International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials最新文献_第5页

Understanding the influence of the Re3W phase on the mechanical properties of tungsten‑rhenium alloys: Insights from experiments and molecular dynamics simulations 了解Re3W相对钨铼合金力学性能的影响：来自实验和分子动力学模拟的见解

IF 4.6 2区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials

Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107646

Chen Lai , Guowei Miao , Zhenghui Zheng , Jinshu Wang

In this work, tungsten‑rhenium (WRe) alloys with varying Re concentrations (10, 15, 20, 25 wt%) are fabricated using powder metallurgy techniques. The influence of Re₃W (χ phase) addition on the mechanical properties of these alloys was systematically investigated. A clear trend of increasing macrohardness with Re content is observed in the WRe alloys over the investigated composition range (10–25 wt%), irrespective of the addition of the χ-phase. Whereas, The compressive elastic limit of WRe alloys, both with and without the addition of χ-phase particles, decreases with increasing Re content. Nanoindentation results indicate that the microhardness of the alloys increases with Re content up to 20 wt%. In contrast, the addition of χ-phase particles leads to a decrease in the microhardness of WRe alloys with increasing Re content. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the tensile and compressive strength of WRe alloys decrease with increasing Re content, a trend further exacerbated by the introduction of the χ-phase. It is attributed to the severe stress concentration induced by the presence of χ-phase. Rhenium clusters act as stress concentrators in a uniform stress field, but not under non-uniform conditions. Higher rhenium content enhances the tendency for Re cluster formation, which lowers the compressive elastic limit strength of the WRe alloy. Concurrent microstructure analysis indicates that failure under compression is initiated by the crushing of the χ-phase, whereas tensile failure originates from interfacial cracking. Our work advances the understanding of how intermetallic compounds influence the mechanical properties of WRe alloys, offering crucial insights for WRe alloy design.

在这项工作中，采用粉末冶金技术制备了不同Re浓度（10、15、20、25 wt%）的钨铼（WRe）合金。系统地研究了添加Re3W （χ相）对合金力学性能的影响。在所研究的成分范围内（10-25 wt%），无论是否添加χ-相，均观察到WRe合金的宏观硬度随Re含量的增加有明显的趋势。而无论是否添加χ相颗粒，WRe合金的压缩弹性极限都随Re含量的增加而降低。纳米压痕结果表明，稀土含量达到20 wt%时，合金的显微硬度增加。χ相颗粒的加入使WRe合金的显微硬度随Re含量的增加而降低。分子动力学模拟表明，WRe合金的抗拉强度和抗压强度随Re含量的增加而降低，χ-相的引入进一步加剧了这一趋势。这是由于χ-相的存在引起了严重的应力集中。铼簇在均匀应力场中起集中应力的作用，而在非均匀条件下不起集中应力的作用。较高的铼含量增加了稀土团簇形成的趋势，降低了稀土合金的压缩弹性极限强度。同时进行的显微组织分析表明，压缩破坏是由χ-相的破碎引起的，而拉伸破坏是由界面开裂引起的。我们的工作促进了对金属间化合物如何影响钨铬合金力学性能的理解，为钨铬合金的设计提供了重要的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Achieving ultrahigh strength and high electrical conductivity in Cu composite reinforced with intragranular sub-10 nm W particles 在铜复合材料中添加10 nm以下的W颗粒，实现了超高强度和高导电性

IF 4.6 2区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials

Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107688

Cantong Li , Liang Liu , Jianhong Yi , Rui Bao , Caiju Li , Hongmei Zhang , Xiaofeng Chen , Zunyan Xu

Conventional methods for synthesizing copper‑tungsten (CuW) composites often struggle to achieve a balance between mechanical properties and electrical conductivity. Herein, we had reported a “nanodispersion-in-grains” strategy, which successfully realized high strength and good electrical conductivity in CuW composites via refining W particle size and tuning its spatial distribution. W particles prepared by spray pyrolysis (SP) had an average size of 7.3 nm. The nano-sized reinforcement with intragranular distribution had significantly enhanced the mechanical properties by Orowan strengthening. The intragranular W particles induced high internal stress fields within the composite, which promoted generation of high-density twinning domain. The formation of twinning effectively reduced the grain boundary and interface resistivity, while optimized the electron transport pathways, thereby enabled the composite to maintain good electrical conductivity. Notably, the Cu-3 W composite exhibited excellent overall properties, with an ultrahigh tensile strength of 705 MPa, a total elongation of 16%, a high electrical conductivity of 93% IACS, and a thermal conductivity of 367 W/m·K at room temperature. This work provided clear microstructural design guidelines for developing advanced Cu-based functional integrated materials.

