Pub Date : 2024-11-02DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106948
Kai Yu , Xin Xue , Longfei Xu , Guipeng Li , Xiaodan Zhang , Yuhui Wang
The electron beam melting (EBM) technique was employed to prepare ultra-highly pure (99.999 wt%) Tantalum (Ta) cast ingot for application in chips. Subsequently, the Ta cast ingot were forged, rolled, and annealed with different durations to gain three different grain sizes (centimeter scale, 99.8 μm, and 36.7 μm). Sputtering experiments conducted under identical conditions revealed that the rolled target (36.7 μm) film deposition rate was increased by 60.6 % compared to the cast ingot target with a centimeter-scale grain size (columnar crystal). Ta targets with a fine grain size and homogeneous distribution demonstrate superior film deposition performance. The sputtering rate is directly related to the atomic packing density of grains. The (111)-oriented grains of BCC targets (Ta target) exhibit sputtering resistance, and the order of sputtering rate of Ta atoms was S(101) > S(001) > S(111).
{"title":"Effect of grain size and orientation on magnetron sputtering yield of tantalum","authors":"Kai Yu , Xin Xue , Longfei Xu , Guipeng Li , Xiaodan Zhang , Yuhui Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106948","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106948","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The electron beam melting (EBM) technique was employed to prepare ultra-highly pure (99.999 wt%) Tantalum (Ta) cast ingot for application in chips. Subsequently, the Ta cast ingot were forged, rolled, and annealed with different durations to gain three different grain sizes (centimeter scale, 99.8 μm, and 36.7 μm). Sputtering experiments conducted under identical conditions revealed that the rolled target (36.7 μm) film deposition rate was increased by 60.6 % compared to the cast ingot target with a centimeter-scale grain size (columnar crystal). Ta targets with a fine grain size and homogeneous distribution demonstrate superior film deposition performance. The sputtering rate is directly related to the atomic packing density of grains. The (111)-oriented grains of BCC targets (Ta target) exhibit sputtering resistance, and the order of sputtering rate of Ta atoms was S<sub>(101)</sub> > S<sub>(001)</sub> > S<sub>(111)</sub>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"126 ","pages":"Article 106948"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142656067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-02DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106950
L. Weller , R. M'saoubi , F. Giuliani , S. Humphry-Baker , K. Marquardt
Creep deformation of WC-Co composites at high temperature and stress is accommodated by either bulk WC creep or by Co-infiltrated grain boundary sliding. It has been proposed that certain grain boundaries are more susceptible than others to such sliding, and depending on the applied stress, the overall deformation rate can be limited by either mechanism. Here, we have used Electron Back-Scatter Diffraction to study the strain partitioning in each phase, the evolution in phase boundary and grain boundary misorientation, and void formation. Several WC-Co samples (Co contents ranging 7–13 % and grain sizes 0.5–1 μm) were deformed by unconstrained compression at 1000 °C under constant load in the range 0.5–1 GPa. The localised deformation state – as characterised by increases in pixel misorientation and inverse pole figure dispersion – increased significantly between 0.5 and 0.75 GPa for both phases, which may be associated with the onset of grain boundary sliding. The onset of the formation of creep voids occurred when the stress level was 0.75 GPa or more. Deformation was correlated with an increase in 60° CoFCC /CoFCC boundaries, and in 56° WC/CoFCC boundaries. Boundaries with the latter misorientation angle may preferentially enable the Co infiltration process.
