International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials最新文献_第7页

Influence of machining parameters on the wear mechanisms of PCD tools during turning of tungsten carbide 碳化钨车削过程中加工参数对PCD刀具磨损机理的影响

IF 4.6 2区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107599

Feng Kong, Wei Zhao, Linyi Peng, Ning He

Tungsten carbide (WC) exhibits high hot hardness and excellent abrasion resistance, making it widely employed in mold manufacturing, aerospace, and precision component production. However, its extreme hardness leads to severe tool wear during cutting, which limits both machining efficiency and surface quality. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of cutting tool wear and their evolution during tungsten carbide turning is critical for improving machining accuracy and tool life. In this study, dry orthogonal turning experiments were conducted on WC-15Co using a polycrystalline diamond (PCD) tool to investigate the effects of machining parameters and material removal volume on tool wear from a thermo-mechanical coupling perspective. The results revealed that cutting temperature was more sensitive to cutting speed than to feed. Cutting forces were influenced by both material thermal softening and tool wear, resulting in a decreasing trend in the tangential force with increasing cutting speed, while the feed force initially decreased and subsequently increased. At low material removal volumes, the pronounced thermal softening combined with minimal initial tool wear yielded optimal surface quality at a cutting speed of 250 m/min. However, in terms of tool life, a cutting speed of 100 m/min provided a better thermo-mechanical balance, resulting in minimal wear and stable surface quality. Under high-speed cutting conditions (≥350 m/min), chips transformed from discontinuous to continuous due to thermal softening and the extrusion effect induced by tool wear, which adversely affected surface quality. The wear behavior of PCD tools was strongly dependent on cutting speed: at lower speeds, adhesion and abrasive wear were dominant, whereas at higher speeds, rapid tool failure occurred due to diamond graphitization, severe oxidation, and spalling of large adhered layers. This study elucidates the mechanisms by which thermo-mechanical interactions influence tool wear under varying machining parameters, providing theoretical insights and guidance for parameter optimization to achieve efficient and stable turning of tungsten carbide, with significant engineering implications.

碳化钨（WC）具有较高的热硬度和优异的耐磨性，广泛应用于模具制造、航空航天和精密部件生产。然而，其极高的硬度导致刀具在切削过程中严重磨损，从而限制了加工效率和表面质量。因此，了解碳化钨车削过程中刀具磨损的机理及其演变对提高加工精度和刀具寿命至关重要。本研究采用聚晶金刚石（PCD）刀具对WC-15Co进行干式正交车削试验，从热-机械耦合的角度研究加工参数和材料去除率对刀具磨损的影响。结果表明，切削温度对切削速度的敏感性大于对进给量的敏感性。切削力受材料热软化和刀具磨损的共同影响，切向力随切削速度的增加呈减小趋势，进给力先减小后增大。在低材料去除量下，明显的热软化结合最小的初始刀具磨损，以250米/分钟的切削速度产生最佳的表面质量。然而，在刀具寿命方面，100米/分钟的切削速度提供了更好的热-机械平衡，导致最小的磨损和稳定的表面质量。在高速切削条件下（≥350 m/min），由于热软化和刀具磨损引起的挤压效应，切屑由不连续转变为连续，对表面质量产生不利影响。PCD刀具的磨损行为强烈依赖于切削速度：在较低的切削速度下，粘附和磨料磨损占主导地位，而在较高的切削速度下，由于金刚石石墨化、严重氧化和大块粘附层剥落，刀具会迅速失效。本研究阐明了不同加工参数下热-力相互作用影响刀具磨损的机理，为实现高效稳定的碳化钨车削参数优化提供了理论见解和指导，具有重要的工程意义。

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引用次数: 0

Preparation and characterization of WC-based cemented carbides with added V2O5 and Cr2O3 through spark plasma sintering 添加V2O5和Cr2O3的wc基硬质合金的火花等离子烧结制备及表征

