Pub Date : 2025-01-28DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107079
Yifan Shi , Fei Zhang , Zulai Li , Mulan Peng , Zhixiang Yang , Di Wu , Lin Yang , He Wei , Quan Shan
This study examines the three-body abrasive-wear performance of WC/Fe surface composites subjected to different matrices, including high‑chromium cast iron (HCCI) and cast steel. These findings indicate that a composite zone can be formed between the matrix and WC preforms, accompanied by a substantial precipitation of carbides. A well-bonded semi-coherent interface forms between Fe6W6C and Fe, and the orientation relationship of Fe (110)BCC//Fe6W6C(111) FCC is the NW (Nishiyama Wassermann) orientation relationship. The partial density of states indicates that the highest average layout number of WW bonds at the interface is 0.53, which corresponds to the highest bonding strength at an average bond length of 2.83 Å. Compared with high‑manganese steel (HMS) and high‑carbon steel (HCS) specimens, the HCCI specimen exhibits the lowest weight loss of 0.075 g. Furthermore, its surface roughness is low (3.337 μm), and its wear resistance is 24.09 % and 15.59 % greater than those of the HMS and HCS specimens, respectively.
{"title":"Research on the characteristics of interface-phase Fe6W6C and abrasive-wear performance of WC/Fe matrix surface composite materials","authors":"Yifan Shi , Fei Zhang , Zulai Li , Mulan Peng , Zhixiang Yang , Di Wu , Lin Yang , He Wei , Quan Shan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107079","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107079","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the three-body abrasive-wear performance of WC/Fe surface composites subjected to different matrices, including high‑chromium cast iron (HCCI) and cast steel. These findings indicate that a composite zone can be formed between the matrix and WC preforms, accompanied by a substantial precipitation of carbides. A well-bonded semi-coherent interface forms between Fe<sub>6</sub>W<sub>6</sub>C and Fe, and the orientation relationship of Fe (110)BCC//Fe<sub>6</sub>W<sub>6</sub>C(111) FCC is the N<img>W (Nishiyama Wassermann) orientation relationship. The partial density of states indicates that the highest average layout number of W<img>W bonds at the interface is 0.53, which corresponds to the highest bonding strength at an average bond length of 2.83 Å. Compared with high‑manganese steel (HMS) and high‑carbon steel (HCS) specimens, the HCCI specimen exhibits the lowest weight loss of 0.075 g. Furthermore, its surface roughness is low (3.337 μm), and its wear resistance is 24.09 % and 15.59 % greater than those of the HMS and HCS specimens, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"128 ","pages":"Article 107079"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143174307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-27DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107078
Xiaohua Ke , Xiongwen Yang , Vishnu Prasad , Qi Peng , Xiao Feng , Zhiping Li
In the application of polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) bits, more than 90 % of PDC cutters premature failure is directly or indirectly caused by excessive impact. During the different impact failures, the thermal residual stress plays a different role. In this study, PDC specimens—designated S1, S2, and S3—were fabricated using intial diamond powders of varying grain sizes (12 μm, 15 μm, and 18 μm, respectively) and a YG16 tungsten carbide substrate at 1500 °C and 7 GPa. A new method was selected by understanding the deformation of different sections of the PDC blanks after sintering to observe and calculate the thermal residual stress at the interface. The result shows that S2 exhibits the lowest thermal residual stress (0.26 GPa), representing a reduction of 73 % and 56 % compared to S1 (0.92 GPa) and S3 (0.59 GPa), respectively. To further evaluate the effects of thermal residual stress, impact tests simulating drilling conditions were conducted. The test result shows that the thermal residual stress at the interface has little effect on the transverse impact resistance, but has a significant effect on the longitudinal impact resistance of PDC. Additionally, the distribution of cobalt (Co) within the PCD and the state of transition layers between PCD and substrate also reflects the magnitude of thermal residual stress. The microstructure shows initial crack formation tends to occur at the interface and then propagate along the gradient lines of residual stress concentration.
