancer bone metastasis treatment remain unclear. Our study aimed to examine the impact of 4-AAQB or Erinacine A on breast cancer metastases in bone.\u0000The effects of 4-AAQB and Erinacine A on breast cancer-induced osteoclastogenesis, breast cancer migration, production of prometastatic cytokine (TGF-β) and marker (MMP-9), as well as potential MAPK signaling transductions were assessed. The results revealed that 4-AAQB and Erinacine A effectively suppressed breast cancer-induced osteoclastogenesis and migration, and reduced TGF-β and MMP-9 production via Erk or JNK signaling transductions, specifically in breast cancer cells or in breast cancer cells-induced osteoclasts.","PeriodicalId":14025,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140932517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As a commonly used Chinese herbal medicine, Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat., also known as flatling Ganoderma (Chinese name Bianlingzhi), old mother fungus (Laomujun) and old ox liver (Laoniugan), has high medicinal value. It is used as an anti-cancer drug in China and Japan. Besides, it can treat rheumatic tuberculosis and has the effect of relieving pain, clearing away heat, eliminating accumulation, stopping bleeding and eliminating phlegm. The purpose of this review is to systematically and comprehensively analyze the research progress in mycology, mycochemistry and pharmacological activities of G. applanatum, and discuss the prospect of prospective research and implementation of this medicinal material. A comprehensive literature search was performed on G. applanatum using scientific databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, CNKI, Elsevier. Collected data from different sources was comprehensively summarized for mycology, mycochemistry and pharmacology of G. applanatum. A total of 324 compounds were recorded, the main components of which were triterpenoids, meroterpenoids, steroids, and polysaccharides. G. applanatum and its active ingredients have a variety of pharmacological effects, including anti-tumor, liver protection, hypoglycemic, anti-fat, anti-oxidation, antibacterial and other activities. Although G. applanatum is widely used in traditional medicine and has diverse chemical constituents, more studies should be carried out in animals and humans to evaluate the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in its biological activity.
灵芝（Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat.）又名扁灵芝（中文名扁灵芝）、老母木耳（Laomujun）和老牛肝（Laoniugan），是一种常用的中药材，具有很高的药用价值。在中国和日本，它被用作抗癌药物。此外，它还能治疗风湿性肺结核，具有止痛、清热、消积、止血、化痰的功效。本综述的目的是系统、全面地分析 G. applanatum 在真菌学、真菌化学和药理活性方面的研究进展，并探讨该药材的前瞻性研究和应用前景。利用科学数据库（包括 Web of Science、PubMed、Google Scholar、CNKI 和 Elsevier）对 G. applanatum 进行了全面的文献检索。对从不同来源收集到的 G. applanatum 的真菌学、真菌化学和药理学数据进行了全面总结。共记录了 324 种化合物，主要成分为三萜类、经萜类、甾体和多糖。马钱子及其有效成分具有多种药理作用，包括抗肿瘤、保肝、降血糖、降脂、抗氧化、抗菌等活性。虽然马钱子在传统医学中被广泛使用，而且其化学成分多种多样，但仍需在动物和人体中开展更多研究，以评估其生物活性所涉及的细胞和分子机制。
{"title":"The Artist's Conk Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma applanatum (Agaricomycetes): A Mycological, Mycochemical, and Pharmacological Values: A Review","authors":"Mengtao Cheng, Liying Zhang, Jing Wang, Xiaomei Sun, Yitong Qi, Lijing Chen, chunchao han","doi":"10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024053900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024053900","url":null,"abstract":"As a commonly used Chinese herbal medicine, Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat., also known as flatling Ganoderma (Chinese name Bianlingzhi), old mother fungus (Laomujun) and old ox liver (Laoniugan), has high medicinal value. It is used as an anti-cancer drug in China and Japan. Besides, it can treat rheumatic tuberculosis and has the effect of relieving pain, clearing away heat, eliminating accumulation, stopping bleeding and eliminating phlegm. The purpose of this review is to systematically and comprehensively analyze the research progress in mycology, mycochemistry and pharmacological activities of G. applanatum, and discuss the prospect of prospective research and implementation of this medicinal material. A comprehensive literature search was performed on G. applanatum using scientific databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, CNKI, Elsevier. Collected data from different sources was comprehensively summarized for mycology, mycochemistry and pharmacology of G. applanatum. A total of 324 compounds were recorded, the main components of which were triterpenoids, meroterpenoids, steroids, and polysaccharides. G. applanatum and its active ingredients have a variety of pharmacological effects, including anti-tumor, liver protection, hypoglycemic, anti-fat, anti-oxidation, antibacterial and other activities. Although G. applanatum is widely used in traditional medicine and has diverse chemical constituents, more studies should be carried out in animals and humans to evaluate the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in its biological activity.","PeriodicalId":14025,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140941883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024054164