IF 4.6 2区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107606

Yongkang Ma, Zhiwei Zhao, Wanzhen Qi, Qiujun Hu, Shijie Zhang, Xiaomiao Zhao, Shun Wang, Tongqi Shao, Jingke Wang

This study employs Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) combined with in-situ carbothermic reduction to explore the impact of vanadium pentoxide (V₂O₅) and chromium oxide (Cr₂O₃) on the microstructure, phase composition, and mechanical properties of WC-based cemented carbides. Nanoscale WO₃, Co powder, carbon black, V₂O₅, and Cr₂O₃ were used as raw materials. In-situ synthesis of WC, V₈C₇, and Cr₃C₂, along with alloy densification, was successfully achieved within the SPS furnace. Experimental results indicate that the carbothermic reduction reaction reaches near completion at approximately 1200 °C. Under the conditions of 0.6 wt% composite grain growth inhibitors(CGGIs), a sintering temperature of 1400 °C, a dwell time of 8 min, and a pressure of 30 MPa, the resulting samples displayed a uniform microstructure and exhibited superior mechanical properties, with Vickers hardness of 2163.8 HV, fracture toughness of 9.9 MPa·m^1/2, and density of 14.45 g/cm³. The carbothermic reduction process of WO₃, V₂O₅, and Cr₂O₃ was simulated using HSC Chemistry software. The simulation results showed that the reduction of WO₃ was complete at the experimental temperature, while V₂O₅ and Cr₂O₃ only underwent partial reduction at higher temperatures. However, this partial reduction did not notably affect the preparation of the CGGIs or their contribution to the performance enhancement of the cemented carbide. The innovation of this study lies in the introduction of composite inhibitors, such as V₂O₅ and Cr₂O₃, which enhance the crack propagation path and significantly improve fracture toughness. This approach provides a novel method for optimizing the microstructure and performance of WC-based cemented carbides, offering both significant academic value and practical application potential.

本研究采用火花等离子烧结（SPS）结合原位碳热还原，探索五氧化二钒（V₂O₅）和氧化铬（Cr₂O₃）对wc基硬质合金微观结构、相组成和力学性能的影响。以纳米WO₃、Co粉、炭黑、V₂O₅、Cr₂O₃为原料。在SPS炉内成功地原位合成了WC、V₈C₇和Cr₃C₂，并实现了合金致密化。实验结果表明，碳热还原反应在1200℃左右接近完成。在添加量为0.6 wt%的复合晶粒生长抑制剂（CGGIs）、烧结温度为1400℃、保温时间为8 min、压力为30 MPa的条件下，得到的样品显微组织均匀，力学性能优异，维氏硬度为2163.8 HV，断裂韧性为9.9 MPa·m1/2，密度为14.45 g/cm3。利用HSC化学软件模拟了WO₃、V₂O₅和Cr₂O₃的碳热还原过程。模拟结果表明，WO₃在实验温度下完全还原，而V₂O₅和Cr₂O₃在较高温度下只进行了部分还原。然而，这种部分还原并没有显著影响CGGIs的制备或它们对硬质合金性能增强的贡献。本研究的创新之处在于引入了V₂O₅和Cr₂O₃等复合抑制剂，增强了裂纹扩展路径，显著提高了断裂韧性。该方法为优化wc基硬质合金的微观结构和性能提供了一种新的方法，具有重要的学术价值和实际应用潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Effect of the hot-wire laser irradiation method and a Ni-based alloy middle layer on mechanical properties and microstructure in additive manufacturing of WC–Co cemented carbide 热线激光辐照方法和ni基合金中间层对WC-Co硬质合金增材制造力学性能和显微组织的影响

IF 4.6 2区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107624

Keita Marumoto , Takashi Abe , Keigo Nagamori , Hiroshi Ichikawa , Akio Nishiyama , Motomichi Yamamoto