{"title":"Effect of thermal residual stress on the impact failure of PDC in application","authors":"Xiaohua Ke , Xiongwen Yang , Vishnu Prasad , Qi Peng , Xiao Feng , Zhiping Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107078","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107078","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the application of polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) bits, more than 90 % of PDC cutters premature failure is directly or indirectly caused by excessive impact. During the different impact failures, the thermal residual stress plays a different role. In this study, PDC specimens—designated S1, S2, and S3—were fabricated using intial diamond powders of varying grain sizes (12 μm, 15 μm, and 18 μm, respectively) and a YG16 tungsten carbide substrate at 1500 °C and 7 GPa. A new method was selected by understanding the deformation of different sections of the PDC blanks after sintering to observe and calculate the thermal residual stress at the interface. The result shows that S2 exhibits the lowest thermal residual stress (0.26 GPa), representing a reduction of 73 % and 56 % compared to S1 (0.92 GPa) and S3 (0.59 GPa), respectively. To further evaluate the effects of thermal residual stress, impact tests simulating drilling conditions were conducted. The test result shows that the thermal residual stress at the interface has little effect on the transverse impact resistance, but has a significant effect on the longitudinal impact resistance of PDC. Additionally, the distribution of cobalt (Co) within the PCD and the state of transition layers between PCD and substrate also reflects the magnitude of thermal residual stress. The microstructure shows initial crack formation tends to occur at the interface and then propagate along the gradient lines of residual stress concentration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"128 ","pages":"Article 107078"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143174311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-26DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107073
Xuchao Huang , Wenbin Liu , Yanchao Li , Wen Zhang , Taotao Ai , Yichao Yang , Xiaoming Feng , Wenhu Li
The hot deformation behavior and microstructural evolution of a powder metallurgy W25Re alloy have been investigated by conducting hot compression tests in the temperature range of 1670–1870 K and strain rate range of 0.001–0.1 s−1. Based on the experimental results, a constitutive model with a correlation coefficient of 0.974 was established to predict the yield stresses. Furthermore, a hot processing map was constructed in the temperature range of 1670–1870 K and strain rate range of 0.001–0.1 s−1 to determine the optimum hot processing parameters for the W25Re alloy. In addition, the microstructural evolution of the material was analyzed using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. The results indicate that dynamic recovery is the dominant softening mechanism during hot compression. However, the softening effect of dynamic recrystallization becomes more significant with increasing temperature and decreasing strain rate. At deformation temperatures of 1670 K and 1770 K, the alloy exhibited strong 〈100〉// compression direction (CD) and 〈111〉//CD fiber textures. When the deformation temperature is increased to 1870 K, the texture changes from <100>//CD to 〈111〉//CD. The investigation of the thermal deformation mechanism shows that the {123}〈111〉 slip system dominates the thermal deformation process.
{"title":"Hot deformation behavior and microstructure evolution of WRe alloy under high temperature compression","authors":"Xuchao Huang , Wenbin Liu , Yanchao Li , Wen Zhang , Taotao Ai , Yichao Yang , Xiaoming Feng , Wenhu Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107073","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107073","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The hot deformation behavior and microstructural evolution of a powder metallurgy W<img>25Re alloy have been investigated by conducting hot compression tests in the temperature range of 1670–1870 K and strain rate range of 0.001–0.1 s<sup>−1</sup>. Based on the experimental results, a constitutive model with a correlation coefficient of 0.974 was established to predict the yield stresses. Furthermore, a hot processing map was constructed in the temperature range of 1670–1870 K and strain rate range of 0.001–0.1 s<sup>−1</sup> to determine the optimum hot processing parameters for the W<img>25Re alloy. In addition, the microstructural evolution of the material was analyzed using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. The results indicate that dynamic recovery is the dominant softening mechanism during hot compression. However, the softening effect of dynamic recrystallization becomes more significant with increasing temperature and decreasing strain rate. At deformation temperatures of 1670 K and 1770 K, the alloy exhibited strong 〈100〉// compression direction (CD) and 〈111〉//CD fiber textures. When the deformation temperature is increased to 1870 K, the texture changes from <100>//CD to 〈111〉//CD. The investigation of the thermal deformation mechanism shows that the {123}〈111〉 slip system dominates the thermal deformation process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"128 ","pages":"Article 107073"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143174313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-25DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107074
G. Singh, J. Gillham, J.M. Marshall
Reactive sintered borides (RSB) were first synthesised in 2016 and are novel hard materials developed as a lower-energy (< 1 keV) neutron absorber with an initial focus for compact radiation shielding in fusion reactors. Despite their novelty, there has been much research on the development and testing of RSBs as candidate nuclear shielding materials. RSBs have attracted considerable attention as low-energy neutron shielding material in combination with low-activation cemented tungsten carbides (cWC) to form the cWC-RSB concept for compact radiation shielding which has the potential to attenuate neutron and γ-rays equal or better than to that of metallic tungsten Mechanical testing indicates that most RSB compositions have hardness and toughness similar to fine-grained cWCs.