Wei Yan Wong, Siti Marjiana Ismail, Chia Wei Phan, Yee Shin Tan
Cellular damage resulting from elevated levels of free radicals can lead to persistent health issues. Pleurotus floridanus, an edible white oyster mushroom, is rich in β-glucans with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In this research, we examined the β-glucan content, total phenolic content, as well as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of hot water extracts with varying particle sizes (<75 µm, 75-154 µm, 154-300 µm, and 300-600 µm) of both whole (WFB) and sliced (SFB) fruiting bodies of P. floridanus. The findings revealed that the β-glucan content increased as the particle size increased, though no significant differences were observed. Conversely, smaller particle sizes (<75 µm) of whole and sliced fruiting bodies of P. floridanus exhibited higher phenolic content, DPPH and ABTS scavenging activity and reducing ability compared to larger particle size (>75 µm). Out of the four samples (AW2, AW3, AS1, and AS2) with the highest antioxidant activity, selected for anti-inflammatory assays, all demonstrated the ability to reduce NO and TNF-α levels but did not enhance IL-10 expression in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Interestingly, particle size < 75 to 300 µm did not appear to influence the anti-inflammatory activity, as no significant differences were observed among the particle sizes. Therefore, it is suggested that the particle size <300 µm of P. floridanus hot water extract could serve as a valuable source of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds to counteract the harmful effects of free radicals.
{"title":"Size Matters: Influence of Particle Size on Antioxidant, β-Glucan and Anti-inflammatory Potential in Pleurotus floridanus","authors":"Wei Yan Wong, Siti Marjiana Ismail, Chia Wei Phan, Yee Shin Tan","doi":"10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024054164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024054164","url":null,"abstract":"Cellular damage resulting from elevated levels of free radicals can lead to persistent health issues. Pleurotus floridanus, an edible white oyster mushroom, is rich in β-glucans with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In this research, we examined the β-glucan content, total phenolic content, as well as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of hot water extracts with varying particle sizes (<75 µm, 75-154 µm, 154-300 µm, and 300-600 µm) of both whole (WFB) and sliced (SFB) fruiting bodies of P. floridanus. The findings revealed that the β-glucan content increased as the particle size increased, though no significant differences were observed. Conversely, smaller particle sizes (<75 µm) of whole and sliced fruiting bodies of P. floridanus exhibited higher phenolic content, DPPH and ABTS scavenging activity and reducing ability compared to larger particle size (>75 µm). Out of the four samples (AW2, AW3, AS1, and AS2) with the highest antioxidant activity, selected for anti-inflammatory assays, all demonstrated the ability to reduce NO and TNF-α levels but did not enhance IL-10 expression in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Interestingly, particle size < 75 to 300 µm did not appear to influence the anti-inflammatory activity, as no significant differences were observed among the particle sizes. Therefore, it is suggested that the particle size <300 µm of P. floridanus hot water extract could serve as a valuable source of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds to counteract the harmful effects of free radicals.","PeriodicalId":14025,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141147894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024054163
Maura Téllez Téllez, Gerardo Díaz-Godínez
Mushrooms produce many metabolites that show biological activity, which can be obtained from their fruiting body, mycelium or recovered from the culture broth when mushrooms are grown in submerged fermentation. Mushrooms are a source of natural pharmaceuticals, they have been reported to have potential inhibitory or preventive activity against some diseases, including different types of cancer. Cancer represents one of the main causes of death worldwide. It is worth mentioning that despite advances in pharmacological treatments, they still present side effects in patients. In this sense, the study of the use of mushrooms in complementary treatments against cancer is of great interest. Based on studies carried out in vitro and, in some cases, using animal models, it has been observed that mushrooms present preventive, corrective, and therapeutic properties against different types of cancer, by stimulating the immune system, due to their antioxidant, antimutagenic, and anti-inflammatory activities, as well as the regulation of the expression of some cellular processes, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis, etc. Based on the above, this manuscript shows a review of scientific studies that support the anticancer activity of some mushrooms and/or their bioactive compounds.
