International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials最新文献_第5页

Correlation analyses of molten pool morphology and microstructure of tungsten prepared via powder bed fusion additive manufacturing 粉末床熔融增材制造钨熔池形貌与微观结构的相关性分析

IF 4.6 2区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials

Pub Date : 2026-01-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107678

Jianning Gan , Yunfeng Feng , Rongpei Wang , Keyang Li , Zhiqing Xu , Mengda Hou , Ruoyu Qi , Ming Zhao , Xiaobo Han , Jingyuan Zhang , Yuehuan Li , Baorui Du , Feng Lin , Daming Zhuang , Hao Chen , Qianming Gong

Strong textures are always the inevitable hurdles in achieving isotropic performance for pure tungsten (W) manufactured by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) or electron beam powder bed fusion (EB-PBF). Intrinsically, the ultimate texture is determined by the characters of original molten pool and so in this work, the correlation between the molten pool morphology of pure tungsten during LPBF and EB-PBF process and the ultimate solidification microstructure was explored by experiments and finite element analyses (FEAs). The molten pool morphology of LPBF W was deep and narrow, being called the keyhole mode, and in contrast, the molten pool morphology of EB-PBF W was shallow and wide, being called the conduction mode. According to FEAs, we found that the direction of temperature gradient was generally vertical to the contour line of molten pool bottom towards the center of the molten pool surface. In the keyhole mode molten pool during LPBF process, due to the large depth-to-width ratio, the direction of temperature gradient, pointing centripetally from the bottom contour line to the upper center of the molten pool, changed sharply with the shrinking of molten pool during solidification process, consequently, the primary dendrites, initially vertical to the contour line of molten pool bottom, would collide with each other during their growing along the rapidly varying direction of the temperature gradient, and thus the unidirectional epitaxial growth of primary dendrites would be interrupted, which resulted in bowl-shaped grains and 〈111〉 textures. Differently, the direction of temperature gradient would change more slowly along the shrinking of molten pool during the solidification process of EB-PBF process for the depth-to-width ratio was much smaller in the conduction mode than that in the keyhole mode, so the unidirectional epitaxial growth of the primary dendrites could continue without frequent interruption, and thus typical columnar grains and <111>, 〈001〉 binary textures were formed in EB-PBF W. The results about the correlation of the molten pool morphology and the ultimate microstructure might conduce to find novel approaches for tailoring the textures of tungsten prepared by additive manufacturing.

强织构是激光粉末床熔合（LPBF）或电子束粉末床熔合（EB-PBF）制备纯钨(W)实现各向同性性能的不可避免的障碍。从本质上说，最终组织是由原始熔池的特征决定的，因此本研究通过实验和有限元分析，探讨了纯钨在LPBF和EB-PBF过程中的熔池形貌与最终凝固组织的关系。LPBF W的熔池形态深而窄，称为锁孔模式；EB-PBF W的熔池形态浅而宽，称为导通模式。通过有限元分析，我们发现温度梯度的方向一般垂直于熔池底部等高线，朝向熔池表面的中心。在LPBF过程中，在钥匙孔型熔池中，由于深宽比较大，随着熔池的缩小，凝固过程中温度梯度的方向从底部轮廓线向心指向熔池上部中心的方向发生了急剧变化，导致初生枝晶最初垂直于熔池底部轮廓线；在沿温度梯度快速变化的方向生长过程中，会相互碰撞，导致初生枝晶的单向外延生长中断，形成碗状晶粒和< 111 >织构。不同的是，在EB-PBF工艺凝固过程中，随着熔池的缩小，温度梯度的方向变化更慢，因为导电模式下的深宽比远小于锁孔模式，因此初生枝晶的单向外延生长可以继续而不会频繁中断，形成典型的柱状晶粒和<；111>；在EB-PBF w中形成了< 001 >的二元织构。有关熔池形貌与最终微观结构的相关性的研究结果，可能有助于找到利用增材制造方法定制钨织构的新方法。