{"title":"Void formation driven by plastic strain partitioning during creep deformation of WC-Co","authors":"L. Weller , R. M'saoubi , F. Giuliani , S. Humphry-Baker , K. Marquardt","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106950","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106950","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Creep deformation of WC-Co composites at high temperature and stress is accommodated by either bulk WC creep or by Co-infiltrated grain boundary sliding. It has been proposed that certain grain boundaries are more susceptible than others to such sliding, and depending on the applied stress, the overall deformation rate can be limited by either mechanism. Here, we have used Electron Back-Scatter Diffraction to study the strain partitioning in each phase, the evolution in phase boundary and grain boundary misorientation, and void formation. Several WC-Co samples (Co contents ranging 7–13 % and grain sizes 0.5–1 μm) were deformed by unconstrained compression at 1000 °C under constant load in the range 0.5–1 GPa. The localised deformation state – as characterised by increases in pixel misorientation and inverse pole figure dispersion – increased significantly between 0.5 and 0.75 GPa for both phases, which may be associated with the onset of grain boundary sliding. The onset of the formation of creep voids occurred when the stress level was 0.75 GPa or more. Deformation was correlated with an increase in 60° Co<sub>FCC</sub> /Co<sub>FCC</sub> boundaries, and in 56° WC/Co<sub>FCC</sub> boundaries. Boundaries with the latter misorientation angle may preferentially enable the Co infiltration process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"126 ","pages":"Article 106950"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142656065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-02DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106947
Kaixin Suo , Zhikuan Zhu , Jillian R. Mulligan , Srikanth Gopalan , Uday B. Pal , A. Mohammed Hussain , Nilesh Dale , Yoshihisa Furuya , Soumendra N. Basu
Stainless-steel porous substrates for metal-supported solid oxide fuel cells require protective coatings to prevent chromium poisoning of the cathode. In this study, CuNi0.2Mn1.8O4 powders were synthesized by the glycine nitrate combustion synthesis process and protective coatings were deposited on porous SUS 430 substrates by electrophoretic deposition and densified using a two-step annealing procedure. It was found that an AC signal of 500 Hz, 20 V voltage amplitude with a 60/40 duty ratio (coating deposition to removal time ratio), combined with a stirring rate of 200 RPM, resulted in a ∼ 2 μm relatively uniform coating throughout the surfaces of the porous structure. The conductivity of CuNi0.2Mn1.8O4 decreased and the activation energy of small polaron hopping increased with increasing Cr doping concentration. The diffusivity of Cr in CuNi0.2Mn1.8O4 at 700°C was determined to be 7.93 × 10−20 m2/s. It is predicted that the surface of a 2 μm CuNi0.2Mn1.8O4 coating will not exceed the solubility limit of Cr even after 50,000 h of operation, highlighting the excellent gettering property of the coating. A model was developed that indicated that at 700 °C, the coating layer contribution to the area specific resistance is more dominant during the first 250 h, after which the contribution of the Cr2O3 layer becomes more significant. Compared to the uncoated sample, the ASR of the coated metal support is expected to be less than 1/10th of that of an uncoated sample after 50,000 h of operation. These results show that AC-EPD CuNi0.2Mn1.8O4 coatings not only mitigates chromium poisoning in SOFC stacks but also maintains robust electrical conductivity, thereby promising enhanced long-term cell performance.
{"title":"Processing and performance of protective Ni-doped CuMn spinel interconnect coatings","authors":"Kaixin Suo , Zhikuan Zhu , Jillian R. Mulligan , Srikanth Gopalan , Uday B. Pal , A. Mohammed Hussain , Nilesh Dale , Yoshihisa Furuya , Soumendra N. Basu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106947","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106947","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Stainless-steel porous substrates for metal-supported solid oxide fuel cells require protective coatings to prevent chromium poisoning of the cathode. In this study, CuNi<sub>0.2</sub>Mn<sub>1.8</sub>O<sub>4</sub> powders were synthesized by the glycine nitrate combustion synthesis process and protective coatings were deposited on porous SUS 430 substrates by electrophoretic deposition and densified using a two-step annealing procedure. It was found that an AC signal of 500 Hz, <span><math><mo>±</mo></math></span>20 V voltage amplitude with a 60/40 duty ratio (coating deposition to removal time ratio), combined with a stirring rate of 200 RPM, resulted in a ∼ 2 μm relatively uniform coating throughout the surfaces of the porous structure. The conductivity of CuNi<sub>0.2</sub>Mn<sub>1.8</sub>O<sub>4</sub> decreased and the activation energy of small polaron hopping increased with increasing Cr doping concentration. The diffusivity of Cr in CuNi<sub>0.2</sub>Mn<sub>1.8</sub>O<sub>4</sub> at 700°C was determined to be 7.93 × 10<sup>−20</sup> m<sup>2</sup>/s. It is predicted that the surface of a 2 μm CuNi<sub>0.2</sub>Mn<sub>1.8</sub>O<sub>4</sub> coating will not exceed the solubility limit of Cr even after 50,000 h of operation, highlighting the excellent gettering property of the coating. A model was developed