合成铜钨（CuW）复合材料的传统方法往往难以在机械性能和导电性之间取得平衡。在此，我们报道了一种“纳米分散”策略，通过细化W粒度和调整其空间分布，成功地实现了CuW复合材料的高强度和良好的导电性。喷雾热解法制备的W颗粒平均粒径为7.3 nm。经Orowan强化，晶粒内分布的纳米级增强材料的力学性能得到了显著提高。晶内W粒子在复合材料内部产生高应力场，促进了高密度孪晶畴的生成。孪晶的形成有效地降低了晶界和界面电阻率，同时优化了电子传递途径，从而使复合材料保持良好的导电性。值得注意的是，cu - 3w复合材料具有优异的综合性能，超高抗拉强度为705 MPa，总伸长率为16%，高电导率为93% IACS，室温导热系数为367 W/m·K。这项工作为开发先进的cu基功能集成材料提供了明确的微结构设计指导。

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引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to “Effect of powder characteristics on shrinkage kinetics of WC-Co-Cr Zn-reclaimed submicron powders” [International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials vol. 136 (2026) 107603] “粉末特性对WC-Co-Cr - zn再生亚微米粉末收缩动力学的影响”的勘误表[国际难熔金属和硬材料杂志vol. 136 (2026) 107603]

IF 4.6 2区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials

Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107680

L. Muñoz-Ortuño , T. Soria-Biurrun , A. Vornberger , J. Pötschke , J. Ronkainen , T. Karhumaa , J.M. Sánchez-Moreno

引用次数: 0

High-temperature oxidation behavior of WC-12Co cemented carbide in dry air and water vapor atmospheres WC-12Co硬质合金在干燥空气和水蒸气气氛中的高温氧化行为

IF 4.6 2区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials

Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107664

Bambang Hermanto , Resetiana Dwi Desiati , Wahyu Bambang Widayatno , Myrna Ariati Mochtar , Bambang Suharno , Toto Sudiro

In the present study, the oxidation behavior of WC-12Co prepared by mechanical milling and spark plasma sintering was investigated in dry air (DA) and water vapor (WV) atmospheres at 400–800 °C. The results indicated that the oxidation rate increased significantly with increasing temperature, and the oxidation was significantly accelerated in water vapor compared to dry air. The Vickers hardness decreased after high-temperature exposure, which was influenced by the alterations in structural integrity observed in the material. The formation of Co₃O₄, WO₃, and CoWO₄ oxides was observed with distinct morphological changes at elevated temperatures. As the temperature increased, the oxide layer became thicker and more porous, with the appearance of cracks. Enhanced porosity facilitated pore link formation, serving as diffusion pathways for oxygen, water vapor, and metal ions. Notably, oxidation in a water vapor atmosphere resulted in a thicker and more porous oxide layer compared to that in dry air, driven by the release of additional H₂ gas alongside CO₂/CO and other volatile species. This study provides valuable insights into the oxidation mechanisms of WC-12Co at high-temperatures, offering critical implications for its application in cutting tools and wear-resistant components.

在400-800℃的干燥空气（DA）和水蒸气（WV）气氛中，研究了机械铣削和火花等离子烧结制备的WC-12Co的氧化行为。结果表明，随着温度的升高，氧化速率显著增加，水蒸气中的氧化速率明显高于干燥空气。高温暴露后，材料的维氏硬度下降，这是受材料结构完整性改变的影响。在高温下观察到Co3O4、WO3和CoWO4氧化物的形成，并观察到明显的形态变化。随着温度的升高，氧化层变得更厚、更多孔，并出现裂纹。孔隙率的提高促进了孔隙连接的形成，为氧气、水蒸气和金属离子的扩散提供了途径。值得注意的是，与干燥空气相比，水蒸气大气中的氧化导致了更厚、更多孔的氧化层，这是由额外的H2气体以及CO2/CO和其他挥发性物质的释放所驱动的。该研究为WC-12Co在高温下的氧化机制提供了有价值的见解，为其在切削工具和耐磨部件中的应用提供了关键意义。

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引用次数: 0

Fine microstructure, better compactness, and significant fracture toughness of multi-component Nb–Si based alloy by an appropriate amount of Yttrium addition during the laser melting deposition 在激光熔敷过程中加入适量的钇，制备的多组分Nb-Si基合金组织细小，致密性好，断裂韧性好