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引用次数: 0

Assessment of fracture toughness of cemented carbides by coupling introduction of artificial flaws via laser ablation with quantitative fractography 激光烧蚀引入人工缺陷与定量断口相结合的断裂韧性评估

IF 4.6 2区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials

Pub Date : 2026-01-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107682

S. Fooladi Mahani , C. Liu , J. Dong , X. Wen , G. Ramírez , B.L. Liu , L. Llanes

Cemented carbides are widely used in structural and tooling applications where high mechanical reliability is essential. Owing to their inherently brittle nature, fracture in these materials is typically governed by the propagation of microstructural or processing-induced flaws. Developing a robust and practical methodology for accurately determining their fracture toughness is therefore critical to ensure safe, reliable, and efficient performance in demanding service conditions. This study proposes to assess fracture toughness by means of a strategy that couples controlled introduction of artificial flaws via nanosecond-pulsed laser ablation with post-mortem analysis of broken surfaces through quantitative fractography. Two fine-grained WC-Co cemented carbide grades, differing in binder content, were selected to examine the proposed approach. Artificial microdimples, designed to control failure initiation sites, were created under optimized laser conditions and subjected to monotonic and cyclic loading in four-point bending. Fractographic analysis provided key parameters, flaw size and mirror radius, for fracture toughness estimation based on mirror-mist-hackle geometry. To validate the approach, additional measurements were carried out using two other methods: indentation fracture toughness and flexural testing of single-edge notched and pre-cracked beams. Statistical analysis showed that the combined controlled defect-quantitative fractography method yields reliable fracture toughness values. They closely match the reference baseline values determined by using tests involving specimens with well-defined through-thickness sharp cracks, and confirm the toughness overestimation often observed in tougher grades when implementing the indentation method.

硬质合金广泛应用于对机械可靠性要求很高的结构和模具领域。由于其固有的脆性，这些材料的断裂通常是由微观组织或加工引起的缺陷的扩展控制的。因此，开发一种可靠实用的方法来准确确定其断裂韧性，对于确保在苛刻的使用条件下安全、可靠和高效地工作至关重要。本研究提出了一种评估断裂韧性的策略，该策略将纳秒脉冲激光烧蚀控制人工缺陷的引入，并通过定量断口学对断裂表面进行事后分析。选择了两种细粒度WC-Co硬质合金牌号，不同的粘结剂含量，来检验所提出的方法。在优化的激光条件下，在四点弯曲中进行单调和循环加载，形成了控制失效起始部位的人工微窝。断口分析提供了关键参数，缺陷尺寸和镜像半径，用于基于镜像-雾-棘几何的断裂韧性估计。为了验证该方法，使用另外两种方法进行了额外的测量：压痕断裂韧性和单边缺口和预裂纹梁的弯曲测试。统计分析表明，控制缺陷与定量断口相结合的断口韧性值较为可靠。它们与使用具有明确定义的贯穿厚度的尖锐裂纹的试样进行的测试确定的参考基线值密切匹配，并证实了在实施压痕方法时在更硬的等级中经常观察到的韧性高估。

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引用次数: 0

Improved compressive plasticity in refractory high-entropy alloys: Substituting W with Zr as a novel compositional optimization strategy 提高难熔高熵合金的压缩塑性：用Zr取代W作为一种新的成分优化策略

