Pub Date : 2025-01-11DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107058
C.P. Liang, R.M. Wen, W.Y. Liang, L. Sun
The effects of alloying elements Ti, Zr, Ta, and W on the thermodynamic and mechanical properties of HfC were investigated at temperatures ranging from 0 to 3000 K and pressures from 0 to 100 GPa using first-principles calculations and quasi-harmonic approximate Debye model. The results show that Ti and W decrease the thermal expansion coefficient of HfC at elevated temperatures, while Ta and Zr increase this coefficient. In terms of melting point, Ti and Zr lower the melting temperature of HfC, whereas Ta and W raise it. All four alloying elements enhance the Debye temperature of HfC at elevated temperatures and higher pressures. Their impact on heat capacity is negligible at high temperatures, but results in a reduction at high pressures. In terms of elastic properties, Zr reduces the elastic modulus of HfC, while Ta and W significantly enhance it. Additionally, at high temperatures, Ti weakens the elastic anisotropy of HfC, while Zr and Ta enhance it; the effect of W is small. At high pressures, however, the influence of the alloying elements on the elastic anisotropy of HfC is relatively weak.
{"title":"Effects of alloying elements (Ti, Zr, Ta, W) on the thermodynamic and elastic properties of HfC at high temperature and high pressure","authors":"C.P. Liang, R.M. Wen, W.Y. Liang, L. Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107058","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107058","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The effects of alloying elements Ti, Zr, Ta, and W on the thermodynamic and mechanical properties of HfC were investigated at temperatures ranging from 0 to 3000 K and pressures from 0 to 100 GPa using first-principles calculations and quasi-harmonic approximate Debye model. The results show that Ti and W decrease the thermal expansion coefficient of HfC at elevated temperatures, while Ta and Zr increase this coefficient. In terms of melting point, Ti and Zr lower the melting temperature of HfC, whereas Ta and W raise it. All four alloying elements enhance the Debye temperature of HfC at elevated temperatures and higher pressures. Their impact on heat capacity is negligible at high temperatures, but results in a reduction at high pressures. In terms of elastic properties, Zr reduces the elastic modulus of HfC, while Ta and W significantly enhance it. Additionally, at high temperatures, Ti weakens the elastic anisotropy of HfC, while Zr and Ta enhance it; the effect of W is small. At high pressures, however, the influence of the alloying elements on the elastic anisotropy of HfC is relatively weak.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"128 ","pages":"Article 107058"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143174452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-10DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107057
Jianxiong Zhang, Jinwen Ye, Xiangkun Li, Zhiyao Ouyang, Mengze He
Incorporating nitrogen-containing inhibitors has been shown to significantly improve the comprehensive mechanical properties of cemented carbides at room temperature. However, research on the role of nitrogen itself and its impact at elevated temperatures is still limited. In this study, a series of cemented carbides with varying nitrogen content were synthesized by introducing (Cr0.9V0.1)₂(C, N) as an inhibitor. The addition of nitrogen results in a continuous refinement in the grain size of WC, thereby increasing hardness. Moreover, the transverse rupture strength (TRS) and fracture toughness initially increase and subsequently decrease. Building on these findings, the paper further investigates the role of nitrogen on the high-temperature mechanical and thermal characteristics of cemented carbides. At temperatures below 600 °C, nitrogen incorporation notably improves the hardness of cemented carbide while mitigating its rate of softening. Furthermore, nitrogen-modified cemented carbide exhibits favorable thermal conductivity.
Nitrogen-modified cemented carbide demonstrates excellent mechanical properties (, , , and at 0.03 wt% nitrogen. The results of our research demonstrate the significant potential of nitrogen-containing inhibitors in the fabrication of high-performance cemented carbide cutting tools.