In fabrication of WC–Co cemented carbide, the mechanical properties of the fabricated object deteriorate in the presence of porosity defects and W₂C, which is generated by WC decomposition. To fabricate cemented carbide objects without such defects, this study investigated additive manufacturing using the hot-wire laser method with sintered rod-shaped cemented carbide (WC–16 %Co). To evaluate the effect of the laser beam irradiation method on the fabricated cemented carbide, two fabrication methods were carried out: one in which the rod leads the direction of fabrication (the laser directly irradiates the top of the cemented carbide rod), and one in which the laser leads the direction of fabrication (the laser irradiates between the bottom of the cemented carbide rod and the base material). With the rod leading, WC decomposition was observed in the upper part of the object, where the laser directly irradiated, and many defects were observed. However, with the laser leading, the WC decomposition was suppressed, but the base material element Fe invaded the fabricated structure, causing a decrease in hardness. Fabricating a middle layer consisting of a Ni-based alloy to suppress the influence of the base material achieved a WC–Co cemented carbide object with a sufficient hardness of over 1400 HV without WC decomposition or any defects.

在WC - co硬质合金的制备过程中，由于WC分解产生的W2C和气孔缺陷的存在，使制备物的力学性能下降。为了制造没有这些缺陷的硬质合金物体，本研究使用热线激光方法研究了烧结棒状硬质合金（wc - 16% Co）的增材制造。为了评价激光束辐照方法对所制备的硬质合金的影响，采用了两种制备方法：一种是棒材引导制备方向（激光直接照射硬质合金棒材顶部），另一种是激光引导制备方向（激光照射在硬质合金棒材底部与基材之间）。在棒的引导下，在激光直接照射的物体上部观察到WC的分解，并观察到许多缺陷。然而，在激光引导下，WC的分解被抑制，但基材元素Fe侵入到加工组织中，导致硬度下降。通过制备由ni基合金组成的中间层来抑制基材的影响，获得了硬度超过1400 HV的WC - co硬质合金物体，没有WC分解，也没有任何缺陷。

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引用次数: 0

An experimental and numerical investigation of a material model for predicting densification of hardmetal powders 预测硬质合金粉末致密化的材料模型的实验和数值研究

IF 4.6 2区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107619

Louise Rosenblad , Hjalmar Staf , Per-Lennart Larsson

In the development process of new cutting tools, accurate simulations reduce both time to market and resources. In this paper, previously developed constitutive models of compaction and sintering are used to simulate the manufacturing process. Multiple variations of compaction heights and maximum temperatures in the sintering cycle are used, and simulated results are compared to actual experiments. The results confirm that good prediction of the spatial distribution of relative density is possible even for complicated geometries. The simulations can also be used to predict changes in the press heights' effect on the final product.

在新刀具的开发过程中，精确的仿真可以缩短产品上市时间和节省资源。本文使用先前开发的压实和烧结本构模型来模拟制造过程。在烧结循环中，采用多种压实高度和最高温度的变化，并将模拟结果与实际实验结果进行了比较。结果表明，即使对于复杂的几何形状，也可以很好地预测相对密度的空间分布。模拟也可以用来预测压力高度的变化对最终产品的影响。

引用次数: 0

Enhancing the performance of polycrystalline diamond compacts through controlled doping of carbon and cobalt 通过控制碳和钴的掺杂来提高多晶金刚石压片的性能