IF 4.6 2区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials

Pub Date : 2026-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107677

Feng Liu , Xiangyang Shen , Yue Zhang , Fuyu Dong , Binbin Wang , Yanqing Su

NbMoTaW refractory high-entropy alloys (RHEAs) exhibit excellent mechanical properties at high temperatures. However, they are not suited for many practical applications due to their limited room-temperature plasticity. A novel compositional optimization strategy based on partial substitution of W with Zr was implemented in this study. A series of NbMoTaZr_x (x = 0, 0.2, 0.6, 1.0, 1.4) RHEAs were fabricated via vacuum arc melting, then their microstructures, phase compositions, and mechanical properties were systematically characterized. All exhibited a BCC1 phase enriched with Ta, Mo, and Nb, along with a Zr-dominated BCC2 phase of a typical dendritic structure. The compressive plasticity at room temperature significantly improved with increasing Zr content, while the compressive yield strength initially increased and then decreased. The samples' enhanced mechanical performance can be attributed to solid solution strengthening, an increased volume fraction of interdendritic regions, and grain refinement. The fracture mode was also found to transition from intergranular fracture in NbMoTa RHEAs to cleavage fracture in NbMoTaZr_1.4 RHEAs.

NbMoTaW耐火高熵合金（RHEAs）在高温下表现出优异的力学性能。然而，由于其有限的室温塑性，它们不适合许多实际应用。本文提出了一种基于Zr部分替代W的复合材料优化策略。采用真空电弧熔炼法制备了一系列NbMoTaZrx （x = 0,0.2, 0.6, 1.0, 1.4）合金，并对其显微组织、相组成和力学性能进行了系统表征。它们都表现出富含Ta、Mo和Nb的BCC1相，以及典型枝晶结构的以zr为主的BCC2相。随着Zr含量的增加，合金的室温抗压塑性显著提高，抗压屈服强度先升高后降低。固溶强化、枝晶间区域体积分数的增加和晶粒细化是提高样品力学性能的主要原因。断裂模式由NbMoTa RHEAs的晶间断裂转变为NbMoTaZr1.4 RHEAs的解理断裂。

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引用次数: 0

Thermomechanical processing induced microstructural tuning for synergistic enhancement of structural and functional performance in WCu immiscible composite 热机械加工诱导微观结构调整以协同增强钨铜非混相复合材料的结构和功能性能

IF 4.6 2区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials

Pub Date : 2026-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107681

Peng-Cheng Cai , Kai-Fei Wang , Guo-Hua Zhang , Kuo-Chih Chou

WCu composites combine high strength, rigidity, and low thermal expansion coefficient of W with excellent electrical and thermal conductivity of Cu, endowing them with broad application prospects in a broad application. However, the intrinsic immiscibility between W and Cu leads weak interfacial bonding, posing a long-standing challenge to their high-performance applications. Although the introduction of a third component is widely recognized as an effective mean of improving interfacial compatibility, it is often achieved at the expense of electrical and thermal performance. In this study, fine-grained WCu composites were subjected to precisely tailored thermomechanical processing (rolling and annealing). On the one hand, the formation of heterointerface-induced stacking faults was promoted, and the substructures introduced by rolling enhanced the plastic deformability of the W particles. Through these coupled effects, load transfer and dislocation motion across the two phases were effectively regulated, leading to a pronounced improvement in overall mechanical performance. On the other hand, the continuity of the Cu phase was enhanced and charge transport pathways were optimized, thereby resulting in improvement of electrical conductivity. These findings provide new insights into the tuning of phase configurations in immiscible metal composites, offering a viable pathway for the synergistic optimization of multiple properties.

钨铜复合材料结合了钨的高强度、高刚性、低热膨胀系数和铜优异的导电性和导热性，在广泛的应用中具有广阔的应用前景。然而，W和Cu之间固有的不互溶导致了弱的界面键合，这对它们的高性能应用构成了长期的挑战。虽然引入第三个组件被广泛认为是改善界面兼容性的有效手段，但它通常是以牺牲电气和热性能为代价实现的。在这项研究中，细晶粒的钨铜复合材料进行了精确定制的热处理（轧制和退火）。一方面促进了异质界面诱导层错的形成，轧制引入的亚结构增强了W颗粒的塑性变形能力；通过这些耦合效应，载荷传递和位错在两相之间的运动得到了有效的调节，从而显著提高了整体力学性能。另一方面增强了Cu相的连续性，优化了电荷输运途径，从而提高了电导率。这些发现为非混相金属复合材料相结构的调整提供了新的见解，为多种性能的协同优化提供了可行的途径。