that indicated that at 700 °C, the coating layer contribution to the area specific resistance is more dominant during the first 250 h, after which the contribution of the Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> layer becomes more significant. Compared to the uncoated sample, the ASR of the coated metal support is expected to be less than 1/10th of that of an uncoated sample after 50,000 h of operation. These results show that AC-EPD CuNi<sub>0.2</sub>Mn<sub>1.8</sub>O<sub>4</sub> coatings not only mitigates chromium poisoning in SOFC stacks but also maintains robust electrical conductivity, thereby promising enhanced long-term cell performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"126 ","pages":"Article 106947"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142578981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106944
Rohan Soni , Vinod K. Sarin , Pratima Rao , Easwar Srinivasan , Soumendra N. Basu
Semiconductor fabrication equipment extensively uses Al alloys which form an AlF layer when exposed to fluorine gas used in semiconductor processing. The AlF layer can flake off, rendering the chamber components unfit for semiconductor manufacturing. With the goal of resisting fluorine attack, the growth of protective AlN coatings on Al-6061 substrates was investigated, and this paper reports on the effects of process parameters on coating quality. It was found that Mg powders in a powder bed placed before the sample along the gas flow path can supply a rapid burst of magnesium vapor to the sample during exothermal nitridation (combustion) of Mg powders. This burst of supersaturated magnesium vapor can convert the native protective Al2O3 to non-protective MgO on the sample surface if the extent of magnesium supersaturation, the temperature of the sample, and the residence time of the vapor around the sample are high enough. At the same time, the magnesium supersaturation should not be so high as to get significant gas phase nucleation of Mg3N2 particulates that can stick to the front edge of the sample causing a ‘front edge anomaly’. This balance is achieved by using a bimodal distribution of magnesium powders. Conversion of Al2O3 to MgO is accompanied by the formation of a Mg3N2 layer above the MgO layer, with incomplete surface coverage. Microstructural analysis suggests that AlN nucleation is preferred on this Mg3N2 layer, with uncovered areas being regions of outward Al diffusion from the alloy. The coating grows outward with the AlN dendrites growing outwards and laterally leading to a dense coating with a dendritic network of AlN in an Al matrix. Even a small concentration of oxygen or water vapor in the reaction chamber leads to excessive MgO formation on the AlN coating surface, particularly during the sample cooldown. Excessive MgO formation on the coating surface, termed as ‘MgO poisoning’, inhibits further coating growth. The residual Mg and Mg3N2 in the powder bed getter the oxygen and moisture, respectively, thereby keeping the oxygen content sufficiently low to avoid MgO poisoning provided the chamber has good hermetic integrity.
{"title":"Effect of process parameters on the growth of AlN coatings on Al-based alloy","authors":"Rohan Soni , Vinod K. Sarin , Pratima Rao , Easwar Srinivasan , Soumendra N. Basu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106944","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106944","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Semiconductor fabrication equipment extensively uses Al alloys which form an AlF layer when exposed to fluorine gas used in semiconductor processing. The AlF layer can flake off, rendering the chamber components unfit for semiconductor manufacturing. With the goal of resisting fluorine attack, the growth of protective AlN coatings on Al-6061 substrates was investigated, and this paper reports on the effects of process parameters on coating quality. It was found that Mg powders in a powder bed placed before the sample along the gas flow path can supply a rapid burst of magnesium vapor to the sample during exothermal nitridation (combustion) of Mg powders. This burst of supersaturated magnesium vapor can convert the native protective Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> to non-protective MgO on the sample surface if the extent of magnesium supersaturation, the temperature of the sample, and the residence time of the vapor around the sample are high enough. At the same time, the magnesium supersaturation should not be so high as to get significant gas phase nucleation of Mg<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2</sub> particulates that can stick to the front edge of the sample causing a ‘front edge anomaly’. This balance is achieved by using a bimodal distribution of magnesium powders. Conversion of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> to MgO is accompanied by the formation of a Mg<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2</sub> layer above the MgO layer, with incomplete surface coverage. Microstructural analysis suggests that AlN nucleation is preferred on this Mg<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2</sub> layer, with uncovered areas being regions of outward Al diffusion from the alloy. The coating grows outward with the AlN dendrites growing outwards and laterally leading to a dense coating with a dendritic network of AlN in an Al matrix. Even a small concentration of oxygen or water vapor in the reaction chamber leads to excessive MgO formation on the AlN coating surface, particularly during the sample cooldown. Excessive MgO formation on the coating surface, termed as ‘MgO poisoning’, inhibits further coating growth. The residual Mg and Mg<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2</sub> in the powder bed getter the oxygen and moisture, respectively, thereby keeping the oxygen content sufficiently low to avoid MgO poisoning provided the chamber has good hermetic integrity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"126 ","pages":"Article 106944"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142578982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-30DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106946