This work details the current state-of-the-art of RSB development and analysis. This includes microscopy, proton and gamma irradiation, RSB-specific sintering processing, exploration of the phase diagram, and mechanical properties of RSBs. Dense RSBs of a variety of compositions have been synthesised demonstrating the potential of RSBs as radiation dense materials and new hard materials.
{"title":"Novel radiation dense hard materials: Reactive sintered borides","authors":"G. Singh, J. Gillham, J.M. Marshall","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107074","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107074","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reactive sintered borides (RSB) were first synthesised in 2016 and are novel hard materials developed as a lower-energy (< 1 keV) neutron absorber with an initial focus for compact radiation shielding in fusion reactors. Despite their novelty, there has been much research on the development and testing of RSBs as candidate nuclear shielding materials. RSBs have attracted considerable attention as low-energy neutron shielding material in combination with low-activation cemented tungsten carbides (cWC) to form the cWC-RSB concept for compact radiation shielding which has the potential to attenuate neutron and γ-rays equal or better than to that of metallic tungsten Mechanical testing indicates that most RSB compositions have hardness and toughness similar to fine-grained cWCs.</div><div>This work details the current state-of-the-art of RSB development and analysis. This includes microscopy, proton and gamma irradiation, RSB-specific sintering processing, exploration of the phase diagram, and mechanical properties of RSBs. Dense RSBs of a variety of compositions have been synthesised demonstrating the potential of RSBs as radiation dense materials and new hard materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"128 ","pages":"Article 107074"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143174306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-25DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107075
Olof Bäcke , Henrik Petterson , Dirk Stiens , Wiebke Janssen , Johannes Kümmel , Thorsten Manns , Hans-Olof Andrén , Mats Halvarsson
In this work, the deposition of κ-Al2O3 on textured (Al,Ti)N coatings using chemical vapour deposition (CVD) is explored. Two TiN/(Al,Ti)N/κ-Al2O3 coatings with different texture for the (Al,Ti)N layer, 〈111〉 and 〈100〉, have been investigated. The coatings were characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission and scanning transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy.
The κ-Al2O3 layer deposited on the 〈111〉 textured (Al,Ti)N layer has a 〈001〉 texture, while the κ-Al2O3 deposited on the 〈100〉 textured (Al,Ti)N layer shows no clear texture. The difference in κ-Al2O3 texture is driven by the (Al,Ti)N facets available for alumina nucleation. κ-Al2O3 forms on {111} (Al,Ti)N facets, while γ-Al2O3 forms on {100} (Al,Ti)N facets. γ-Al2O3 growth is not stable and is subsequently overgrown by κ-Al2O3. The surface of the 〈100〉 textured (Al,Ti)N layer is dominated by {100} facets, while the surface of the 〈111〉 textured (Al,Ti)N layer is built up of a mixture of {100} and {111} facets. This explains the observed microstructure for the κ-Al2O3 layers in the two coatings. Thus, to optimize the deposition of κ-Al2O3 on (Al,Ti)N, the latter should exhibit {111} facets.