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引用次数: 0

Enhancing the tribological performance of polycrystalline diamond compact in water-based drilling fluids by mimicking the rhombic grid texture of shark skin 通过模拟鲨鱼皮的菱形网格纹理，增强聚晶金刚石致密体在水基钻井液中的摩擦学性能

IF 4.6 2区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials

Pub Date : 2026-01-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107674

Lei Chen , Xuejiao Sun , Yanbo Ding , Baochang Liu

In this study, the abrasive wear in open-structure polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) thrust bearings was reduced by applying a shark skin-inspired rhombic grid texture to the bearing surface. The influence of the groove angle of the texture on the tribological performance of a PDC/Si₃N₄ pair was investigated under lubrication with a water-based drilling fluid. Friction tests revealed that a groove angle of 45° optimized tribological performance, enhancing surface wettability by 45.27% (contact angle: 36.45°) and reducing the coefficient of friction (COF) by 57.35% (COF: 0.07541). This texture formed a continuous lubricating film, trapped abrasive debris, and stored the drilling fluid. Thus, the three-body and adhesive wear were effectively mitigated, and the lubrication was enhanced. The biomimetic design presented a viable solution for extending the service life and reliability of diamond bearings in harsh downhole environments.

在这项研究中，通过在轴承表面施加鲨鱼皮启发的菱形网格纹理，减少了开放式结构聚晶金刚石紧凑型（PDC）推力轴承的磨粒磨损。在水基钻井液润滑条件下，研究了织构槽角对PDC/Si₃N₄副摩擦学性能的影响。摩擦试验结果表明，当沟槽角为45°时，表面润湿性提高45.27%（接触角为36.45°），摩擦系数（COF）降低57.35% （COF为0.07541）。这种结构形成了连续的润滑膜，捕获了磨料碎屑，并储存了钻井液。因此，有效地减轻了三体磨损和粘着磨损，增强了润滑。这种仿生设计为延长金刚石轴承在恶劣井下环境下的使用寿命和可靠性提供了可行的解决方案。

引用次数: 0

Microstructure and mechanical properties of Mo alloys reinforced with the combination of PSZ and Ti3AlC2 PSZ与Ti3AlC2复合增强Mo合金的组织与力学性能

IF 4.6 2区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials

Pub Date : 2026-01-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107665

Tianrun Ma , Fengshun Du , Bohua Duan , Dezhi Wang , Zhuangzhi Wu , Xinli Liu

The development of novel Mo alloys that combine high strength and toughness has been a critical goal in the research community. A co-reinforced Mo alloy was prepared through powder metallurgy by adding partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) and MAX phase Ti₃AlC₂ to the Mo matrix. The influence of varying PSZ/Ti₃AlC₂ ratios on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Mo alloys was thoroughly studied. The results indicate that as the PSZ/ Ti₃AlC₂ ratio is increased, the density, elongation, and fracture toughness of sintered molybdenum alloys are enhanced, while their strength and hardness also show varying degrees of improvement. At a PSZ/Ti₃AlC₂ ratio of 7:3, the prepared Mo alloy exhibits optimal comprehensive properties, with a relative density of 96.8%, a hardness of 193.1 Hv, a tensile strength of 537.4 MPa, an elongation of 21.69%, and a fracture toughness of 29.1 MPa·m^1/2. The synergistic effect of PSZ and Ti₃AlC₂ optimizes the alloy's microstructure and enhances its overall performance through multiple mechanisms. PSZ has a more pronounced effect on the ductility, whereas Ti₃AlC₂ plays a more significant role in enhancing the strength. The findings provide a new strategy for the preparation of high-performance molybdenum alloys.