IF 4.6 2区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107572

Jin-Yu Wu , Mei-Quan Chen , Jian-Hong Zhang , Kai Huang

The properties of sintered polycrystalline diamond compacts (PDCs) are strongly influenced by the bonding types between diamond grains. A higher and more homogeneous proportion of direct diamond-to-diamond (DD) bonds generally correlates with improved mechanical strength and wear resistance. Based on the dissolution-reprecipitation sintering mechanism, the extent of DD bonding is highly dependent on the carbon concentration within the cobalt melt. Since the graphitized diamond surface serves as the sole carbon source, the kinetics of its formation and dissolution significantly affect the efficiency of DD bond formation. In this study, we introduced additional cobalt and carbon powder into the diamond micropowder raw materials to accelerate the formation of DD bonds, promote a more uniform microstructure of the PCD layer, and enhance the overall performance of PDCs. By systematically varying both the mass ratio and the concentration of dopants, we achieved tailored microstructures with improved properties. Experimental results demonstrate that the addition of Co and C powders effectively promotes the formation and homogeneous distribution of DD bonds. The PDC sample with a cobalt-to‑carbon ratio of 2 g/0.25 g exhibited the best comprehensive performance, including superior wear resistance and thermal stability.

金刚石颗粒间的结合方式对烧结多晶金刚石的性能有很大影响。金刚石-金刚石（DD）直接键的比例越高、越均匀，通常与机械强度和耐磨性的提高有关。基于溶解-再沉淀烧结机制，DD键合的程度高度依赖于钴熔体中的碳浓度。由于石墨化的金刚石表面是唯一的碳源，其形成和溶解动力学显著影响DD键形成的效率。在本研究中，我们在金刚石微粉原料中加入额外的钴和碳粉，以加速DD键的形成，促进PCD层的微观结构更加均匀，提高PDCs的整体性能。通过系统地改变掺杂剂的质量比和浓度，我们获得了具有改进性能的定制微结构。实验结果表明，Co和C粉末的加入有效地促进了DD键的形成和均匀分布。当钴碳比为2 g/0.25 g时，PDC样品的综合性能最好，包括优异的耐磨性和热稳定性。

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引用次数: 0

High-temperature oxidation behavior of Ti(C,N)-Mo2C-Ni cermets in air Ti(C，N)-Mo2C-Ni陶瓷在空气中的高温氧化行为

IF 4.6 2区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107643

Shengyun Xiao , Weicai Wan , Mengxia Liang , Yanli Chen , Zongyuan Wang , Jiupeng Song , Kunyang Fan

The oxidation behavior of Ti(C,N)-Mo₂C-Ni cermets prepared by powder metallurgy was systematically investigated under a wide temperature range of 300 °C – 900 °C with a dwell time of 2 h at each temperature. Results demonstrated that the elevated temperature converted the TiO₂ on the oxidized surface of the cermets from planar to massive (rutile). Simultaneously, the outward diffusion of substrate cations (Ti⁴⁺ and Ni²⁺) was accelerated, leading to intensified oxidation of the cermets. At 900 °C, NiO + TiO₂ composite precipitated on the surface of the TiO₂ layer, transforming the original single layer oxide film into a bilayer structure. At 700 °C, it was found that thickening rate of the surface oxide film gradually decreased after a short period of increasing. This benefits from the formation of a denser and interlocked layer composed of NiO and TiO₂.

系统地研究了粉末冶金法制备Ti(C，N)- mo2c - ni陶瓷在300 ~ 900℃宽温度范围内的氧化行为，每个温度停留时间为2h。结果表明，温度升高使金属陶瓷氧化表面的TiO2由平面型转变为块状（金红石型）。同时，基体阳离子（Ti4+和Ni2+）向外扩散加速，导致金属陶瓷的氧化加剧。在900℃时，NiO + TiO2复合材料在TiO2层表面析出，将原有的单层氧化膜转变为双层结构。在700℃时，发现表面氧化膜的增厚速率在短时间内增加后逐渐降低。这得益于由NiO和TiO2组成的致密互锁层的形成。

引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to Novel WC-based cemented carbides with Fe-Cr-V binders with improved fracture toughness for neutron shielding applications [Volume 136, April 2026, 107583] 新型含Fe-Cr-V粘结剂的wc基硬质合金的勘误表，用于中子屏蔽应用，提高断裂韧性[vol . 136, April 2026, 107583]