{"title":"Enhancing room and high temperature performance on WC-Co cemented carbide via nitrogen modification","authors":"Jianxiong Zhang, Jinwen Ye, Xiangkun Li, Zhiyao Ouyang, Mengze He","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107057","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107057","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Incorporating nitrogen-containing inhibitors has been shown to significantly improve the comprehensive mechanical properties of cemented carbides at room temperature. However, research on the role of nitrogen itself and its impact at elevated temperatures is still limited. In this study, a series of cemented carbides with varying nitrogen content were synthesized by introducing (Cr<sub>0.9</sub>V<sub>0.1</sub>)₂(C, N) as an inhibitor. The addition of nitrogen results in a continuous refinement in the grain size of WC, thereby increasing hardness. Moreover, the transverse rupture strength (TRS) and fracture toughness initially increase and subsequently decrease. Building on these findings, the paper further investigates the role of nitrogen on the high-temperature mechanical and thermal characteristics of cemented carbides. At temperatures below 600 °C, nitrogen incorporation notably improves the hardness of cemented carbide while mitigating its rate of softening. Furthermore, nitrogen-modified cemented carbide exhibits favorable thermal conductivity.</div><div>Nitrogen-modified cemented carbide demonstrates excellent mechanical properties (<span><math><mi>TRS</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>5461.6</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>MPa</mi></math></span>, <span><math><msub><mi>HV</mi><mn>30</mn></msub><mfenced><mi>room temperature</mi></mfenced><mo>=</mo><mn>1968.6</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>kg</mi><mo>/</mo><msup><mi>mm</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></math></span>, <span><math><msub><mi>K</mi><mi>IC</mi></msub><mfenced><mi>room temperature</mi></mfenced><mo>=</mo><mn>10.51</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>MPa</mi><mo>·</mo><msup><mi>m</mi><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>, <span><math><msub><mi>HV</mi><mn>5</mn></msub><mfenced><mrow><msup><mn>800</mn><mo>°</mo></msup><mi>C</mi></mrow></mfenced><mo>=</mo><mn>1446.1</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>kg</mi><mo>/</mo><msup><mi>mm</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></math></span> and <span><math><msub><mi>K</mi><mi>IC</mi></msub><mfenced><mrow><msup><mn>800</mn><mo>°</mo></msup><mi>C</mi></mrow></mfenced><mo>=</mo><mn>17.10</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>MPa</mi><mo>·</mo><msup><mi>m</mi><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span> at 0.03 wt% nitrogen. The results of our research demonstrate the significant potential of nitrogen-containing inhibitors in the fabrication of high-performance cemented carbide cutting tools.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"128 ","pages":"Article 107057"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143173443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since the poor abrasion resistance and adhesion strength of ordinary CVD diamond coatings and the single shape of the substrate have seriously limited the development of diamond surface coating technology in the machining industry, the study of the adhesion and tribological properties of diamond coatings under different shapes of substrates is necessary to solve this problem. In this study, diamond coatings were prepared on the spherical surface of cemented carbide, combining surface micro-texturing, boron doping, and composite coating techniques to investigate diamond coatings' adhesion strength and friction properties. Research Methodology: Diamond spherical films with different micro-texturing and coating types were processed on the spherical surface of WC-Co cemented carbide by laser etching and hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD). Adhesion and tribological properties of spherical diamond films were studied by indentation and friction experiments. Study results: The optimum boron doping concentration was near 4000 ppm; Concentric square groove boron doped micro/nanodiamond (SGBDM/NCD) spherical films showed the smallest maximum crack diameter of 413 μm after indentation experiments and the best bonding strength to the substrate; The average friction coefficients of nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) spherical films, micro/nanocrystalline diamond (M/NCD) spherical films, boron-doped nanocrystalline diamond (BDNCD) spherical films, boron-doped micro/nanocrystalline diamond (BDM/NCD) spherical films, concentric grooves of boron-doped micro/nanocrystalline diamond (CGBDM/NCD) spherical films, and SGBDM/NCD spherical films were reduced in the order of magnitude. Compared with ordinary NCD ball film, SGBDM/NCD ball film has improved wear resistance and increased the removal performance of mold steel by about 23.5 %.
