Pub Date : 2025-12-20DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107632
Eui Seon Lee, Ji Young Kim, Sung-Tag Oh
{"title":"Microstructure and non-isothermal reduction behavior of ball-milled WO3-CuO powders in pure hydrogen atmosphere","authors":"Eui Seon Lee, Ji Young Kim, Sung-Tag Oh","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107632","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107632","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145784589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-19DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107636
Lu Wang, Bing-Han Sun, Jian-Jun Yu, Jian-Li Li
{"title":"A new method for preparing ultrafine Mo2C by the CVD reaction of CO and gaseous MoO3: Parameter optimization and its formation mechanism","authors":"Lu Wang, Bing-Han Sun, Jian-Jun Yu, Jian-Li Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107636","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107636","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145784611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-15DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107628
E. Mishunina, V. Mirontsov, N. Stepanov, G. Salishchev, N. Yurchenko
This study investigated the effect of Si additions (0–35 at.%) on the phase structure, mechanical properties, and oxidation behaviour of a refractory NbTiZr complex concentrated alloy (RCCA). Si promoted the formation of silicide phases (M5Si3-type), transforming the microstructure from a single-phase body-centered cubic (bcc) structure to hypoeutectic bcc + eutectic bcc/M5Si3 and further to a hypereutectic M5Si3 + eutectic M5Si3/bcc mixture. Si significantly enhanced yield strength across a wide temperature range (22–1000 °C), but at the expense of room-temperature compressive plasticity and fracture toughness, which decreased as the volume fraction of silicides increased. Oxidation resistance at 1000 °C was substantially improved with increasing Si content, reducing mass gain and shifting oxidation kinetics towards more protective regimes. This study highlighted the potential of strategic Si alloying to tailor the properties of NbTiZr-based RCCAs for high-temperature applications.
{"title":"Structure, mechanical properties, and oxidation behaviour of refractory (NbTiZr)100-xSix complex concentrated alloys","authors":"E. Mishunina, V. Mirontsov, N. Stepanov, G. Salishchev, N. Yurchenko","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107628","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the effect of Si additions (0–35 at.%) on the phase structure, mechanical properties, and oxidation behaviour of a refractory NbTiZr complex concentrated alloy (RCCA). Si promoted the formation of silicide phases (M<ce:inf loc=\"post\">5</ce:inf>Si<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf>-type), transforming the microstructure from a single-phase body-centered cubic (bcc) structure to hypoeutectic bcc + eutectic bcc/M<ce:inf loc=\"post\">5</ce:inf>Si<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf> and further to a hypereutectic M<ce:inf loc=\"post\">5</ce:inf>Si<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf> + eutectic M<ce:inf loc=\"post\">5</ce:inf>Si<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf>/bcc mixture. Si significantly enhanced yield strength across a wide temperature range (22–1000 °C), but at the expense of room-temperature compressive plasticity and fracture toughness, which decreased as the volume fraction of silicides increased. Oxidation resistance at 1000 °C was substantially improved with increasing Si content, reducing mass gain and shifting oxidation kinetics towards more protective regimes. This study highlighted the potential of strategic Si alloying to tailor the properties of NbTiZr-based RCCAs for high-temperature applications.","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145753424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The interface formation energies and differential charge densities of Al2O3, La2O3 and ZrO2 were compared. The strengthening effects of three oxides on molybdenum were analyzed. The interfacial energies of Mo/Al2O3, Mo/La2O3 and Mo/ZrO2 are all negative, indicating that the formation of the three groups of interfaces is a spontaneous thermodynamic process. Among them, the Mo/ZrO2 interface is the easiest to form and the more stable the formed interface is. The differential charge density results of Mo/Al2O3, Mo/La2O3 and Mo/ZrO2 show that Mo loses the most electrons in the Mo/ZrO2 interface. Therefore, the interface interaction of Mo/ZrO2 is the strongest in the Mo/Al2O3, Mo/La2O3 and Mo/ZrO2 interfaces. The reduction process of molybdenum alloy powder follows the chemical vapor deposition process of the powder. Eventually, a situation is formed where the additives are distributed both within and between the grains. The additives are partially distributed within the grains and partially at the grain boundaries, simultaneously playing the roles of second-phase strengthening and fine grain strengthening. When the additives are completely distributed at the grain boundaries and only fine grain strengthening occurs, the strengthening effect on the material is the smallest. The higher the content of additives within the grains, the higher the yield strength of the material.