开发具有高强度和高韧性的新型钼合金一直是研究领域的一个重要目标。采用粉末冶金方法，在Mo基体中加入部分稳定氧化锆（PSZ）和MAX相Ti3AlC2，制备了共增强Mo合金。研究了不同PSZ/Ti3AlC2配比对Mo合金组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明：随着PSZ/ Ti3AlC2比的增大，烧结钼合金的密度、伸长率和断裂韧性均有所提高，强度和硬度也有不同程度的提高；在PSZ/Ti3AlC2比为7:3时，制备的Mo合金综合性能最佳，相对密度为96.8%，硬度为193.1 Hv，抗拉强度为537.4 MPa，伸长率为21.69%，断裂韧性为29.1 MPa·m1/2。PSZ与Ti3AlC2的协同作用通过多种机制优化了合金的组织，提高了合金的整体性能。PSZ对塑性的影响更为显著，而Ti3AlC2对强度的提高作用更为显著。研究结果为高性能钼合金的制备提供了新的思路。

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引用次数: 0

Dual laser-powder bed fusion additive manufacturing of difficult-to-process 98W composite porous structures: Porosity-microstructure evolution and compressive properties 难加工98W复合材料多孔结构的双激光-粉末床熔融增材制造：孔隙度-微观结构演变及压缩性能

IF 4.6 2区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials

Pub Date : 2026-01-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107675

Tao Chen , Jianghuiqi Lan , Zhenhong Xing , Ziai Cao , Donghua Dai

To overcome the limited compressive properties of the difficult-to-process W-based porous components, a dual-laser powder bed fusion (DL-PBF) additive manufacturing was proposed to fabricate porous 98 W-TiC-Y2O3 composites based on the in-situ lack of fusion (LOF) induced porosities driven by the regulated melt flow-wetting behaviors. Influence of processing parameters on the pore morphology and distribution, element distribution, microstructure evolution, compression performance and energy absorption coefficient (η) of LOF-induced pores was studied. The randomly distributed closed pores would gradually transform into uniformly distributed connected pores for the application of the lower laser power, reducing the compressive strength due to the limited bearing region and more concentrated stress. As the laser power was reduced from 120 W to 60 W, the connected porosity was increased from 16.57% to 26.92% combined with the average LOF-induced pores size varying from 88.6 μm to 296.6 μm, decreasing the compressive strength from 735.4 MPa to 244.5 MPa. O element in nano-Y2O3 could promote the melt oxidation and hinder the melt spreading, which was beneficial for the formation of LOF-induced pores. Nano-Y2O3, acting as non-uniform nucleation sites, would synergistically refine grains within un-melted W particles in the loose layer into cellular substructures. Nano-TiC was decomposed into Ti and C atoms, which was solid dissolved in the W matrix. The collapse of LOF-induced pores, the fragmentation of W particles and the propagation of microcracks of the porous structures of the brittle 98 W during the compression test could efficiently enhance the energy dissipation, generating a high η of 54.7% at the low laser power of 60 W. Finally, 98 W porous structures with varying porosity ratio along the building direction was successfully produced free of the obvious layered transition interface.

为了克服难以加工的w基多孔材料的有限压缩性能，提出了一种双激光粉末床熔融（DL-PBF）增材制造方法，该方法基于原位熔合不足（LOF）诱导的孔隙由调节的熔体流动-润湿行为驱动来制备多孔的98 W-TiC-Y2O3复合材料。研究了工艺参数对lof致气孔形态和分布、元素分布、微观结构演变、压缩性能和能量吸收系数（η）的影响。在较低激光功率的作用下，随机分布的封闭孔隙逐渐转变为均匀分布的连通孔隙，由于承载区域有限，应力更集中，降低了抗压强度。当激光功率从120 W降低到60 W时，连接孔隙率从16.57%增加到26.92%，lof诱导孔隙的平均尺寸从88.6 μm变化到296.6 μm，抗压强度从735.4 MPa降低到244.5 MPa。纳米y2o3中O元素能促进熔体氧化，阻碍熔体扩散，有利于lof诱导孔隙的形成。纳米y2o3作为非均匀形核位点，会协同将松散层中未熔化W颗粒中的晶粒细化为细胞亚结构。纳米tic分解成Ti和C原子，固溶于W基体中。压缩试验过程中lof诱导孔隙的破裂、W颗粒的破碎和微裂纹的扩展能够有效地增强能量耗散，在60 W的低激光功率下产生54.7%的高η。最终成功制备出沿建筑方向孔隙率变化的98 W多孔结构，且无明显的层状过渡界面。