{"title":"Microscopic characterization and tribological properties of boron-doped microtextured spherical diamond composite coatings","authors":"Daohui Xiang, Jun Zhang, Zhiqiang Zhang, Yu Zhang, Zhong Cheng, Chaosheng Song, Yanqin Li, Guofu Gao, Jinglin Tong","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107054","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107054","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Since the poor abrasion resistance and adhesion strength of ordinary CVD diamond coatings and the single shape of the substrate have seriously limited the development of diamond surface coating technology in the machining industry, the study of the adhesion and tribological properties of diamond coatings under different shapes of substrates is necessary to solve this problem. In this study, diamond coatings were prepared on the spherical surface of cemented carbide, combining surface micro-texturing, boron doping, and composite coating techniques to investigate diamond coatings' adhesion strength and friction properties. Research Methodology: Diamond spherical films with different micro-texturing and coating types were processed on the spherical surface of WC-Co cemented carbide by laser etching and hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD). Adhesion and tribological properties of spherical diamond films were studied by indentation and friction experiments. Study results: The optimum boron doping concentration was near 4000 ppm; Concentric square groove boron doped micro/nanodiamond (SGBDM/NCD) spherical films showed the smallest maximum crack diameter of 413 μm after indentation experiments and the best bonding strength to the substrate; The average friction coefficients of nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) spherical films, micro/nanocrystalline diamond (M/NCD) spherical films, boron-doped nanocrystalline diamond (BDNCD) spherical films, boron-doped micro/nanocrystalline diamond (BDM/NCD) spherical films, concentric grooves of boron-doped micro/nanocrystalline diamond (CGBDM/NCD) spherical films, and SGBDM/NCD spherical films were reduced in the order of magnitude. Compared with ordinary NCD ball film, SGBDM/NCD ball film has improved wear resistance and increased the removal performance of mold steel by about 23.5 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"128 ","pages":"Article 107054"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143173441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-10DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107049
Wenfeng Yang , Guangming Zheng , Wei Chen , Xiang Cheng , Huanbao Liu , Xianhai Yang
The surface properties of coatings, especially the residual stress, have a direct impact on the cutting performance and service life of coated tools. In this work, TiAlN coatings are deposited on WC-Co cemented carbide by cathodic arc method. Four surface treatments are carried out on the substrate before deposition, including un-treatment (UT), micro-blasting treatment (MBT), diamond grinding treatment (DGT), mechanical polishing treatment (MPT). The effects of substrate treatment on the surface morphology, mechanical properties and cutting performance of coated tools are studied. The surface morphology of the substrate determines the nucleation sites, which in turn changes the residual stress in the coatings. The order of residual compressive stress (absolute value) in the coatings is MBT > UT > DGT > MPT. In the depth direction, the residual compressive stress gradually increases from the coating surface to the coating-substrate interface. The MBT tools with high residual compressive stress have the high coating adhesion and nano-hardness, which can obtain the longest service life.