{"title":"The influence of the interface bonding strength of the second phase on the mechanical properties of the molybdenum alloy","authors":"Xiangwei Zhu, Liujie Xu, Chaopeng Cui, Mengjie Wu, Qinzhuang Liu, Haowei Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107625","url":null,"abstract":"The interface formation energies and differential charge densities of Al<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>O<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf>, La<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>O<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf> and ZrO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf> were compared. The strengthening effects of three oxides on molybdenum were analyzed. The interfacial energies of Mo/Al<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>O<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf>, Mo/La<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>O<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf> and Mo/ZrO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf> are all negative, indicating that the formation of the three groups of interfaces is a spontaneous thermodynamic process. Among them, the Mo/ZrO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf> interface is the easiest to form and the more stable the formed interface is. The differential charge density results of Mo/Al<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>O<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf>, Mo/La<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>O<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf> and Mo/ZrO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf> show that Mo loses the most electrons in the Mo/ZrO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf> interface. Therefore, the interface interaction of Mo/ZrO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf> is the strongest in the Mo/Al<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>O<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf>, Mo/La<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>O<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf> and Mo/ZrO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf> interfaces. The reduction process of molybdenum alloy powder follows the chemical vapor deposition process of the powder. Eventually, a situation is formed where the additives are distributed both within and between the grains. The additives are partially distributed within the grains and partially at the grain boundaries, simultaneously playing the roles of second-phase strengthening and fine grain strengthening. When the additives are completely distributed at the grain boundaries and only fine grain strengthening occurs, the strengthening effect on the material is the smallest. The higher the content of additives within the grains, the higher the yield strength of the material.","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145753374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-13DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107627
Chenran Xu, Lingwei Yang, Liyang Fang, Yifang Ouyang, Xiaoma Tao
Refractory high-entropy alloys (RHEAs), particularly NbMoTaW-based systems, show exceptional potential for high-temperature applications but are limited by poor room-temperature ductility. This study presents a novel approach to simultaneously enhance room-temperature ductility while maintaining high-temperature strength through the co-introduction of high-entropy carbide ceramics and a ductile phase into the BCC matrix. We developed a Nb0.8Mo0.8Ta0.8W0.32C0.2-Zrx alloy system that exhibits a complex strengthening mechanism driven primarily by phase transformation strengthening, with additional contributions from solid-solution strengthening, grain-boundary strengthening, and precipitation strengthening. The alloy maintains a BCC + FCC + HCP tri-phase structure both before and after heat treatment. After annealing at 1500 °C for 24 h, nanoprecipitates (50–200 nm) form within the FCC and HCP phases, enriched in Nb, Mo, Ta, and W. The optimized AC0.9 composition demonstrates exceptional mechanical properties: 2351 MPa compressive strength with 15 % fracture elongation at room temperature, while maintaining 921 MPa strength at 1000 °C with 15 % plasticity. These results confirm that multiphase coupling, compositional tuning, and heat treatment optimization synergistically improve RHEA performance, offering a promising pathway for developing advanced materials for extreme environment applications.
{"title":"Complex strengthening mechanisms in the Nb0.8Mo0.8Ta0.8W0.32C0.2-Zrx multiphase refractory high-entropy alloy","authors":"Chenran Xu, Lingwei Yang, Liyang Fang, Yifang Ouyang, Xiaoma Tao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107627","url":null,"abstract":"Refractory high-entropy alloys (RHEAs), particularly NbMoTaW-based systems, show exceptional potential for high-temperature applications but are limited by poor room-temperature ductility. This study presents a novel approach to simultaneously enhance room-temperature ductility while maintaining high-temperature strength through the co-introduction of high-entropy carbide ceramics and a ductile phase into the BCC matrix. We developed a Nb<ce:inf loc=\"post\">0.8</ce:inf>Mo<ce:inf loc=\"post\">0.8</ce:inf>Ta<ce:inf loc=\"post\">0.8</ce:inf>W<ce:inf loc=\"post\">0.32</ce:inf>C<ce:inf loc=\"post\">0.2</ce:inf>-Zr<ce:inf loc=\"post\">x</ce:inf> alloy system that exhibits a complex strengthening mechanism driven primarily by phase transformation strengthening, with additional contributions from solid-solution strengthening, grain-boundary strengthening, and precipitation strengthening. The alloy maintains a BCC + FCC + HCP tri-phase structure both before and after heat treatment. After annealing at 1500 °C for 24 h, nanoprecipitates (50–200 nm) form within the FCC and HCP phases, enriched in Nb, Mo, Ta, and W. The optimized AC0.9 composition demonstrates exceptional mechanical properties: 2351 MPa compressive strength with 15 % fracture elongation at room temperature, while maintaining 921 MPa strength at 1000 °C with 15 % plasticity. These results confirm that multiphase coupling, compositional tuning, and heat treatment optimization synergistically improve RHEA performance, offering a promising pathway for developing advanced materials for extreme environment applications.","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"151 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145753378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-12DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107623