IF 4.6 2区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107634

D. Müller , I. Konyashin , B. Ries , J. Pötschke , A. Michaelis

引用次数: 0

Exploring nucleation mechanisms in the hydrogen reduction of MoO2 to Mo 探讨MoO2氢还原成Mo的成核机制

IF 4.6 2区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107615

S. Rainer , M.-G. Willinger , E. Willinger , M. O'Sullivan , H. Huppertz

The nucleation of various MoO₂ starting materials was investigated on a laboratory scale during the second reduction step from MoO₂ to Mo of the two-step reduction process from MoO₃ to Mo. It was found that a certain proportion of γ-Mo₄O₁₁ or a higher potassium content in the MoO₂ samples as well as the addition of water to the hydrogen gas stream led to a shift from the pseudomorphic transformation towards the CVT process at a low reduction temperature of 900 °C. Not only spherical/polyhedral Mo nuclei but also rod-shaped nuclei were detected for the first time using the γ-Mo₄O₁₁ containing MoO₂ starting material after a short reduction time and subsequent cooling in Ar gas flow. The influence of an increased potassium content in the γ-Mo₄O₁₁ containing MoO₂ samples on the nucleation was also investigated. Additionally, a mechanism for the formation of the rod-shaped nuclei is proposed.

各种MoO2开始的成核材料研究实验室规模的减少在第二步从MoO2密苏里州的两步还原法从MoO3密苏里州发现一定比例的γ-Mo4O11 MoO2样本或高钾含量以及加入的水到氢气流导致的假晶转变对CVT过程减少低的温度为900°C。用含有MoO2的γ-Mo4O11作为起始材料，经过短时间还原和氩气冷却后，首次检测到球形/多面体Mo核和棒状Mo核。研究了含MoO2的γ-Mo4O11样品中钾含量的增加对其成核的影响。此外，还提出了棒状核形成的机制。

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引用次数: 0

Degradation of the friction performance of SiC/Si3N4 with ultra-low friction coefficient in water-glycol hydraulic fluid under seawater intrusion 海水入侵下超低摩擦系数SiC/Si3N4在水-乙二醇液压液中的摩擦性能退化

IF 4.6 2区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107626

Runzhou Xu, Yinshui Liu, Xianchun Jiang, Zhenyao Wang

Water-glycol hydraulic fluid (HFC), mainly composed of polar molecules, can be miscible with any proportion of seawater, thereby reducing the risk of seawater intrusion caused by seal failure in deep-sea hydraulic systems. Meanwhile, HFC has the potential to be applied in deep-sea hydraulic systems owing to its flame retardancy and environmental performance. This paper proposes SiC/Si₃N₄ as the material for the plunger chamber/plunger of hydraulic pumps with HFC. The friction characteristics of SiC/Si₃N₄ in HFC with a kinematic viscosity of 32cSt containing four different concentrations (0 %, 3 %, 7 %, 11 % V/V) of seawater and deionized water were studied. SiC/Si₃N₄ has a low friction coefficient of 0.006 in HFC, and there is almost no surface wear after 6 h of testing. The excellent friction performance is attributed to the hydrophilic surface of ceramics adsorbing HFC to form a lubricating layer. However, the decrease in viscosity leads to a reduction in the load-bearing capacity of the lubricating layer formed by HFC, resulting in increased wear. The friction coefficient first increased and then decreased with the increase in seawater content. The adsorption of cations in seawater on the surface of Si₃N₄ reduces its hydrophilicity, thereby reducing the performance of the HFC lubricating layer. The byproduct formed by ions in seawater deposited on the surface of Si₃N₄ acts as a solid lubricant during direct contact with the contact surface.