Shuo Wang , Hanzhong Liu , Xiao Cheng , Wenjun Zong
The optical industry has raised the roughness requirements for molds made from cemented carbide to the sub-nanometer level. An in-depth understanding of the factors related to the mechanical removal of cemented carbide is imperative. In this study, molecular dynamic simulations are used to explore the behaviors of the microstructure and their effects on the removal mechanisms of cemented carbide. Two models of cemented carbide WC-Co and binderless WC are constructed, and a taper cutting simulation is designed with a diamond tool. Firstly, it is found that the WC grain amorphization is a temporary metastable phenomenon that is related to exterior stresses. Dislocations and stacking faults inside WC grains are primarily caused by the shear stress and grain rotation. Additionally, the size effect is interpreted through the transition between the elastic and plastic deformation. Then, the cutting force at the grain scale is found to be determined by the evolution and behaviors of microstructure. Finally, the impact of Co phases on stress accommodation and WC grain displacement are analyzed. The details revealed in this study can contribute to the understanding of the mechanical removal of cemented carbide and inspire more work on the improvement of machinability.
光学行业已将硬质合金模具的粗糙度要求提高到亚纳米级。深入了解硬质合金机械去除的相关因素势在必行。本研究采用分子动力学模拟来探索微观结构的行为及其对硬质合金去除机制的影响。构建了硬质合金 WC-Co 和无粘结剂 WC 的两个模型，并设计了使用金刚石刀具的锥形切削模拟。首先，研究发现硬质合金晶粒的非晶化是一种与外部应力有关的暂时的易变现象。WC 晶粒内部的位错和堆积断层主要是由剪应力和晶粒旋转引起的。此外，尺寸效应是通过弹性变形和塑性变形之间的过渡来解释的。然后，发现晶粒尺度上的切削力是由微观结构的演变和行为决定的。最后，分析了 Co 相对应力容纳和 WC 晶粒位移的影响。本研究揭示的细节有助于人们理解硬质合金的机械去除，并启发人们在改善加工性能方面开展更多工作。
{"title":"An insight into the microstructure effects on removal mechanisms of cemented carbide WC-Co via molecular dynamics simulations","authors":"Shuo Wang , Hanzhong Liu , Xiao Cheng , Wenjun Zong","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106946","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106946","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The optical industry has raised the roughness requirements for molds made from cemented carbide to the sub-nanometer level. An in-depth understanding of the factors related to the mechanical removal of cemented carbide is imperative. In this study, molecular dynamic simulations are used to explore the behaviors of the microstructure and their effects on the removal mechanisms of cemented carbide. Two models of cemented carbide WC-Co and binderless WC are constructed, and a taper cutting simulation is designed with a diamond tool. Firstly, it is found that the WC grain amorphization is a temporary metastable phenomenon that is related to exterior stresses. Dislocations and stacking faults inside WC grains are primarily caused by the shear stress and grain rotation. Additionally, the size effect is interpreted through the transition between the elastic and plastic deformation. Then, the cutting force at the grain scale is found to be determined by the evolution and behaviors of microstructure. Finally, the impact of Co phases on stress accommodation and WC grain displacement are analyzed. The details revealed in this study can contribute to the understanding of the mechanical removal of cemented carbide and inspire more work on the improvement of machinability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"126 ","pages":"Article 106946"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142571541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-30DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106945
Yuchen Mu , Chunjie Shen , Zhuo Li , Shujing Shi , Lin Xiong
A novel tungsten alloy with the composition 73W-9Ti-9Zr-9Nb was successfully fabricated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF). This study investigates the relationship between process parameters and the microstructure, defects, phases and mechanical properties of the alloy. The results revealed that with an increase in the laser power (P) from 50 to 100 W, the number of unmelted W particles decreased, transitioning the microstructure of the as-fabricated samples from W particles embedded in the Ti-Zr-Nb matrix to W dendrites within the Ti-Zr-Nb-W matrix. Simultaneously, the porosity decreased from 20.1 % to 0.1 % as the P increased. There was no W2Zr brittle phase in W-Ti-Zr-Nb, and the interface between the W particles, W dendrites, and the matrix was well-bonded. the interfaces between the W particles, W dendrites, and the matrix were well-bonded. As a result of these optimized processing conditions, the sample processed at a P of 100 W exhibited optimal overall performance, achieving a microhardness of 612.8 HV and an ultimate compressive strength of 2410 MPa. Increasing the laser power improved the overall performance of the material by reducing defects, increasing the proportion of dendrites, and enhancing solution strengthening.