IF 4.6 2区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials

Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107655

Xiuyuan Yin , Xinxing Li , Hu Sun , Ning Ding , Lei Ren , Hongqi Shi , Hongxia Wang , Jing Liang , Changsheng Liu

During the rapid solidification of laser melting deposition, poor melt pool fluidity in NbSi based alloys results in insufficient pore wetting and filling, significantly degrading the mechanical properties. To address this issue, controlled addition of rare earth Yttrium (Y) was utilized to improve melt fluidity, thereby enhancing the density of the deposited layer and optimizing mechanical properties. Results show that an appropriate Y (0.15 at.%) addition increased sample density from 99.83 % to 99.97 %. Y addition did not alter the primary phase constituents of the alloy, which remained Nbss, α-Nb₅Si₃, and γ-Nb₅Si₃ phases, but it affected the phase fractions. With the increase of Y content, the total silicide content increased in the alloys, alongside the precipitation of more nanoscale Y₂O₃ and γ-Nb₅Si₃ phases. The alloy with 0.15 at.% Y addition achieved maximum fracture toughness of 15.13 MPa·m^1/2 due to microstructure refinement and compactness improvement. For compressive strength, a continuous enhancement was observed up to 2358.9 MPa in alloys with 1.0 at.% Y addition, which was attributed to increased silicide content, the enhanced solid solubility of Y in the Nbss phase, and the increased content of nanoscale Y₂O₃ and γ-Nb₅Si₃ precipitates.

在激光熔融沉积快速凝固过程中，NbSi基合金熔池流动性差导致孔隙湿润和填充不足，显著降低了合金的力学性能。为了解决这一问题，利用稀土钇(Y)的可控添加来改善熔体流动性，从而提高沉积层的密度，优化力学性能。结果表明，适当的Y (0.15 at。%)的加入使样品密度从99.83%提高到99.97%。Y的加入没有改变合金的初生相成分，仍为Nbss、α-Nb5Si3和γ-Nb5Si3相，但影响了相分数。随着Y含量的增加，合金中总硅化物含量增加，同时析出更多纳米级的Y2O3和γ-Nb5Si3相。0.15 at的合金。添加% Y后，由于组织细化和致密性改善，断裂韧性达到最大15.13 MPa·m1/2。在抗压强度方面，1.0 at合金的抗压强度达到2358.9 MPa。% Y的加入增加了硅化物的含量，提高了Y在Nbss相中的固溶度，增加了纳米级Y2O3和γ-Nb5Si3相的含量。

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引用次数: 0

Work function enhancement and interfacial diffusion behaviour of sputtered refractory MoW alloy thin films for back-contact engineering 后接触工程用溅射难熔钼钨合金薄膜的功函数增强和界面扩散行为

IF 4.6 2区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials

Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107669

Puteri Noor Safura Megat Mahmud , Yoganash Putthisigamany , Megat Mohd Izhar Sapeli , Vidhya Selvanathan , Kazi Sajedur Rahman , Ubaidah Syafiq , Brahim Aissa , Mohammad Istiaque Hossain , Norasikin Ahmad Ludin , Puvaneswaran Chelvanathan

Uncontrolled diffusion and interfacial degradation at refractory metal back contacts remain major bottlenecks to improving the reliability and efficiency of thin film solar cells (TFSCs). This study investigates the structural, electrical, and interfacial properties of Mo thin films, MoW_0.25 capping layers (MoW_0.25 CL), and W capping layers (W CL) deposited on Mo back contacts via direct-current magnetron sputtering. Comprehensive structural, morphological, topographical, vibrational, and electrical analyses were performed to elucidate how W incorporation influences microstructure and electronic behaviour. The MoW_0.25 CL exhibited the smoothest surface (Ra = 3.8 nm) and the highest work function (4.80 eV), which is associated with enhanced surface uniformity and modified electronic structure compared to pure Mo and W CL thin films. Upon selenization at 580 °C, the MoW_0.25Se₂ interfacial layer displays localized selenide formation with limited selenium penetration, indicating enhanced resistance to selenium diffusion relative to the Mo and W counterparts. The selenized MoW_0.25 CL also achieves the low resistivity (58.8 μΩ cm) while maintaining high carrier concentration and mobility. Overall, the results demonstrate that controlled MoW alloying provides an effective strategy to tailor interfacial reactions and electronic properties of refractory back contacts in TFSCs, offering insights into the design of thermally stable metal/semiconductor interfaces for high-temperature electronic applications.