{"title":"Regulation of residual stress in TiAlN coatings by WC-co substrate surface treatment","authors":"Wenfeng Yang , Guangming Zheng , Wei Chen , Xiang Cheng , Huanbao Liu , Xianhai Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107049","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107049","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The surface properties of coatings, especially the residual stress, have a direct impact on the cutting performance and service life of coated tools. In this work, TiAlN coatings are deposited on WC-Co cemented carbide by cathodic arc method. Four surface treatments are carried out on the substrate before deposition, including un-treatment (UT), micro-blasting treatment (MBT), diamond grinding treatment (DGT), mechanical polishing treatment (MPT). The effects of substrate treatment on the surface morphology, mechanical properties and cutting performance of coated tools are studied. The surface morphology of the substrate determines the nucleation sites, which in turn changes the residual stress in the coatings. The order of residual compressive stress (absolute value) in the coatings is MBT > UT > DGT > MPT. In the depth direction, the residual compressive stress gradually increases from the coating surface to the coating-substrate interface. The MBT tools with high residual compressive stress have the high coating adhesion and nano-hardness, which can obtain the longest service life.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"128 ","pages":"Article 107049"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143173450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Binder jetting (BJ) additive manufacturing has emerged as a potential technique for the fabrication of complex tungsten heavy alloy (WHA) parts due to high efficiency and low cost. However, due to the low green density, high sintering temperature or long holding time is required to achieve densification of the BJ WHA samples. This could also lead to excessive growth of W particles, which compromises their mechanical properties. To address these issues, a two-step sintering strategy was proposed in this study to enhance sintering densification and refine W particles. The densification, microstructure evolution, and tensile properties of BJ W-7Ni-3Fe alloys manufactured by two-step sintering (TSS) were investigated and compared with those fabricated by one-step sintering (OSS). Notably, at a sintering temperature of 1520 °C, the TSS samples exhibited a 5.0 % enhancement in density and a 15.9 % reduction in W particle sizes in comparison to the OSS samples. Meanwhile, the mechanical performance of the TSS samples was significantly improved, with increases of 62.8 % in hardness, 7.6 % in yield strength, 14.2 % in ultimate tensile strength, and 32.7 % in elongation, respectively. Furthermore, the relationship between mechanical performance, porosity, and microstructural parameters was analyzed in detail. Linear relationship between microstructural parameters and tensile properties was well fitted with porosity below 10 %. The as-reported TSS strategy offers great potential in obtaining BJ tungsten-based alloys and other refractory metals with high density and fine grains.
{"title":"Enhanced density and fine W particles of W-7Ni-3Fe alloys prepared by binder jetting additive manufacturing with a two-step sintering strategy","authors":"Yuhua Heng, Yiwei Mao, Kunhao Feng, Jianan Zheng, Yingmi Xie, Qingsong Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107037","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107037","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Binder jetting (BJ) additive manufacturing has emerged as a potential technique for the fabrication of complex tungsten heavy alloy (WHA) parts due to high efficiency and low cost. However, due to the low green density, high sintering temperature or long holding time is required to achieve densification of the BJ WHA samples. This could also lead to excessive growth of W particles, which compromises their mechanical properties. To address these issues, a two-step sintering strategy was proposed in this study to enhance sintering densification and refine W particles. The densification, microstructure evolution, and tensile properties of BJ W-7Ni-3Fe alloys manufactured by two-step sintering (TSS) were investigated and compared with those fabricated by one-step sintering (OSS). Notably, at a sintering temperature of 1520 °C, the TSS samples exhibited a 5.0 % enhancement in density and a 15.9 % reduction in W particle sizes in comparison to the OSS samples. Meanwhile, the mechanical performance of the TSS samples was significantly improved, with increases of 62.8 % in hardness, 7.6 % in yield strength, 14.2 % in ultimate tensile strength, and 32.7 % in elongation, respectively. Furthermore, the relationship between mechanical performance, porosity, and microstructural parameters was analyzed in detail. Linear relationship between microstructural parameters and tensile properties was well fitted with porosity below 10 %. The as-reported TSS strategy offers great potential in obtaining BJ tungsten-based alloys and other refractory metals with high density and fine grains.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"128 ","pages":"Article 107037"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143174450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-09DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107045
S. Gordon , T. Rodriguez-Suarez , J.J. Roa , E. Jiménez-Piqué , L. Llanes
The focused ion beam (FIB) tomography technique has been used to conduct a detailed study of the microstructural assemblage of a polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PcBN) composite. In doing so, ∼400 slices (i.e. two-dimensional (2D) field emission scanning electron microscope images) have been sequentially milled and reconstructed, resulting in a cube of 10.8 × 4.3 × 8.1 μm3. The three-dimensional (3D) microstructural characteristics of a high cBN content and metallic binder PcBN composite have been assessed and compared to those determined using a conventional 2D – linear intercept method (LIM). Results demonstrated FIB tomography to be a suitable and powerful technique for gaining in-depth knowledge and understanding of the microstructural assemblage of PcBN composite materials. In general, a satisfactory agreement is found between 2D and 3D characterization techniques. Nevertheless, 3D reconstruction provides information impossible to gather with conventional LIM. First, analysis of the phase content distribution in 3D permits to determine a homogeneous distribution of the cBN particles along the bulk material. Second, 3D tomography allows for assessment of geometrical aspects while also considering a greater number of cBN particles. As a consequence, they are found to exhibit a bimodal distribution rather than a monomodal one, with larger and finer particles showing a tetrahedral-like or a close-to-sphere geometry, respectively. Finally, binder reconstruction reveals the metallic matrix to be a contiguous and interconnected network through the cBN skeleton. In this regard, some discrepancies in the binder mean free path calculations between 2D and 3D methodologies are discerned.
