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Progressive fatigue failure analysis of open-hole composite laminates: High-fidelity simulations and an experimental study 开孔复合材料层合板的渐进疲劳失效分析:高保真仿真与实验研究
IF 6.8 2区 材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2026-07-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2026.109531
Peyman Shabani , Lucy Li , Jeremy Laliberte
A high-fidelity progressive fatigue damage model was developed to predict static strength, fatigue life, and post-fatigue residual strength of open-hole composite laminates. The framework integrates continuum damage mechanics with inter- and intralaminar cohesive zone modeling to capture intralaminar matrix cracking, delamination, and their interactions. The enhanced LaRC05 failure criteria were implemented to simulate fiber breakage, pull-out, kinking, crushing, splitting, and matrix cracking. To enable rapid model preparation, an Abaqus pre-processing plugin was created. The developed fatigue damage model can predict the behavior of the multidirectional laminate under arbitrary stress levels, stress ratios, and loading sequences using a limited experimental dataset of unidirectional laminates tested in the longitudinal, transverse, and shear directions. A block-loading approach combined with an adaptive cyclic-jump method was employed to reduce the computational costs of high-cycle fatigue simulations while preserving physical fidelity. The framework also enables element-wise tracking of residual stiffness and strength, which is valuable during the design stage for identifying fatigue-prone regions. The model was validated via experimental testing of IM7/977–3 [0/45/90/-45]2s open-hole specimens under tensile and compressive static loadings, tension–tension (R = 0.1) and tension–compression (R = -1) fatigue loadings, as well as tensile and compressive residual static strengths of fatigued laminates. The predicted stress–strain responses, S–N curves, and residual tensile and compressive strengths agreed closely with the experimental results, demonstrating the model’s accuracy for virtual testing and life prediction of composite structures containing stress concentrators.
建立了一种高保真渐进疲劳损伤模型,用于预测裸眼复合材料层合板的静态强度、疲劳寿命和疲劳后残余强度。该框架将连续损伤力学与层间和层内内聚区建模相结合,以捕捉层内基质开裂、分层及其相互作用。采用增强的LaRC05失效准则来模拟纤维断裂、拉出、扭结、破碎、劈裂和基体开裂。为了快速准备模型,我们创建了一个Abaqus预处理插件。所建立的疲劳损伤模型可以利用有限的单向层合板纵向、横向和剪切试验数据集来预测多向层合板在任意应力水平、应力比和加载顺序下的行为。为了降低高周疲劳模拟的计算成本,同时保持物理保真度,采用了块加载法和自适应循环跳跃法。该框架还可以对剩余刚度和强度进行单元跟踪,这在设计阶段对于识别疲劳易发区域非常有价值。通过IM7/977-3 [0/45/90/-45]2s裸眼试件在拉伸和压缩静态载荷、拉-拉(R = 0.1)和拉-压(R = -1)疲劳载荷下的试验测试,以及疲劳层合板的拉伸和压缩残余静态强度,对模型进行了验证。预测的应力应变响应、S-N曲线以及残余抗拉和抗压强度与试验结果吻合较好,证明了该模型用于含应力集中剂复合材料结构虚拟试验和寿命预测的准确性。
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引用次数: 0
Influence of deformed microstructure on fatigue crack propagation behavior of a high-strength Al-Mg-Si-Cu alloy 形变组织对高强Al-Mg-Si-Cu合金疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响
IF 6.8 2区 材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2026-07-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2026.109538
Fangzhen Liu , Qipeng Dong , Yufei Mo , Yifei Chen , Chengbin Yu , Weidong Zhou , Jian Qin , Zhen Li , Bo Zhang , Hiromi Nagaumi
This study systematically investigates the effects of deformed microstructure on the high-cycle fatigue properties and fatigue crack propagation behavior of a high-strength Al-Mg-Si-Cu alloy. The T5 (hot forging + aging) and T6 (hot forging + solution treatment + aging) samples exhibit notable differences in both fatigue performance and fatigue crack propagation resistance. The T5 sample exhibits superior fatigue property, with a fatigue limit of 147 MPa (R = –1, f = 40 Hz), which is notably higher than the 132 MPa observed for the T6 sample. In terms of fatigue crack propagation, the two samples exhibit distinct behaviors, particularly at the Paris stage when the stress intensity factor range is around 20 MPa∙m1/2. The T6 sample exhibits a crack propagation rate of 8.58 × 10−4-1.67 × 10−3mm/cycle, while the T5 sample shows a much lower rate of 3.23 × 10−4-8.42 × 10−4 mm/cycle, indicating enhanced resistance. Microstructural analysis reveals that the T6 sample predominantly shows a mixed transgranular and intergranular crack propagation mode, with fewer grains and smaller Schmid factor differences between adjacent grains, leading to a straighter crack path. In contrast, the T5 sample exhibits predominantly transgranular crack propagation, where a higher density of grain boundaries and greater variations in Schmid factors between adjacent grains lead to increased crack deflection and a more tortuous path.