{"title":"Mushrooms and Their Compounds with Potential Anticancer Activity: A Review","authors":"Maura Téllez Téllez, Gerardo Díaz-Godínez","doi":"10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024054163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024054163","url":null,"abstract":"Mushrooms produce many metabolites that show biological activity, which can be obtained from their fruiting body, mycelium or recovered from the culture broth when mushrooms are grown in submerged fermentation. Mushrooms are a source of natural pharmaceuticals, they have been reported to have potential inhibitory or preventive activity against some diseases, including different types of cancer. Cancer represents one of the main causes of death worldwide. It is worth mentioning that despite advances in pharmacological treatments, they still present side effects in patients. In this sense, the study of the use of mushrooms in complementary treatments against cancer is of great interest. Based on studies carried out in vitro and, in some cases, using animal models, it has been observed that mushrooms present preventive, corrective, and therapeutic properties against different types of cancer, by stimulating the immune system, due to their antioxidant, antimutagenic, and anti-inflammatory activities, as well as the regulation of the expression of some cellular processes, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis, etc. Based on the above, this manuscript shows a review of scientific studies that support the anticancer activity of some mushrooms and/or their bioactive compounds.","PeriodicalId":14025,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141147756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024053884
Nuniek Ina Ratnaningtyas, Fajar Husen, Nur Fitrianto
Lingzhi or reishi mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum, is a medicinal mushroom quite widely developed as herbal medicine because it has acted as an anticancer, antitumor, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory. The active mycochemical compounds of G. lucidum mushrooms, such as flavonoids and polysaccharides, can suppress the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and prevent lipid peroxidation due to oxidative stress. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease where the exact cause is unknown, and RA prevalence continues to increase yearly. In patients with RA, joint damage and inflammation occur. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of G. lucidum nanogels as anti-arthritis, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative. The research method was a true experiment using a control group and treatment group that randomly assigned, using 24 male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) induced with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) 0.1 mL. The rats were divided into six groups; healthy control/HCt (did not receive the treatment), negative control/NCt (induced by CFA), and positive control/PCt (given 0.012 diclofenac sodium). TG1 (given 250 mg G. lucidum nanogels), TG2 (given 500 mg G. lucidum nanogels), TG3 (given 750 mg G. lucidum nanogels). IgG, eNOS, IL-1β, COX-2, NOS, TNF-α, and IL-6 parameters were measured using ELISA, and the data obtained were analyzed by one-way ANOVA using SPSS (p < 0.05). The results showed that administering G. lucidum nanogels significantly reduced IgG, NOS, TNF-α, COX-2, IL-1β, and IL-6 and increased eNOS levels. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activities in suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines and increasing eNOS levels prove that the nanogel ext
{"title":"Lingzhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (Agaricomycetes) Nanogel in Complete Freund’s Adjuvant-Induced Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Rat Model: Anti-Arthritic, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antioxidative Activity","authors":"Nuniek Ina Ratnaningtyas, Fajar Husen, Nur Fitrianto","doi":"10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024053884","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024053884","url":null,"abstract":"Lingzhi or reishi mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum, is a medicinal mushroom quite widely developed as herbal medicine because it has acted as an anticancer, antitumor, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory. The active mycochemical compounds of G. lucidum mushrooms, such as flavonoids and polysaccharides, can suppress the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and prevent lipid peroxidation due to oxidative stress. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease where the exact cause is unknown, and RA prevalence continues to increase yearly. In patients with RA, joint damage and inflammation occur. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of G. lucidum nanogels as anti-arthritis, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative. The research method was a true experiment using a control group and treatment group that randomly assigned, using 24 male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) induced with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) 0.1 mL. The rats were divided into six groups; healthy control/HCt (did not receive the treatment), negative control/NCt (induced by CFA), and positive control/PCt (given 0.012 diclofenac sodium). TG1 (given 250 mg G. lucidum nanogels), TG2 (given 500 mg G. lucidum nanogels), TG3 (given 750 mg G. lucidum nanogels). IgG, eNOS, IL-1β, COX-2, NOS, TNF-α, and IL-6 parameters were measured using ELISA, and the data obtained were analyzed by one-way ANOVA using SPSS (p < 0.05). The results showed that administering G. lucidum nanogels significantly reduced IgG, NOS, TNF-α, COX-2, IL-1β, and IL-6 and increased eNOS levels. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activities in suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines and increasing eNOS levels prove that the nanogel ext","PeriodicalId":14025,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140830217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mushrooms have been used as medicine by humans for more than 5,000 years. Nowadays, some extracts and compounds obtained from medicinal mushrooms have increased a great prospect of treating many disorders by having a great role in modulation of immune system, cancer inhibiting, cardio-vascular health, antiviral, antibacterial, antioxidant and protective effects against hepatitis and diabetes. In this study, we evaluated the antioxidant effect of methanol and hot water extract of the Trametes gibbosa (Pers.) Fr. mushroom and hepatoprotective effect of the extract with the most radical scavenging potency. To assess the antioxidant properties of different extracts of the mushroom, DPPH method was used. For assessing the hepatoprotective properties, a seven-day experiment was designed and liver toxicity was induced by carbon tetrachloride (intraperitoneal/ip for seven consecutive days, 0.5 ml/kg BW). Rats were simultaneously fed with aqueous extract of the mushroom with the dose of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg BW and silymarin (100 mg/kg BW) as positive control. At the end of the experiment, major liver factors (e.g., AST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin) were quantified. Tissue samples were obtained for pathological examination. Aqueous extract showed more potent radical scavenging activity (IC50=414.33 µg/ml, compared to 936.92 µg/ml for methanolic extract). Indeed, hepatoprotective properties of the aqueous extract of the mushroom were comparable with those of silymarin and even showed superior protective effects in histopathological examination. It seems that with further complementary studies, T. gibbosa could be considered a potential candidate for hepatoprotection.
{"title":"Evaluation of hepatoprotective effect of Trametes gibbosa on CCl4-induced liver injury in rats","authors":"Amirhossein Sarkar, Omid Sabzevari, Seyed Esmaeil Sadat Ebrahimi, Sana Shahnazari, Reza Asadollahi Rad, Mahdi Vazirian","doi":"10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024053967","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024053967","url":null,"abstract":"Mushrooms have been used as medicine by humans for more than 5,000 years. Nowadays, some extracts and compounds obtained from medicinal mushrooms have increased a great prospect of treating many disorders by having a great role in modulation of immune system, cancer inhibiting, cardio-vascular health, antiviral, antibacterial, antioxidant and protective effects against hepatitis and diabetes.\u0000In this study, we evaluated the antioxidant effect of methanol and hot water extract of the Trametes gibbosa (Pers.) Fr. mushroom and hepatoprotective effect of the extract with the most radical scavenging potency. To assess the antioxidant properties of different extracts of the mushroom, DPPH method was used. For assessing the hepatoprotective properties, a seven-day experiment was designed and liver toxicity was induced by carbon tetrachloride (intraperitoneal/ip for seven consecutive days, 0.5 ml/kg BW). Rats were simultaneously fed with aqueous extract of the mushroom with the dose of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg BW and silymarin (100 mg/kg BW) as positive control. At the end of the experiment, major liver factors (e.g., AST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin) were quantified. Tissue samples were obtained for pathological examination.\u0000Aqueous extract showed more potent radical scavenging activity (IC50=414.33 µg/ml, compared to 936.92 µg/ml for methanolic extract). Indeed, hepatoprotective properties of the aqueous extract of the mushroom were comparable with those of silymarin and even showed superior protective effects in histopathological examination. It seems that with further complementary studies, T. gibbosa could be considered a potential candidate for hepatoprotection.","PeriodicalId":14025,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140932444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Coloured oyster mushrooms species of genus Pleurotus are a variety of edible mushrooms that attract a lot of interest among the consumers and scientists due to its scientific evidence that they have promising health benefits. However, information on their characteristics and properties is still scarce. Consequently, it is important to determine the potential health benefits of the mushrooms. This review paper presents an overview of functional properties and nutritional values of coloured oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus spp.). It particularly discusses the types of pigments present in Pleurotus spp., their characteristics, and potential nutritional values. Pigments such as melanin, carotenoids, and flavonoids are reported to be present in coloured oyster mushrooms. Moreover, the antioxidant compounds of these mushrooms have been unveiled, demonstrating their potential to counteract oxidative stress and improve general health. In addition, the investigation into the nutritional characteristics of the mushrooms reveals encouraging aspects for their incorporation into dietary considerations. Thus, it can be concluded that coloured Pleurotus species have an immense amount of potential for use as natural colourants, as well as nutritious and antioxidant-rich compounds. These mushrooms represent an important advancement in the search for functional foods due to their significant nutrients such as proteins, amino acids, carbohydrates, and fibres.