{"title":"Three-dimensional microstructural characterization of a polycrystalline cubic boron nitride composite by means of focused ion beam (FIB) tomography","authors":"S. Gordon , T. Rodriguez-Suarez , J.J. Roa , E. Jiménez-Piqué , L. Llanes","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107045","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107045","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The focused ion beam (FIB) tomography technique has been used to conduct a detailed study of the microstructural assemblage of a polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PcBN) composite. In doing so, ∼400 slices (i.e. two-dimensional (2D) field emission scanning electron microscope images) have been sequentially milled and reconstructed, resulting in a cube of 10.8 × 4.3 × 8.1 μm<sup>3</sup>. The three-dimensional (3D) microstructural characteristics of a high cBN content and metallic binder PcBN composite have been assessed and compared to those determined using a conventional 2D – linear intercept method (LIM). Results demonstrated FIB tomography to be a suitable and powerful technique for gaining in-depth knowledge and understanding of the microstructural assemblage of PcBN composite materials. In general, a satisfactory agreement is found between 2D and 3D characterization techniques. Nevertheless, 3D reconstruction provides information impossible to gather with conventional LIM. First, analysis of the phase content distribution in 3D permits to determine a homogeneous distribution of the cBN particles along the bulk material. Second, 3D tomography allows for assessment of geometrical aspects while also considering a greater number of cBN particles. As a consequence, they are found to exhibit a bimodal distribution rather than a monomodal one, with larger and finer particles showing a tetrahedral-like or a close-to-sphere geometry, respectively. Finally, binder reconstruction reveals the metallic matrix to be a contiguous and interconnected network through the cBN skeleton. In this regard, some discrepancies in the binder mean free path calculations between 2D and 3D methodologies are discerned.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"128 ","pages":"Article 107045"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143174453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-07DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107050
Teng Li , Yuping Wu , Sheng Hong , Jiangbo Cheng , Shuaishuai Zhu , Zhifeng Gao
This research investigates the tribocorrosion behavior and the effect of Cr addition on the wear mechanism of the WC-10Co4Cr and WC-10Co coatings prepared with high velocity oxygen-fuel (HVOF) technology, compared with 3Cr13 substrate. The WC-based cermet coatings exhibited significantly higher microhardness, with average microhardness values of 1488 HV0.3 and 1429 HV0.3, respectively. The coatings exhibited minor decarburization during fabrication, and average porosities are 1.2 % and 1.8 %, respectively. In 3.5 wt% NaCl solution, WC-10Co4Cr, and WC-10Co coatings show tribocorrosion resistance 12.5 and 7.6 times greater than that of 3Cr13, respectively. The addition of Cr in the WC-10Co4Cr coating imparted superior corrosion resistance, with the corrosion-wear synergistic interaction affecting only 19.3 % of the coating's performance. In contrast, the WC-10Co coating showed relatively poorer corrosion resistance, with corrosion-wear interaction accounting for 51.8 % of its volume loss. The main mechanism of corrosion-wear interaction is corrosion-promoted wear. The primary wear mechanisms for the WC-10Co4Cr coating include abrasive wear and electrochemical corrosion wear while the WC-10Co coating also suffers from more severe fatigue wear.