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引用次数: 0

Work function enhancement and interfacial diffusion behaviour of sputtered refractory MoW alloy thin films for back-contact engineering 后接触工程用溅射难熔钼钨合金薄膜的功函数增强和界面扩散行为

IF 4.6 2区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials

Pub Date : 2026-01-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107669

Puteri Noor Safura Megat Mahmud , Yoganash Putthisigamany , Megat Mohd Izhar Sapeli , Vidhya Selvanathan , Kazi Sajedur Rahman , Ubaidah Syafiq , Brahim Aissa , Mohammad Istiaque Hossain , Norasikin Ahmad Ludin , Puvaneswaran Chelvanathan

Uncontrolled diffusion and interfacial degradation at refractory metal back contacts remain major bottlenecks to improving the reliability and efficiency of thin film solar cells (TFSCs). This study investigates the structural, electrical, and interfacial properties of Mo thin films, MoW_0.25 capping layers (MoW_0.25 CL), and W capping layers (W CL) deposited on Mo back contacts via direct-current magnetron sputtering. Comprehensive structural, morphological, topographical, vibrational, and electrical analyses were performed to elucidate how W incorporation influences microstructure and electronic behaviour. The MoW_0.25 CL exhibited the smoothest surface (Ra = 3.8 nm) and the highest work function (4.80 eV), which is associated with enhanced surface uniformity and modified electronic structure compared to pure Mo and W CL thin films. Upon selenization at 580 °C, the MoW_0.25Se₂ interfacial layer displays localized selenide formation with limited selenium penetration, indicating enhanced resistance to selenium diffusion relative to the Mo and W counterparts. The selenized MoW_0.25 CL also achieves the low resistivity (58.8 μΩ cm) while maintaining high carrier concentration and mobility. Overall, the results demonstrate that controlled MoW alloying provides an effective strategy to tailor interfacial reactions and electronic properties of refractory back contacts in TFSCs, offering insights into the design of thermally stable metal/semiconductor interfaces for high-temperature electronic applications.

难熔金属背触点的不可控扩散和界面退化是制约薄膜太阳能电池可靠性和效率提高的主要瓶颈。本文研究了直流磁控溅射在Mo背触点上沉积的Mo薄膜、MoW0.25封盖层（MoW0.25 CL）和W封盖层（W CL）的结构、电学和界面性能。进行了全面的结构、形态、地形、振动和电气分析，以阐明W的掺入如何影响微观结构和电子行为。MoW0.25 CL薄膜表面最光滑（Ra = 3.8 nm），功函数最高（4.80 eV），与纯Mo和W CL薄膜相比，表面均匀性增强，电子结构改变。在580°C硒化后，MoW0.25Se2界面层显示局部硒化物形成，硒渗透有限，表明相对于Mo和W对应层，硒的抗扩散能力增强。硒化的MoW0.25 CL在保持高载流子浓度和迁移率的同时，也实现了低电阻率（58.8 μΩ cm）。总体而言，研究结果表明，控制MoW合金化提供了一种有效的策略来定制tfsc中难熔背触点的界面反应和电子特性，为高温电子应用中热稳定金属/半导体界面的设计提供了见解。

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引用次数: 0

Low-temperature sintering of W-HfC core-shell powders for microstructure regulation 低温烧结W-HfC核壳粉末的微观结构调控