{"title":"Microstructural investigations of textured CVD (Al,Ti)N/κ-Al2O3 wear resistant coatings","authors":"Olof Bäcke , Henrik Petterson , Dirk Stiens , Wiebke Janssen , Johannes Kümmel , Thorsten Manns , Hans-Olof Andrén , Mats Halvarsson","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107075","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107075","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, the deposition of κ-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> on textured (Al,Ti)N coatings using chemical vapour deposition (CVD) is explored. Two TiN/(Al,Ti)N/κ-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> coatings with different texture for the (Al,Ti)N layer, 〈111〉 and 〈100〉, have been investigated. The coatings were characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission and scanning transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy.</div><div>The κ-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> layer deposited on the 〈111〉 textured (Al,Ti)N layer has a 〈001〉 texture, while the κ-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> deposited on the 〈100〉 textured (Al,Ti)N layer shows no clear texture. The difference in κ-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> texture is driven by the (Al,Ti)N facets available for alumina nucleation. κ-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> forms on {111} (Al,Ti)N facets, while γ-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> forms on {100} (Al,Ti)N facets. γ-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> growth is not stable and is subsequently overgrown by κ-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>. The surface of the 〈100〉 textured (Al,Ti)N layer is dominated by {100} facets, while the surface of the 〈111〉 textured (Al,Ti)N layer is built up of a mixture of {100} and {111} facets. This explains the observed microstructure for the κ-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> layers in the two coatings. Thus, to optimize the deposition of κ-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> on (Al,Ti)N, the latter should exhibit {111} facets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"128 ","pages":"Article 107075"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143357998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-24DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107069
L. Cabezas , C. Berger , S. Bridy , E. Jiménez-Piqué , P. Moreno , J. Pötschke , L. Llanes
Cemented carbides exhibit an outstanding performance as materials for tools and components. As applications of these materials become more and more challenging, complex tool geometries are often needed to suit the extreme requirements. Within this context, Additive Manufacturing (AM) has emerged as a popular option, as they combine a group of processing techniques involving layer-by-layer printing. In general, AMed samples are expected to exhibit characteristics linked to the layer-by-layer wise shaping route; and hence, a dependence of the mechanical properties on layer directionality may come out. It is then the main objective of this study to investigate, document and understand the fracture behavior of WC-12wt.Co samples fabricated via binder jetting printing (BJT), as a function of layer assemblage orientation. In doing so, specimens corresponding to four combinations of two printing directions and two testing configurations were studied. Use of samples micronotched by means of ultrashort pulsed laser ablation allowed to conclude that, similar to microstructure and hardness, fracture toughness of BJT cemented carbides exhibits an isotropic behavior. However, this is not the case for flexural strength, property for which a strong dependence on the relative orientation of layer assemblage is assessed. In this regard, higher strength and wider data dispersion are attained as loading is applied perpendicular to planes containing layer interfaces, as compared to the parallel case. Similar characteristic strength levels together with relatively lower Weibull modulii, as compared to conventionally manufactured WC-Co grades with similar microstructures, are determined. Extensive and detailed fractographic inspection of broken surfaces allows to conclude that specific location, orientation and distribution of flaws intrinsic to layer interfaces as well as printing route followed, depending on testing configuration, are key factors for defining strength level and dispersion in each case.
{"title":"Fracture behavior of binder jetting 3D printed cemented carbides: Influence of printing direction and testing configuration","authors":"L. Cabezas , C. Berger , S. Bridy , E. Jiménez-Piqué , P. Moreno , J. Pötschke , L. Llanes","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107069","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107069","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cemented carbides exhibit an outstanding performance as materials for tools and components. As applications of these materials become more and more challenging, complex tool geometries are often needed to suit the extreme requirements. Within this context, Additive Manufacturing (AM) has emerged as a popular option, as they combine a group of processing techniques involving layer-by-layer printing. In general, AMed samples are expected to exhibit characteristics linked to the layer-by-layer wise shaping route; and hence, a dependence of the mechanical properties on layer directionality may come out. It is then the main objective of this study to investigate, document and understand the fracture behavior of WC-12<sub>wt.</sub>Co samples fabricated via binder jetting printing (BJT), as a function of layer assemblage orientation. In doing so, specimens corresponding to four combinations of two printing directions and two testing configurations were studied. Use of samples micronotched by means of ultrashort pulsed laser ablation allowed to conclude that, similar to microstructure and hardness, fracture toughness of BJT cemented carbides exhibits an isotropic behavior. However, this is not the case for flexural strength, property for which a strong dependence on the relative orientation of layer assemblage is assessed. In this regard, higher strength and wider data dispersion are attained as loading is applied perpendicular to planes containing layer interfaces, as compared to the parallel case. Similar characteristic strength levels together with relatively lower Weibull modulii, as compared to conventionally manufactured WC-Co grades with similar microstructures, are determined. Extensive and detailed fractographic inspection of broken surfaces allows to conclude that specific location, orientation and distribution of flaws intrinsic to layer interfaces as well as printing route followed, depending on testing configuration, are key factors for defining strength level and dispersion in each case.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"128 ","pages":"Article 107069"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143174309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-24DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107076
Wenxing Wu , Jianhang Wu , Anying Sun , Jianyang Zhu , Hongqun Tang , Fang Shen , Shengyuan Lei
MoSi2/W composite coatings were prepared on C103 alloy by sol-gel (SG) and spark plasma sintering (SPS) processes. After oxidation at 1550 °C for 100 h, the generation of volume expansion could fill the tiny pores in the W diffusion barrier layer. The diffusion growth rate of MoSi2/W coating was 109.76 μm2/h, which is only 56 % of that of MoSi2 coating. This was attributed to the fact that the diffusion barrier of Si atoms in W (0.383 eV) was higher than that in Nb (0.022 eV), and there was a significant difference in electronegativity between SiW (0.212) and SiNb (0.090).