{"title":"Influence of Cr addition on tribocorrosion behavior of high velocity oxygen-fuel thermal sprayed WC-based cermet coatings","authors":"Teng Li , Yuping Wu , Sheng Hong , Jiangbo Cheng , Shuaishuai Zhu , Zhifeng Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107050","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107050","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research investigates the tribocorrosion behavior and the effect of Cr addition on the wear mechanism of the WC-10Co4Cr and WC-10Co coatings prepared with high velocity oxygen-fuel (HVOF) technology, compared with 3Cr13 substrate. The WC-based cermet coatings exhibited significantly higher microhardness, with average microhardness values of 1488 HV<sub>0.3</sub> and 1429 HV<sub>0.3</sub>, respectively. The coatings exhibited minor decarburization during fabrication, and average porosities are 1.2 % and 1.8 %, respectively. In 3.5 wt% NaCl solution, WC-10Co4Cr, and WC-10Co coatings show tribocorrosion resistance 12.5 and 7.6 times greater than that of 3Cr13, respectively. The addition of Cr in the WC-10Co4Cr coating imparted superior corrosion resistance, with the corrosion-wear synergistic interaction affecting only 19.3 % of the coating's performance. In contrast, the WC-10Co coating showed relatively poorer corrosion resistance, with corrosion-wear interaction accounting for 51.8 % of its volume loss. The main mechanism of corrosion-wear interaction is corrosion-promoted wear. The primary wear mechanisms for the WC-10Co4Cr coating include abrasive wear and electrochemical corrosion wear while the WC-10Co coating also suffers from more severe fatigue wear.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"128 ","pages":"Article 107050"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143174435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-07DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107051
Kaiyuan Hao , Jiayi Liu , Ruonan Zhou , Xuelian Xiao , Jian Lv , Kai Xu , Ming Lou , Keke Chang
TiC-based cermets are lightweight substitutes to the conventional WC-Co composites in ocean drilling applications. However, the tribocorrosion behaviors of these cermets remain little understood, raising additional concerns on their service durability. In this work, the role of metallic binder composition on the tribocorrosion behaviors of TiC-based cermets was studied. Specifically, the TiC-CoCrNi and TiC-Ni cermet samples were fabricated using the spark plasma sintering (SPS) method, and their corrosion and tribocorrosion properties were assessed in 3.5 wt% NaCl solutions. Results showed that the TiC-CoCrNi exhibited declined corrosion current density by ∼12 %, benefiting from the reduction of galvanic corrosion, the decreased number of interfaces and the favorable formation of Cr2O3. In addition, the TiC-CoCrNi revealed decreased volumetric losses by ∼30 % under the open circuit potential (OCP) condition. It was found that the comparatively intact CoCrNi binders in the corrosive media guaranteed the tolerance of TiC skeleton to the sliding-induced plastic deformation and facilitated the formation of tribolayers that consisted of detached TiC and transferred Al2O3, both of which contributed to the maintenance of robust contact surfaces. Hence, this work demonstrates the possibility of employing multi-principal element alloy binders to strengthen the tribocorrosion properties of TiC-based cermets through the build of stable tribolayers.