难熔金属背触点的不可控扩散和界面退化是制约薄膜太阳能电池可靠性和效率提高的主要瓶颈。本文研究了直流磁控溅射在Mo背触点上沉积的Mo薄膜、MoW0.25封盖层（MoW0.25 CL）和W封盖层（W CL）的结构、电学和界面性能。进行了全面的结构、形态、地形、振动和电气分析，以阐明W的掺入如何影响微观结构和电子行为。MoW0.25 CL薄膜表面最光滑（Ra = 3.8 nm），功函数最高（4.80 eV），与纯Mo和W CL薄膜相比，表面均匀性增强，电子结构改变。在580°C硒化后，MoW0.25Se2界面层显示局部硒化物形成，硒渗透有限，表明相对于Mo和W对应层，硒的抗扩散能力增强。硒化的MoW0.25 CL在保持高载流子浓度和迁移率的同时，也实现了低电阻率（58.8 μΩ cm）。总体而言，研究结果表明，控制MoW合金化提供了一种有效的策略来定制tfsc中难熔背触点的界面反应和电子特性，为高温电子应用中热稳定金属/半导体界面的设计提供了见解。

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引用次数: 0

Thermal shock induced evolution of microstructure and mechanical properties in ultrafine-grained tungsten alloys 热冲击诱导超细晶钨合金组织和力学性能的演变

IF 4.6 2区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials

Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107651

Haowei Deng , Zibin Zou , Bin Du, Tao Zhang

Tungsten (W) has been recognized as a promising plasma-facing material for fusion reactors; however, its practical application is hindered by intrinsic brittleness, limited thermal shock resistance, and insufficient high-temperature stability. In this study, four composite systems—W-ZrC, W-Ti-ZrC, W-HEC, and W-Ti-HEC—were fabricated to systematically investigate their microstructural evolution, thermal shock response, mechanical properties, and thermal stability. Results demonstrate that Ti addition effectively refines the tungsten grain size while scavenging carbon from secondary phases to form Ti-C-O along with ZrO or HEC-O structures, thereby enhancing alloy hardness. In contrast, HEC addition increases the fraction of low-angle grain boundaries, which further rises upon thermal shock. Although all alloys exhibited mechanical degradation after thermal cycling, only W-HEC preserved compressive fracture strain both before and after thermal shock and showed superior thermal stability at elevated temperatures. These findings highlight the distinct roles of Ti and HEC in tailoring grain structure, defect evolution, and high-temperature performance of tungsten-based composites, offering critical insights into the design of advanced plasma-facing materials for fusion applications.

钨(W)被认为是一种很有前途的面向等离子体的聚变反应堆材料；但其固有脆性、抗热震性有限、高温稳定性不足，阻碍了其实际应用。本研究制备了w - zrc、W-Ti-ZrC、W-HEC和w - ti - hec四种复合材料体系，系统地研究了它们的显微组织演变、热冲击响应、力学性能和热稳定性。结果表明，Ti的加入可以有效细化钨的晶粒尺寸，同时清除二次相中的碳，形成Ti- c - o和ZrO或HEC-O组织，从而提高合金的硬度。相反，HEC的加入增加了低角晶界的比例，并且在热冲击下进一步增加。尽管所有合金在热循环后都表现出机械退化，但只有W-HEC在热冲击前后都保留了压缩断裂应变，并在高温下表现出优异的热稳定性。这些发现强调了Ti和HEC在调整钨基复合材料的晶粒结构、缺陷演变和高温性能方面的独特作用，为设计用于聚变应用的先进等离子体表面材料提供了重要见解。

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引用次数: 0

Effect of different carbon contents on the microstructure and mechanical properties of (Ti,W,Hf,Ta,V)(C,N) high-entropy carbonitride ceramics 不同碳含量对（Ti，W,Hf,Ta，V）（C，N）高熵碳氮化陶瓷显微组织和力学性能的影响

IF 4.6 2区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials

Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107647

Hui-Ze Li , Yu-Teng Liu , Yan Zhang , Yu-Xin Shan , Chao-Yi Shi , Tao Peng , Bo-Yu Ni , Tian-Qi Zhang , Zhen Teng