Yipu Bian, Gang Jin, Zhanjie Li, Xiaofan Deng, Xin Zhang, Chong Li, Shaokun Luo
{"title":"Investigation on the milling performance and mechanisms of tungsten-based alloys under ice-freezing conditions: Cutting force modeling, surface integrity & tool wear","authors":"Yipu Bian, Gang Jin, Zhanjie Li, Xiaofan Deng, Xin Zhang, Chong Li, Shaokun Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107623","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107623","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145730804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In fabrication of WC–Co cemented carbide, the mechanical properties of the fabricated object deteriorate in the presence of porosity defects and W2C, which is generated by WC decomposition. To fabricate cemented carbide objects without such defects, this study investigated additive manufacturing using the hot-wire laser method with sintered rod-shaped cemented carbide (WC–16 %Co). To evaluate the effect of the laser beam irradiation method on the fabricated cemented carbide, two fabrication methods were carried out: one in which the rod leads the direction of fabrication (the laser directly irradiates the top of the cemented carbide rod), and one in which the laser leads the direction of fabrication (the laser irradiates between the bottom of the cemented carbide rod and the base material). With the rod leading, WC decomposition was observed in the upper part of the object, where the laser directly irradiated, and many defects were observed. However, with the laser leading, the WC decomposition was suppressed, but the base material element Fe invaded the fabricated structure, causing a decrease in hardness. Fabricating a middle layer consisting of a Ni-based alloy to suppress the influence of the base material achieved a WC–Co cemented carbide object with a sufficient hardness of over 1400 HV without WC decomposition or any defects.
{"title":"Effect of the hot-wire laser irradiation method and a Ni-based alloy middle layer on mechanical properties and microstructure in additive manufacturing of WC–Co cemented carbide","authors":"Keita Marumoto , Takashi Abe , Keigo Nagamori , Hiroshi Ichikawa , Akio Nishiyama , Motomichi Yamamoto","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107624","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107624","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In fabrication of WC–Co cemented carbide, the mechanical properties of the fabricated object deteriorate in the presence of porosity defects and W<sub>2</sub>C, which is generated by WC decomposition. To fabricate cemented carbide objects without such defects, this study investigated additive manufacturing using the hot-wire laser method with sintered rod-shaped cemented carbide (WC–16 %Co). To evaluate the effect of the laser beam irradiation method on the fabricated cemented carbide, two fabrication methods were carried out: one in which the rod leads the direction of fabrication (the laser directly irradiates the top of the cemented carbide rod), and one in which the laser leads the direction of fabrication (the laser irradiates between the bottom of the cemented carbide rod and the base material). With the rod leading, WC decomposition was observed in the upper part of the object, where the laser directly irradiated, and many defects were observed. However, with the laser leading, the WC decomposition was suppressed, but the base material element Fe invaded the fabricated structure, causing a decrease in hardness. Fabricating a middle layer consisting of a Ni-based alloy to suppress the influence of the base material achieved a WC–Co cemented carbide object with a sufficient hardness of over 1400 HV without WC decomposition or any defects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"136 ","pages":"Article 107624"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145748686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-10DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107619
Louise Rosenblad , Hjalmar Staf , Per-Lennart Larsson
In the development process of new cutting tools, accurate simulations reduce both time to market and resources. In this paper, previously developed constitutive models of compaction and sintering are used to simulate the manufacturing process. Multiple variations of compaction heights and maximum temperatures in the sintering cycle are used, and simulated results are compared to actual experiments. The results confirm that good prediction of the spatial distribution of relative density is possible even for complicated geometries. The simulations can also be used to predict changes in the press heights' effect on the final product.
{"title":"An experimental and numerical investigation of a material model for predicting densification of hardmetal powders","authors":"Louise Rosenblad , Hjalmar Staf , Per-Lennart Larsson","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107619","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107619","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the development process of new cutting tools, accurate simulations reduce both time to market and resources. In this paper, previously developed constitutive models of compaction and sintering are used to simulate the manufacturing process. Multiple variations of compaction heights and maximum temperatures in the sintering cycle are used, and simulated results are compared to actual experiments. The results confirm that good prediction of the spatial distribution of relative density is possible even for complicated geometries. The simulations can also be used to predict changes in the press heights' effect on the final product.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"136 ","pages":"Article 107619"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145749227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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