IF 4.6 2区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials

Pub Date : 2026-01-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107676

Chenguang Guo , Xingyu Li , En Mei , Junming Liu , Hao Xu , Yuan Chao , Peng Zhang , Zhongyou Que , Lin Zhang , Mingli Qin , Xuanhui Qu

Carbides as typical secondary particles are effective in strengthening tungsten (W) alloys, particularly at elevated temperatures. However, the addition of carbides generally necessitates a higher sintering temperature for W in the powder metallurgy process, resulting in coarsened microstructures and degraded properties. In this study, W-HfC composite nanopowders with a core-shell structure are prepared by a freeze-drying method to overcome the densification barrier caused by HfC during subsequent sintering. The constant-heating-rate sintering experiments demonstrate that the sintering kinetics are independent of HfC content for W-HfC core-shell nanopowders. Utilizing a pressureless two-step sintering (TSS) method at low temperatures, we fabricated a dense W-0.5 wt% HfC alloy with an ultrafine-grained microstructure (average grain size: 420 nm). Benefitting from low-temperature sintering, HfC particles with sizes below 20 nm are uniformly dispersed within the W matrix and exert a significant strengthening effect on W. This study demonstrates that freeze-drying combined with TSS is a promising method for fabricating dispersion-strengthened W alloys with well-controlled microstructure and properties.

碳化物作为一种典型的二次颗粒，对钨合金的强化效果显著，特别是在高温下。然而，在粉末冶金过程中，碳化物的加入通常需要较高的烧结温度，导致W的组织变粗，性能下降。为了克服HfC在后续烧结过程中造成的致密化障碍，本研究采用冷冻干燥方法制备了具有核壳结构的W-HfC复合纳米粉体。恒升温速率烧结实验表明，W-HfC核壳纳米粉体的烧结动力学与HfC含量无关。利用低温无压两步烧结（TSS）方法，制备了致密的W-0.5 wt% HfC超细晶合金（平均晶粒尺寸为420 nm）。低温烧结使尺寸小于20 nm的HfC颗粒均匀地分散在W基体中，对W具有显著的强化作用。研究表明，冷冻干燥结合TSS是制备分散强化W合金的一种很有前途的方法，可以很好地控制其组织和性能。

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引用次数: 0

Recycling of cemented carbide scrap via molten salt electrolysis and in-situ ball milling coupled with carbonization 熔盐电解-原位球磨-碳化法回收硬质合金废料

IF 4.6 2区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials

Pub Date : 2026-01-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107672

Xia Yang , Ji Zhang , Man Wang , Liwen Zhang , Xiaoli Xi , Zuoren Nie

Recycling of cemented carbide scrap is crucial to mitigate the scarcity of strategic tungsten and cobalt resources. The primary challenges in recycling of cemented carbide scraps lie in their high hardness and excellent stability. In this study, a novel recycling approach was proposed by integrating molten salt electrolysis and in-situ ball milling coupled with carbonization. The phase evolution throughout the recycling process was investigated by combined characterization techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The cemented carbide scrap of WC-23Co was successfully pulverized by molten salt electrolysis, resulting in powders containing various phases of WC, Co₆W₆C, Co₃W, Co, and W₂C. Moreover, recycled WC-Co composite powders were obtained by further in-situ ball milling coupled with carbonization at 800 °C, which was attributed to the microstructure modifications introduced by high-energy ball milling.

硬质合金废料的回收利用对于缓解战略钨钴资源的短缺至关重要。硬质合金废料的高硬度和优异的稳定性是回收利用的主要挑战。本研究提出了一种熔盐电解与原位球磨耦合碳化相结合的新型回收方法。采用x射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和透射电子显微镜（TEM）等综合表征技术研究了回收过程中的相演化过程。采用熔盐电解法成功粉碎了WC- 23co硬质合金废料，得到了含有WC、Co6W6C、Co3W、Co、W2C等不同相的粉末。在800 °C下进行原位球磨和碳化，得到了可回收的WC-Co复合粉末，这是由于高能球磨引入了微观结构的改变。

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引用次数: 0