水-乙二醇液压油（HFC）主要由极性分子组成，可以与任何比例的海水混溶，从而降低了深海液压系统密封失效导致海水侵入的风险。同时，由于HFC具有阻燃性和环保性能，在深海液压系统中具有应用潜力。本文提出用SiC/Si3N4作为HFC液压泵柱塞腔/柱塞的材料。研究了SiC/Si3N4在运动粘度为32cSt的含海水和去离子水4种不同浓度（0%、3%、7%、11% V/V）的HFC中的摩擦特性。SiC/Si3N4在HFC中的摩擦系数很低，为0.006，测试6 h后几乎没有表面磨损。优异的摩擦性能是由于陶瓷的亲水表面吸附HFC形成润滑层。然而，粘度的降低导致HFC形成的润滑层的承载能力降低，导致磨损增加。摩擦系数随海水含量的增加先增大后减小。海水中阳离子在Si3N4表面的吸附降低了其亲水性，从而降低了HFC润滑层的性能。海水中离子沉积在氮化硅表面形成的副产物在与接触面直接接触时起到固体润滑剂的作用。

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引用次数: 0

Investigation on the milling performance and mechanisms of tungsten-based alloys under ice-freezing conditions: Cutting force modeling, surface integrity & tool wear 冰冻结条件下钨基合金铣削性能及机理研究：切削力建模、表面完整性和刀具磨损

IF 4.6 2区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107623

Yipu Bian, Gang Jin, Zhanjie Li, Xiaofan Deng, Xin Zhang, Chong Li, Shaokun Luo

To address the challenges of poor surface quality and severe tool wear in the high-precision, high-quality machining of hard-to-cut tungsten-based materials, this investigation systematically investigates the machining performance and underlying mechanisms of pure tungsten, tungsten–copper alloy, and tungsten–molybdenum alloy under Ice-freezing conditions. The objective is to explore a novel and efficient low-temperature assisted machining approach. First, a cutting force prediction model was developed by incorporating the coupled effects of the ice-induced low-temperature environment and cutting force coefficients, providing a theoretical foundation for evaluating cutting loads under Ice-freezing conditions. Subsequently, by comparing room temperature and Ice-freezing conditions, the investigation thoroughly analyzed the influence of low temperature on the surface integrity and tool wear behavior of different tungsten-based materials. Experimental results show that Ice-freezing machining significantly improves surface quality, reduces defects and burr formation, and lowers surface roughness. The ice layer, through phase-change-induced heat absorption, stabilizes cutting temperature and mitigates tool oxidation and thermal softening, thereby substantially suppressing tool wear. Low-temperature mechanical tests further reveal that the Ice-freezing environment reduces material plasticity, effectively restraining plastic flow and localized deformation—an essential mechanism for improving machining quality. The Ice-freezing method, by establishing a flexible constraint system and regulating material deformation behavior, offers a new technological route for achieving efficient, high-quality, and low-damage machining of tungsten-based difficult-to-machine materials, with promising engineering application potential.

为了解决难以切削的钨基材料在高精度、高质量加工中存在的表面质量差和刀具磨损严重的问题，本研究系统地研究了纯钨、钨铜合金和钨钼合金在冰冻结条件下的加工性能及其机理。目的是探索一种新颖高效的低温辅助加工方法。首先，建立了考虑冰致低温环境与切削力系数耦合效应的切削力预测模型，为评估结冰条件下的切削载荷提供了理论基础。随后，通过对比室温和冰冻条件，深入分析了低温对不同钨基材料表面完整性和刀具磨损行为的影响。实验结果表明，冷冻加工能显著改善表面质量，减少缺陷和毛刺的形成，降低表面粗糙度。冰层通过相变引起的吸热，稳定了切削温度，减轻了刀具氧化和热软化，从而大大抑制了刀具磨损。低温力学试验进一步表明，冰冻环境降低了材料塑性，有效地抑制了塑性流动和局部变形，这是提高加工质量的重要机制。冰冻结法通过建立柔性约束系统，调节材料变形行为，为实现钨基难加工材料的高效、高质量、低损伤加工提供了新的技术途径，具有良好的工程应用潜力。

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引用次数: 0