本研究系统地研究了形变组织对高强度Al-Mg-Si-Cu合金高周疲劳性能和疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响。T5(热锻+时效)和T6(热锻+固溶处理+时效)试样的疲劳性能和抗疲劳裂纹扩展性能均有显著差异。T5试样的疲劳极限为147 MPa (R = -1, f = 40 Hz),明显高于T6试样的132 MPa。在疲劳裂纹扩展方面,两种试样表现出不同的行为,特别是在应力强度因子范围为20 MPa∙m1/2左右的Paris阶段。T6试样的裂纹扩展速率为8.58 × 10−4 ~ 1.67 × 10−3mm/cycle,而T5试样的裂纹扩展速率为3.23 × 10−4 ~ 8.42 × 10−4 mm/cycle,表明裂纹扩展阻力增强。显微组织分析表明,T6试样主要表现为跨晶和沿晶混合裂纹扩展模式,晶粒较少,相邻晶粒之间的施密德因子差异较小,裂纹路径更直。相比之下,T5试样主要表现为穿晶裂纹扩展,其中较高的晶界密度和相邻晶粒之间较大的施密德因子变化导致裂纹挠度增加,路径更曲折。
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引用次数: 0
Two-point S-N curve modification framework from fatigue loads 基于疲劳载荷的两点S-N曲线修正框架
IF 6.8 2区 材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2026-07-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2026.109541
Xu-xiang Yang , Xin Bai , Zhi-xin Dong , Zhen-jun Zhang , Meng-yang Wang , Zhe-feng Zhang
The present S-N curve modification from fatigue loads has significant estimation errors due to the wrong assumption of parallel S-N curves under different loads. In particular, the inconsistent selections of fatigue load parameters may result in significant estimation biases. To address these issues, this study systematically analyzes the fatigue strength modification models by substituting different fatigue load parameter values (i.e. mean stress Sm, stress ratio R, stress amplitude Sa), according to the fatigue testing data of the LC9 aluminum alloy and 45 steel. The results demonstrate that the fatigue strength modification by fixing mean stress Sm values provides the highest accuracy and the most robust performance, significantly outperforming modification strategies that fix R or Sa values, and the Walker model achieves the highest modification accuracy. Then, based on the life-dependent Walker model exponent γ, a systematic two-point modification framework by fixing mean stress Sm values is proposed for the S-N curve modification, which provides highly accurate S-N curves in fatigue design.