{"title":"Tribocorrosion behaviors of TiC-based cermets with CoCrNi multi-principal element alloy binders","authors":"Kaiyuan Hao , Jiayi Liu , Ruonan Zhou , Xuelian Xiao , Jian Lv , Kai Xu , Ming Lou , Keke Chang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107051","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107051","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>TiC-based cermets are lightweight substitutes to the conventional WC-Co composites in ocean drilling applications. However, the tribocorrosion behaviors of these cermets remain little understood, raising additional concerns on their service durability. In this work, the role of metallic binder composition on the tribocorrosion behaviors of TiC-based cermets was studied. Specifically, the TiC-CoCrNi and TiC-Ni cermet samples were fabricated using the spark plasma sintering (SPS) method, and their corrosion and tribocorrosion properties were assessed in 3.5 <em>wt</em>% NaCl solutions. Results showed that the TiC-CoCrNi exhibited declined corrosion current density by ∼12 %, benefiting from the reduction of galvanic corrosion, the decreased number of interfaces and the favorable formation of Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>. In addition, the TiC-CoCrNi revealed decreased volumetric losses by ∼30 % under the open circuit potential (OCP) condition. It was found that the comparatively intact CoCrNi binders in the corrosive media guaranteed the tolerance of TiC skeleton to the sliding-induced plastic deformation and facilitated the formation of tribolayers that consisted of detached TiC and transferred Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, both of which contributed to the maintenance of robust contact surfaces. Hence, this work demonstrates the possibility of employing multi-principal element alloy binders to strengthen the tribocorrosion properties of TiC-based cermets through the build of stable tribolayers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"128 ","pages":"Article 107051"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143173445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-07DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107056
Nthape P. Mphasha , Rodney M. Genga , Natasha Sacks , Claudia Polese , Jozef Vleugels , Shuigen Huang , Xola Madyibi
In this study, WC-8.4Co-3.6Mo (wt%) cemented carbides were fabricated by laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) and direct-ink writing (DIW). The effects of various processing parameter combinations on the consolidation of the alloys were investigated. A multi-objective response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to determine the optimal L-PBF and DIW processing parameters, utilising a fractional factorial design of experiment (DoE) approach. The RSM analysis included parameters such as scanning speed, laser power, hatch spacing, extrusion pressure and solid loading. Samples prepared by L-PBF showed alternating layers of coarse and fine WC grains, with the fine grains embedded in a binder melt pool. Increasing the laser energy density resulted in a gradual decomposition of the WC phase, accompanied by the loss of Co and the formation of ƞ phases. For DIW, feedstock filaments with powder loading content between 89.4 and 92.4 wt% were prepared using a binder system composed of Pluronic F-127 and Dolapix CE-64. These filaments exhibited steady thermoplastic behaviour with controllable extrusion, yielding samples with a linear shrinkage of approximately 20 %. The results revealed that DIW-produced samples achieved a maximum hardness of 12.69 GPa and a relative density of 95 % under optimised conditions, specifically an extrusion pressure of 0.125 MPa and a solid loading of 92.4 wt%. For L-PBF, a maximum hardness of 12.60 GPa and a relative density of 99 % were obtained at an optimised scanning speed of 485 mm/s, laser power of 197 W and hatch spacing of 90 μm. These optimisation results derived from the regression models provided new parameter sets for further refinement and enhancement.