To explore the pattern of influence that the incorporation of excess carbon in HECN ceramics exerts on their microstructure and mechanical properties, four groups of (Ti,W,Hf,Ta,V)(C,N) HECN ceramics featuring different C contents were fabricated via the carbothermal reduction-nitridation method coupled with SPS at 2000 °C, which had excessive carbon additions of 0 at.%, 5 at.%, 10 at.% and 15 at.%, respectively. Analysis on the phase composition, microstructure, and mechanical properties of the four ceramic groups showed that when the excessive carbon addition was 10 at.%, the (Ti,W,Hf,Ta,V)(C,N) ceramic exhibited optimal mechanical properties (Hv_9.8: 23.76 ± 1.20 GPa, K_IC: 4.45 ± 0.30 MPa·m^1/2), which had a main phase of the high-entropy carbonitride phase. In comparison with most reported HEC ceramics and HECN ceramics, the (Ti,W,Hf,Ta,V)(C,N) ceramic with 10 at.% excessive carbon demonstrated superior mechanical properties.

为了探究过量碳在HECN陶瓷中的掺入对其微观结构和力学性能的影响规律，在2000℃下，采用碳热还原-氮化联用SPS法制备了4组（Ti，W,Hf,Ta，V）（C，N）不同碳含量的HECN陶瓷，过量碳添加量为0 at。%, 5 at。%, 10 at。%和15 %。分别为%。对四种陶瓷基团的相组成、显微组织和力学性能分析表明，当过量加碳量为10 at时。%, (Ti，W,Hf,Ta，V)（C，N）陶瓷的力学性能最佳（Hv9.8: 23.76±1.20 GPa, KIC: 4.45±0.30 MPa·m2 /2），主要相为高熵碳氮化相。与大多数HEC陶瓷和hen陶瓷相比，（Ti，W,Hf,Ta，V）（C，N）陶瓷具有10 at。过量的碳表现出优异的机械性能。

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引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to ‘Study of fracture behavior and mechanical property of WC-6.5wt%co regenerated cemented carbides doped rare earth oxides’ [International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials Volume 135, February 2026, 107535] “掺稀土氧化物WC-6.5wt%co再生硬质合金的断裂行为和力学性能研究”的勘误表[International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials vol . 135, February 2026, 107535]

IF 4.6 2区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials

Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107656

Youxing He, Chang Jiang, Song Zeng, Yusong Guo, Xiang Wan, Jiuming Yu, Linwei Zhang, Lei Lu

引用次数: 0

Low-temperature sintering of W-HfC core-shell powders for microstructure regulation 低温烧结W-HfC核壳粉末的微观结构调控

IF 4.6 2区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials

Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107676

Chenguang Guo , Xingyu Li , En Mei , Junming Liu , Hao Xu , Yuan Chao , Peng Zhang , Zhongyou Que , Lin Zhang , Mingli Qin , Xuanhui Qu

Carbides as typical secondary particles are effective in strengthening tungsten (W) alloys, particularly at elevated temperatures. However, the addition of carbides generally necessitates a higher sintering temperature for W in the powder metallurgy process, resulting in coarsened microstructures and degraded properties. In this study, W-HfC composite nanopowders with a core-shell structure are prepared by a freeze-drying method to overcome the densification barrier caused by HfC during subsequent sintering. The constant-heating-rate sintering experiments demonstrate that the sintering kinetics are independent of HfC content for W-HfC core-shell nanopowders. Utilizing a pressureless two-step sintering (TSS) method at low temperatures, we fabricated a dense W-0.5 wt% HfC alloy with an ultrafine-grained microstructure (average grain size: 420 nm). Benefitting from low-temperature sintering, HfC particles with sizes below 20 nm are uniformly dispersed within the W matrix and exert a significant strengthening effect on W. This study demonstrates that freeze-drying combined with TSS is a promising method for fabricating dispersion-strengthened W alloys with well-controlled microstructure and properties.

碳化物作为一种典型的二次颗粒，对钨合金的强化效果显著，特别是在高温下。然而，在粉末冶金过程中，碳化物的加入通常需要较高的烧结温度，导致W的组织变粗，性能下降。为了克服HfC在后续烧结过程中造成的致密化障碍，本研究采用冷冻干燥方法制备了具有核壳结构的W-HfC复合纳米粉体。恒升温速率烧结实验表明，W-HfC核壳纳米粉体的烧结动力学与HfC含量无关。利用低温无压两步烧结（TSS）方法，制备了致密的W-0.5 wt% HfC超细晶合金（平均晶粒尺寸为420 nm）。低温烧结使尺寸小于20 nm的HfC颗粒均匀地分散在W基体中，对W具有显著的强化作用。研究表明，冷冻干燥结合TSS是制备分散强化W合金的一种很有前途的方法，可以很好地控制其组织和性能。

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引用次数: 0