{"title":"Diffusion resistance behavior of W between MoSi2 coating and C103 alloy","authors":"Wenxing Wu , Jianhang Wu , Anying Sun , Jianyang Zhu , Hongqun Tang , Fang Shen , Shengyuan Lei","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107076","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107076","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>MoSi<sub>2</sub>/W composite coatings were prepared on C103 alloy by sol-gel (SG) and spark plasma sintering (SPS) processes. After oxidation at 1550 °C for 100 h, the generation of volume expansion could fill the tiny pores in the W diffusion barrier layer. The diffusion growth rate of MoSi<sub>2</sub>/W coating was 109.76 μm<sup>2</sup>/h, which is only 56 % of that of MoSi<sub>2</sub> coating. This was attributed to the fact that the diffusion barrier of Si atoms in W (0.383 eV) was higher than that in Nb (0.022 eV), and there was a significant difference in electronegativity between Si<img>W (0.212) and Si<img>Nb (0.090).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"128 ","pages":"Article 107076"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143174308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-23DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107072
Xuemei Liu , Zhantao Liang , Haibin Wang , Qingteng Wang , Hao Lu , Chao Liu , Xiaoyan Song
In this work, multilayer graphene (MLG) was incorporated into the WC-ZrO2 composite to enhance its comprehensive mechanical properties. The phase compositions of the mixed powder with varying MLG contents, together with the microstructures and mechanical properties of the sintered WC-ZrO2-MLG composites were studied in detail. Utilizing a novel powder dispersion method, a uniform distribution of MLG was achieved in the WC-ZrO2 mixed powder. The prepared WC-ZrO2 composite with an optimal amount of dispersed MLG exhibited concurrently increased hardness and fracture toughness. The significant enhancement of fracture toughness is primarily attributed to the deflection and branching of cracks in multiple directions upon encountering MLG, as well as the pull-out and bridging effects from MLG during crack propagation. This study provides a new strategy for toughening ceramic materials and enhancing their comprehensive properties.
{"title":"Mechanical properties and toughening mechanisms of multilayer graphene contained WC-ZrO2 composite","authors":"Xuemei Liu , Zhantao Liang , Haibin Wang , Qingteng Wang , Hao Lu , Chao Liu , Xiaoyan Song","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107072","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107072","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, multilayer graphene (MLG) was incorporated into the WC-ZrO<sub>2</sub> composite to enhance its comprehensive mechanical properties. The phase compositions of the mixed powder with varying MLG contents, together with the microstructures and mechanical properties of the sintered WC-ZrO<sub>2</sub>-MLG composites were studied in detail. Utilizing a novel powder dispersion method, a uniform distribution of MLG was achieved in the WC-ZrO<sub>2</sub> mixed powder. The prepared WC-ZrO<sub>2</sub> composite with an optimal amount of dispersed MLG exhibited concurrently increased hardness and fracture toughness. The significant enhancement of fracture toughness is primarily attributed to the deflection and branching of cracks in multiple directions upon encountering MLG, as well as the pull-out and bridging effects from MLG during crack propagation. This study provides a new strategy for toughening ceramic materials and enhancing their comprehensive properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"128 ","pages":"Article 107072"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143174469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-22DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107070
Dongliang Chu , Weiguo Sun , Longsuo Guo , Xiaojun Yang
We obtained a series of B6O, B4C, ZrB2 crystals at a pressure of 6 GPa and temperature of 1673–1973 K. These crystals were characterized by XRD and SEM. At a pressure of 6 GPa, the minimum synthesis temperature for B6O is 1673 K. The grain size of B6O in all the samples remained consistent at around 30–50 nm, with a uniform distribution in each sample. The bonding force between B6O grains is weak, and the B6O grain size remains relatively stable, showing minimal change with increasing temperature and time. In the sample synthesized at 1973 K, B6O icosahedra (multiply twinned particles, MTPs) with a diameter of 12 μm, B4C particles with a diameter of 25 μm, and flaky ZrB2 were observed. We conducted theoretical calculations on B6O and B4C using density functional theory (DFT).