{"title":"Characterisation and parametric optimisation of L-PBF and DIW of WC-12wt%Co/Mo cemented carbides using response surface methodology","authors":"Nthape P. Mphasha , Rodney M. Genga , Natasha Sacks , Claudia Polese , Jozef Vleugels , Shuigen Huang , Xola Madyibi","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107056","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107056","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, WC-8.4Co-3.6Mo (wt%) cemented carbides were fabricated by laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) and direct-ink writing (DIW). The effects of various processing parameter combinations on the consolidation of the alloys were investigated. A multi-objective response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to determine the optimal L-PBF and DIW processing parameters, utilising a fractional factorial design of experiment (DoE) approach. The RSM analysis included parameters such as scanning speed, laser power, hatch spacing, extrusion pressure and solid loading. Samples prepared by L-PBF showed alternating layers of coarse and fine WC grains, with the fine grains embedded in a binder melt pool. Increasing the laser energy density resulted in a gradual decomposition of the WC phase, accompanied by the loss of Co and the formation of ƞ phases. For DIW, feedstock filaments with powder loading content between 89.4 and 92.4 wt% were prepared using a binder system composed of Pluronic F-127 and Dolapix CE-64. These filaments exhibited steady thermoplastic behaviour with controllable extrusion, yielding samples with a linear shrinkage of approximately 20 %. The results revealed that DIW-produced samples achieved a maximum hardness of 12.69 GPa and a relative density of 95 % under optimised conditions, specifically an extrusion pressure of 0.125 MPa and a solid loading of 92.4 wt%. For L-PBF, a maximum hardness of 12.60 GPa and a relative density of 99 % were obtained at an optimised scanning speed of 485 mm/s, laser power of 197 W and hatch spacing of 90 μm. These optimisation results derived from the regression models provided new parameter sets for further refinement and enhancement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"128 ","pages":"Article 107056"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143174434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-07DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107055
Xianlei Hu , Ruimin Lai , Huan Hu , Qincheng Xie , Ying Zhi
The initial production of a W30Cu foil with a thickness of 0.1 mm and high relative density (99.9 %), as well as excellent physical and mechanical properties, was achieved through the utilisation of hot-press sintering (HPS) in conjunction with cyclic warm rolling. The impact of rolling deformation on the microstructure and overall performance of the composite material was examined, and the coordinated deformation mechanisms occurring during the rolling process were investigated. As the reduction rate increased, the deformation mechanism of the W30Cu composite material shifted from a Cu-phase-dominated plastic deformation to a cooperative deformation involving both the Cu and W phases. The number of high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) increased gradually with the occurrence of dynamic recrystallisation, accompanied by an expansion in the thickness of the W/Cu interface diffusion layer. The yield strength and tensile strength exhibited a gradual increase during the cyclic warm rolling process, while the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), electrical conductivity (EC) and thermal conductivity (TC) demonstrated a gradual decrease. Upon reaching an accumulated reduction rate of R98% (0.1 mm), the yield strength of the W30Cu composite material reached 767 MPa, the tensile strength reached 887 MPa, and the CTE, EC and TC were 210 W/(m·K), 40.8 % IACS and 6.2 × 10−6/K, respectively.
{"title":"Study on the microstructure and properties of WCu alloy foils prepared by cyclic warm rolling","authors":"Xianlei Hu , Ruimin Lai , Huan Hu , Qincheng Xie , Ying Zhi","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107055","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107055","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The initial production of a W30Cu foil with a thickness of 0.1 mm and high relative density (99.9 %), as well as excellent physical and mechanical properties, was achieved through the utilisation of hot-press sintering (HPS) in conjunction with cyclic warm rolling. The impact of rolling deformation on the microstructure and overall performance of the composite material was examined, and the coordinated deformation mechanisms occurring during the rolling process were investigated. As the reduction rate increased, the deformation mechanism of the W30Cu composite material shifted from a Cu-phase-dominated plastic deformation to a cooperative deformation involving both the Cu and W phases. The number of high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) increased gradually with the occurrence of dynamic recrystallisation, accompanied by an expansion in the thickness of the W/Cu interface diffusion layer. The yield strength and tensile strength exhibited a gradual increase during the cyclic warm rolling process, while the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), electrical conductivity (EC) and thermal conductivity (TC) demonstrated a gradual decrease. Upon reaching an accumulated reduction rate of R98% (0.1 mm), the yield strength of the W30Cu composite material reached 767 MPa, the tensile strength reached 887 MPa, and the CTE, EC and TC were 210 W/(m·K), 40.8 % IACS and 6.2 × 10<sup>−6</sup>/K, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"128 ","pages":"Article 107055"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143174438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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