由于对不同载荷下的平行S-N曲线假设错误,现有的疲劳载荷S-N曲线修正存在较大的估计误差。特别是,疲劳载荷参数的选择不一致可能导致显著的估计偏差。针对这些问题,本研究根据LC9铝合金和45钢的疲劳试验数据,通过替换不同的疲劳载荷参数值(即平均应力Sm、应力比R、应力幅值Sa),系统分析了疲劳强度修正模型。结果表明,固定平均应力Sm值的疲劳强度修正精度最高,鲁棒性最强,显著优于固定R或Sa值的修正策略,且Walker模型修正精度最高。然后,基于依赖寿命的Walker模型指数γ,提出了一种固定平均应力Sm值的系统两点修正框架,用于S-N曲线的修正,为疲劳设计提供高精度的S-N曲线。
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引用次数: 0
A combined rolling contact fatigue damage mechanism for EMU train axle box bearings 动车组列车轴箱轴承组合滚动接触疲劳损伤机理研究
IF 6.8 2区 材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2026-07-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2026.109533
Zhewei Zhang , Zilong Chen , Yi Wu , Hanwei Fu
The fatigue fracture of bearings is a major threat to the service safety of EMU trains. This study systematically investigates the evolution of spalling in axle box bearing outer rings through detailed characterization and in-depth analysis, proposing a combined rolling contact mechanism. Two distinct regions are identified in the spalls, respectively corresponding to subsurface- and surface-induced rolling contact fatigue (RCF) damages. Crack propagation and branching behaviors are thoroughly revealed in different spalling regions. According to this study, spalling begins with subsurface cracks originating at the depth consistent with the peak maximum shear stress under Hertzian contact, forming concentric ellipses with deep pits. As spalling progresses, surface-initiated cracks from spall-edge stress concentration can lead to further, shallow material removal that broadens with increasing over-rolling cycles. Electron backscatter diffraction and nanoindentation show that local microstructural refinement and hardening occur along with crack formation. A critical threshold stress intensity factor that dominates RCF crack growth is found, which is crucial for RCF modelling and life prediction. The study also identifies two crack-carbide interaction modes, cutting-through and bypassing, with the transition between them determined by a critical carbide diameter of 1 µm. These findings provide crucial insight into the RCF mechanism and offer practical guidance for long-life railway bearing steels.
轴承疲劳断裂是动车组列车运行安全的主要威胁。本研究通过详细的表征和深入的分析,系统地研究了轴箱轴承外圈剥落的演变过程,提出了一种组合滚动接触机制。在碎片中确定了两个不同的区域,分别对应于地下和表面引起的滚动接触疲劳(RCF)损伤。裂纹扩展和分支行为在不同的剥落区域得到了全面的揭示。根据本研究,剥落始于与赫兹接触下最大剪应力峰值一致深度的地下裂纹,形成带有深坑的同心椭圆。随着剥落的进行,剥落边缘应力集中引起的表面裂纹可能导致进一步的、浅的材料去除,并且随着过滚循环次数的增加而扩大。电子背散射衍射和纳米压痕分析表明,裂纹形成过程中出现了局部组织的细化和硬化。发现了控制RCF裂纹扩展的临界阈值应力强度因子,这对RCF建模和寿命预测具有重要意义。该研究还确定了两种裂纹-碳化物相互作用模式,即切割和旁路,它们之间的过渡由1 μ m的临界碳化物直径决定。这些发现对RCF机制提供了重要的见解,并为长寿命铁路轴承钢提供了实用指导。
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引用次数: 0
Torsional fatigue life estimation for 18CrNiMo7-6 carburized steel considering surface roughness and residual stress 考虑表面粗糙度和残余应力的18CrNiMo7-6渗碳钢扭转疲劳寿命估算
IF 6.8 2区 材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2026-07-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2026.109534
MingHao Zhao , Tong Li , XuHui Zhang , ZhaoRui Huang , ZhiXin Zhang , GuangZhao Han , Zengtao Chen , GuangTao Xu
The fatigue behavior of critical components such as bearings directly determines the service life and reliability of mechanical transmission systems. Surface roughness and residual stress induced during manufacturing exert significant influence on the fatigue failure of these components. To characterize such effects, this study proposes a fatigue life estimation model based on continuum damage mechanics (CDM), which systematically accounts for the influence of surface roughness and residual stress. Specifically, surface roughness is considered by deriving the effective fatigue notch factor (EFNF), kf,eff, from the measured three-dimensional surface topography of the specimens, while residual stress is incorporated by calculating the residual stress influence factor (RSIF), km,res, through superposition with the mean shear stress. To validate the model, torsional fatigue tests under stress ratios of R = –1 and R = 0 were conducted on carburized heat-treated 18CrNiMo7-6 alloy steel specimens. Non-destructive testing methods were employed to measure surface roughness and residual stress prior to testing, and post-test fatigue fracture surfaces were examined using SEM. The results demonstrate that the fatigue life predictions from the proposed model show good agreement with experimental data, with nearly all data points falling within the 2-fold scatter band, confirming a high level of accuracy of the model.