{"title":"The synthesis and characterization of B6O, B4C and ZrB2 at a pressure of 6 GPa","authors":"Dongliang Chu , Weiguo Sun , Longsuo Guo , Xiaojun Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107070","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107070","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We obtained a series of B<sub>6</sub>O, B<sub>4</sub>C, ZrB<sub>2</sub> crystals at a pressure of 6 GPa and temperature of 1673–1973 K. These crystals were characterized by XRD and SEM. At a pressure of 6 GPa, the minimum synthesis temperature for B<sub>6</sub>O is 1673 K. The grain size of B<sub>6</sub>O in all the samples remained consistent at around 30–50 nm, with a uniform distribution in each sample. The bonding force between B<sub>6</sub>O grains is weak, and the B<sub>6</sub>O grain size remains relatively stable, showing minimal change with increasing temperature and time. In the sample synthesized at 1973 K, B<sub>6</sub>O icosahedra (multiply twinned particles, MTPs) with a diameter of 12 μm, B<sub>4</sub>C particles with a diameter of 25 μm, and flaky ZrB<sub>2</sub> were observed. We conducted theoretical calculations on B<sub>6</sub>O and B<sub>4</sub>C using density functional theory (DFT).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"128 ","pages":"Article 107070"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143174460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-21DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107067
Huanyu Liu , Xiao Zhang , Zhongchao Yuan , Xiaocui Zhang , Gaoke Wang , Fugong Qi , Chunyan Li , Haimin Ding , Qing Liu
In this work, TiC was introduced into Cu-4.5Ti alloy by in situ Ti-graphite reaction and its influence on the microstructure and properties was studied. It was found that the addition of 0.05 wt% graphite into the melt can synthesize evenly distributed TiC particles in the alloy. Moreover, the formation of TiC beneficially optimizes the distribution of Cu4Ti phase in the as-cast alloy. Simultaneously, Compared to Cu-4.5Ti alloy, TiC particles promote the precipitation and growth of Cu4Ti nano-phase during aging, refined the grains of the matrix, and significantly improved the plasticity and electrical conductivity of the alloy. The prepared Cu-4.5Ti-0.05C alloy achieves an optimum hardness of 347.82 HV, electrical conductivity of 16 %IACS, tensile strength of 929.14 MPa, and elongation of 6.3 %.
{"title":"The influence of TiC on microstructure and properties of CuTi alloy","authors":"Huanyu Liu , Xiao Zhang , Zhongchao Yuan , Xiaocui Zhang , Gaoke Wang , Fugong Qi , Chunyan Li , Haimin Ding , Qing Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107067","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107067","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, TiC was introduced into Cu-4.5Ti alloy by in situ Ti-graphite reaction and its influence on the microstructure and properties was studied. It was found that the addition of 0.05 wt% graphite into the melt can synthesize evenly distributed TiC particles in the alloy. Moreover, the formation of TiC beneficially optimizes the distribution of Cu<sub>4</sub>Ti phase in the as-cast alloy. Simultaneously, Compared to Cu-4.5Ti alloy, TiC particles promote the precipitation and growth of Cu<sub>4</sub>Ti nano-phase during aging, refined the grains of the matrix, and significantly improved the plasticity and electrical conductivity of the alloy. The prepared Cu-4.5Ti-0.05C alloy achieves an optimum hardness of 347.82 HV, electrical conductivity of 16 %IACS, tensile strength of 929.14 MPa, and elongation of 6.3 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"128 ","pages":"Article 107067"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143403197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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