{"title":"Exploring the Functional Properties and Nutritional Values of Coloured Oyster Mushrooms Species of Genus Pleurotus (Agaricomycetes): A Review","authors":"Nurul Izzati Medihi, Zaibunnisa Abdul Haiyee, Patmawati Patmawati, Sukor Rashidah, Raseetha Siva","doi":"10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024053563","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024053563","url":null,"abstract":"Coloured oyster mushrooms species of genus Pleurotus are a variety of edible mushrooms that attract a lot of interest among the consumers and scientists due to its scientific evidence that they have promising health benefits. However, information on their characteristics and properties is still scarce. Consequently, it is important to determine the potential health benefits of the mushrooms. This review paper presents an overview of functional properties and nutritional values of coloured oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus spp.). It particularly discusses the types of pigments present in Pleurotus spp., their characteristics, and potential nutritional values. Pigments such as melanin, carotenoids, and flavonoids are reported to be present in coloured oyster mushrooms. Moreover, the antioxidant compounds of these mushrooms have been unveiled, demonstrating their potential to counteract oxidative stress and improve general health. In addition, the investigation into the nutritional characteristics of the mushrooms reveals encouraging aspects for their incorporation into dietary considerations. Thus, it can be concluded that coloured Pleurotus species have an immense amount of potential for use as natural colourants, as well as nutritious and antioxidant-rich compounds. These mushrooms represent an important advancement in the search for functional foods due to their significant nutrients such as proteins, amino acids, carbohydrates, and fibres.","PeriodicalId":14025,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140570774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024053556
Chun-Hong Lai, Hui-Chen Lo
Hyperuricaemia (HUA) is characterized by abnormally elevated levels of serum uric acid, the end product of purine metabolism. The primary symptom of HUA is gout; however, asymptomatic HUA is associated with complications such as hypertension, kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic syndrome. The activation of xanthine oxidase (XO), a pivotal enzyme in uric acid biosynthesis, is coupled with extensive reactive oxygen species generation, which leads to inflammatory responses and triggers the development of HUA and its complications. In clinical practice, XO inhibitors are primarily used to treat HUA; however, their prolonged use is accompanied by serious adverse effects. Mushrooms and their bioactive constituents have shown promising anti-HUA activities in both in vitro and in vivo studies, including inhibition of urate production, modulation of renal urate transporters, enhancement of intestinal uric acid excretion, and antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-metabolic syndrome properties. Clinical trials are necessary to validate the beneficial effects and safety of mushrooms in preventing or alleviating HUA and attenuating the associated complications. This review presents contemporary insights into the pathogenesis of HUA, the bioactive components of mushrooms, their therapeutic potential, and the underlying mechanisms involved in ameliorating HUA.
{"title":"Anti-hyperuricaemic Activity and Potential Mechanisms of Mushrooms: A Review of Preclinical Studies","authors":"Chun-Hong Lai, Hui-Chen Lo","doi":"10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024053556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024053556","url":null,"abstract":"Hyperuricaemia (HUA) is characterized by abnormally elevated levels of serum uric acid, the end product of purine metabolism. The primary symptom of HUA is gout; however, asymptomatic HUA is associated with complications such as hypertension, kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic syndrome. The activation of xanthine oxidase (XO), a pivotal enzyme in uric acid biosynthesis, is coupled with extensive reactive oxygen species generation, which leads to inflammatory responses and triggers the development of HUA and its complications. In clinical practice, XO inhibitors are primarily used to treat HUA; however, their prolonged use is accompanied by serious adverse effects. Mushrooms and their bioactive constituents have shown promising anti-HUA activities in both in vitro and in vivo studies, including inhibition of urate production, modulation of renal urate transporters, enhancement of intestinal uric acid excretion, and antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-metabolic syndrome properties. Clinical trials are necessary to validate the beneficial effects and safety of mushrooms in preventing or alleviating HUA and attenuating the associated complications. This review presents contemporary insights into the pathogenesis of HUA, the bioactive components of mushrooms, their therapeutic potential, and the underlying mechanisms involved in ameliorating HUA.","PeriodicalId":14025,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140570768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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