轴承等关键部件的疲劳行为直接决定了机械传动系统的使用寿命和可靠性。表面粗糙度和制造过程中产生的残余应力对这些部件的疲劳失效有重要影响。为了描述这种影响,本研究提出了一个基于连续损伤力学(CDM)的疲劳寿命估计模型,该模型系统地考虑了表面粗糙度和残余应力的影响。具体而言,通过从测量的试件三维表面形貌中导出有效疲劳缺口因子(EFNF) kf,eff来考虑表面粗糙度,而通过与平均剪应力叠加计算残余应力影响因子(RSIF) km,res来考虑残余应力。为了验证模型的有效性,对渗碳热处理的18CrNiMo7-6合金钢试样进行了应力比R = -1和R = 0条件下的扭转疲劳试验。试验前采用无损检测方法测量表面粗糙度和残余应力,试验后采用扫描电镜对疲劳断口表面进行检测。结果表明,该模型的疲劳寿命预测与实验数据吻合较好,几乎所有数据点都落在2倍散射带内,证实了模型的高精度。
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引用次数: 0
Multiaxial fatigue behavior of steel welded tubular joints under constant and variable amplitude loading conditions: Experimental observations and damage analysis 恒幅和变幅加载条件下钢管焊接接头的多轴疲劳行为:实验观察和损伤分析
IF 6.8 2区 材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2026-07-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2026.109537
Ahmad Razi, Ali Fatemi
Welded components are often subjected to multiaxial cyclic loading conditions during service and their durability is limited by the fatigue resistance of the welded joints. In this work, fatigue behavior of welded tubular joints highlighting the geometrical features of a typical weld bead which included partial weld penetration and weld start/stop points was investigated under multiaxial constant as well as variable amplitude loading conditions. The welded joints were investigated under both the as-welded and annealed conditions. Additionally, ground joints with two fully penetrated welds were examined to evaluate the grinding effect on durability. Weld bead grinding, application of axial mean stress, and 90° phase shift in combined loadings had significant effects on fatigue performance. Fractography observations indicated crack initiation at start/stop points of the weld and the orientation of micro-cracks and macro-cracks were observed along the maximum shear and normal stress range planes, respectively.
焊接构件在使用过程中经常受到多轴循环载荷的影响,其耐久性受到焊接接头抗疲劳性能的限制。在这项工作中,研究了焊接管接头在多轴恒定和变幅加载条件下的疲劳行为,突出了典型焊缝的几何特征,包括部分焊透和焊缝开始/停止点。对焊接接头在焊接状态和退火状态下进行了研究。此外,还研究了具有两个完全穿透焊缝的接地接头,以评估磨削对耐久性的影响。焊接头磨削、轴向平均应力的施加和90°相移的组合加载对疲劳性能有显著影响。断口形貌观察表明,裂纹萌生于焊缝的起始点/终止点,微裂纹和宏观裂纹的取向分别沿最大剪切面和正应力范围面分布。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of shot peening on surface integrity and elevated temperature fatigue behavior of ATI 718Plus alloy 喷丸强化对ATI 718Plus合金表面完整性和高温疲劳性能的影响
IF 6.8 2区 材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2026-07-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2026.109527
Jianxin Luo , Changfeng Yao , Liming Lei , Liang Tan
As a well established surface strengthening technology for improving the fatigue performance of critical components, this study focuses on the new-generation superalloy ATI 718Plus and systematically investigates the influence law of shot peening on its surface integrity and high-temperature fatigue performance. Intense plastic deformation not only introduces a residual compressive stress field with high amplitude and a significant work-hardened layer but also causes the surface topography to become more complex.. The research results show that after shot peening, the maximum surface microhardness of the material can reach 569.95 HV0.05, which is 20% higher than the hardness of the baseline material; the maximum residual compressive stress in the surface layer can reach -1357.5 MPa, which greatly enhances the material surface’s resistance to fatigue crack initiation. Under the fatigue test environment of 650℃, the average rotating bending fatigue life of the shot-peened specimens is twice that of the unpeened specimens. Microscopic analysis of fatigue fracture surfaces further clarifies its life extension mechanism: the residual compressive stress field and hardened layer generated by shot peening cause the initiation location of fatigue sources to migrate toward the interior of the material, hindering the formation and propagation of fatigue cracks and thereby improving the fatigue life of the specimens. This study clarifies the surface integrity characteristics of 718Plus alloy induced by shot peening and reveals the transformation of its elevated-temperature fatigue failure mechanism from the perspective of fatigue crack initiation control.
作为一种成熟的改善关键部件疲劳性能的表面强化技术,本研究以新一代高温合金ATI 718Plus为研究对象,系统研究了喷丸强化对其表面完整性和高温疲劳性能的影响规律。强烈的塑性变形不仅会产生高振幅的残余压应力场和显著的加工硬化层,而且会使表面形貌变得更加复杂。研究结果表明:喷丸强化后,材料的最大表面显微硬度可达569.95 HV0.05,比基准材料硬度提高20%;表层最大残余压应力可达-1357.5 MPa,大大增强了材料表面抗疲劳裂纹萌生的能力。在650℃的疲劳试验环境下,喷丸试样的平均旋转弯曲疲劳寿命是未喷丸试样的2倍。疲劳断口表面的微观分析进一步阐明了其延长寿命的机理:喷丸强化产生的残余压应力场和硬化层使疲劳源的起始位置向材料内部迁移,阻碍了疲劳裂纹的形成和扩展,从而提高了试样的疲劳寿命。本研究阐明了喷丸处理后718Plus合金的表面完整性特征,并从疲劳裂纹萌生控制的角度揭示了718Plus合金高温疲劳失效机理的转变。
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引用次数: 0
Microstructural damage on thermoplastic hybrid composite in fatigue: Qualitative correlation with a creep strain rate fatigue criterion 热塑性混杂复合材料在疲劳中的显微组织损伤:与蠕变应变率疲劳准则的定性关联
IF 6.8 2区 材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2026-07-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2026.109567
S. Gillet , N. Bedrici , S. Joannès , A. King , F. Lamming , T. Jacopin , L. Laiarinandrasana
This study investigates the fatigue behaviour of hybrid PA66 composites reinforced with short and continuous fibres through fatigue testing and in-situ microtomography. Damage initiates in the PA66GF50 short-fibre composite, propagates as a macro-crack towards the UD reinforcement, and leads to fibre fracture, fibre–matrix debonding, and rapid crack growth. A strong correlation exists between cyclic creep stages, at macroscopic level, and damage: primary stage with negligible damage, secondary stage, which defines the cyclic creep strain-rate criterion, is characterised by the initiation and limited progression of micro-damage, and tertiary stage with macro-crack propagation. Weaknesses lie in the short-fibre composite and fibre–matrix interface, rather than between the two polyamides.
通过疲劳试验和原位显微层析成像研究了短纤维和连续纤维增强PA66复合材料的疲劳行为。损伤从PA66GF50短纤维复合材料开始,以宏观裂纹的形式向UD增强材料扩展,导致纤维断裂、纤维基体脱粘、裂纹快速扩展。在宏观水平上,循环蠕变阶段与损伤之间存在很强的相关性:初级阶段损伤可忽略;次级阶段定义了循环蠕变应变率准则,其特征是微损伤的起始和有限的进展;第三阶段是宏观裂纹扩展。缺点在于短纤维复合材料和纤维基体的界面,而不是在两种聚酰胺之间。
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引用次数: 0
Plastic strain energy-based corrosion fatigue crack propagation modeling in 18Ni (250) welded joints 基于塑性应变能的18Ni(250)焊接接头腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展模型
IF 6.8 2区 材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2026.109516
Yongmei Zhu , Dan Meng , Xilu Zhao
Corrosion fatigue crack propagation (CFCP) in welded joints of deep-sea structures governs their structural integrity under prolonged exposure to aggressive marine environments. To address this, this study investigates CFCP in 18Ni (250) maraging steel welded joints by establishing a crack growth rate model driven by plastic strain energy. Four specimens were fabricated and underwent fatigue testing in simulated seawater (3.5% NaCl solution), quantifying crack growth life at stress ratios of 0.1 and 0.3. Digital image correlation characterized crack-tip cyclic plastic zone evolution, revealing strain/stress amplitudes and plastic strain energy distributions. Cyclic plastic zone behavior was analyzed to derive plastic strain energy, forming the basis of a CFCP rate model. Numerical simulations of crack growth aligned closely with experimental results (≤3.84% deviation). The model enables damage tolerance assessment for large-scale welded structures operating in corrosive environments.
深海结构焊接接头的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展(CFCP)决定了其长期暴露在恶劣海洋环境中的结构完整性。为了解决这一问题,本研究通过建立由塑性应变能驱动的裂纹扩展速率模型,对18Ni(250)马氏体时效钢焊接接头中的CFCP进行了研究。制作4个试件,在模拟海水(3.5% NaCl溶液)中进行疲劳试验,量化应力比为0.1和0.3时裂纹扩展寿命。数字图像相关表征了裂纹尖端循环塑性区演化,揭示了应变/应力幅值和塑性应变能分布。分析了循环塑性区行为,推导了塑性应变能,为CFCP速率模型奠定了基础。裂纹扩展数值模拟与实验结果吻合较好(偏差≤3.84%)。该模型能够对腐蚀性环境下的大型焊接结构进行损伤容限评估。
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引用次数: 0
Fatal defect determination and nanotwin-assisted early damage in ultra-high cycle fatigue of additively manufactured titanium alloy 增材制造钛合金超高周疲劳致命缺陷确定及纳米孪晶辅助早期损伤
IF 6.8 2区 材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2026.109491
MingHui Dai , Kun Yang , Xue Li , YaoHan Du , HaiTao Zhu , HongPing Zhang , JingJiang Wei , ChengLai Xin , QingYuan Wang
Additively manufactured (AM) titanium alloys have attracted wide attention due to their high specific strength and excellent corrosion resistance. However, fatal AM defect determination before fatigue loading and defect-induced early damage mechanism in the ultra-high cycle fatigue (UHCF) regime have been studied rarely. In this study, ultrasonic fatigue tests were carried out to study the UHCF behavior of AM Ti-6Al-4V (Ti64) alloy with low porosity (0.002 %). As a result, the difference in the crack initiation location doesn’t cause a significant difference in fatigue life. The lack of fusion defects are responsible for fatigue failure. Fatigue failure is not necessarily induced by the largest defect in size, but also depends on the location and shape of defects. The defect shape is considered to develop the new Y-parameter model, which can better predict fatigue life and determine the fatal defect before fatigue loading. During the early damage process, many {10–11} compressive nanotwins are generated, and which assist lath refinement to nanoparticles near the crack tip. Discontinuous intergranular microcracks prevail, microcrack evolution is accompanied by grain refinement.
增材制造钛合金因其高比强度和优异的耐腐蚀性而受到广泛关注。然而,对AM材料疲劳加载前致命缺陷的确定和超高周疲劳状态下缺陷诱发的早期损伤机制的研究却很少。通过超声疲劳试验研究了低孔隙率(0.002%)AM Ti-6Al-4V (Ti64)合金的UHCF行为。结果表明,裂纹起裂位置的差异不会导致疲劳寿命的显著差异。缺乏熔合缺陷是造成疲劳失效的主要原因。疲劳失效不一定是由最大缺陷的尺寸引起的,还取决于缺陷的位置和形状。考虑缺陷的形状,建立了新的y参数模型,该模型能较好地预测疲劳寿命,并在疲劳加载前确定致命缺陷。在早期损伤过程中,产生了许多{10-11}压缩纳米孪晶,这有助于板条细化到裂纹尖端附近的纳米颗粒。晶间微裂纹以不连续为主,微裂纹演化伴随着晶粒细化。
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期刊
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