利用激光粉末床熔融技术（LPBF）成功制造了一种成分为 73W-9Ti-9Zr-9Nb 的新型钨合金。本研究探讨了工艺参数与合金的微观结构、缺陷、相和机械性能之间的关系。结果表明，随着激光功率（P）从 50 W 增加到 100 W，未熔化的 W 粒子数量减少，制备样品的微观结构从嵌入 Ti-Zr-Nb 基体中的 W 粒子过渡到 Ti-Zr-Nb-W 基体中的 W 树枝状。同时，随着 P 值的增加，孔隙率从 20.1% 降至 0.1%。在 W-Ti-Zr-Nb 中没有 W2Zr 脆相，W 颗粒、W 树枝状物和基体之间的界面结合良好。由于采用了这些优化的加工条件，在功率为 100 W 时加工的样品表现出最佳的整体性能，显微硬度达到 612.8 HV，极限抗压强度达到 2410 MPa。提高激光功率可减少缺陷、增加树枝状突起的比例并增强溶液强度，从而改善材料的整体性能。
{"title":"Effect of process parameters on microstructure and properties of W-Ti-Zr-Nb tungsten alloy fabricated by LPBF","authors":"Yuchen Mu , Chunjie Shen , Zhuo Li , Shujing Shi , Lin Xiong","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106945","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106945","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A novel tungsten alloy with the composition 73W-9Ti-9Zr-9Nb was successfully fabricated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF). This study investigates the relationship between process parameters and the microstructure, defects, phases and mechanical properties of the alloy. The results revealed that with an increase in the laser power (<em>P</em>) from 50 to 100 W, the number of unmelted W particles decreased, transitioning the microstructure of the as-fabricated samples from W particles embedded in the Ti-Zr-Nb matrix to W dendrites within the Ti-Zr-Nb-W matrix. Simultaneously, the porosity decreased from 20.1 % to 0.1 % as the <em>P</em> increased. There was no W<sub>2</sub>Zr brittle phase in W-Ti-Zr-Nb, and the interface between the W particles, W dendrites, and the matrix was well-bonded. the interfaces between the W particles, W dendrites, and the matrix were well-bonded. As a result of these optimized processing conditions, the sample processed at a <em>P</em> of 100 W exhibited optimal overall performance, achieving a microhardness of 612.8 HV and an ultimate compressive strength of 2410 MPa. Increasing the laser power improved the overall performance of the material by reducing defects, increasing the proportion of dendrites, and enhancing solution strengthening.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"126 ","pages":"Article 106945"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142656064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-23DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106931
Xinxin Guo , Ming Ma , Shuaifeng Zhang , Zhengying Wei
In this study, tungsten carbide (WC) ceramic particles were introduced into the molten pool of gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) to successfully prepare a composite coating without solidification cracking and with lower dilution. The formation mechanism and properties of the bonding interface are deeply analyzed. Results demonstrate that metallurgical bonding was achieved. The dissolution behavior of WC particles and the diffusion of W element into the heat-affected zone promoted the formation of a special β(Ti, W) diffusion layer below the fusion line. (Nb, Ti)C was mainly found distributed close to the diffusion layer. Nanoindentation test results show remarkable inhomogeneity in the interface area. The fracture surface of the broken coating revealed that the titanium matrix exhibited quasi-cleavage fracture, while the particles displayed brittle fractures. The fracture surface of coatings that experienced decohesive rupture in the shear test underwent plastic deformation in the shear direction.
本研究将碳化钨（WC）陶瓷颗粒引入气体钨极氩弧焊（GTAW）的熔池中，成功制备出无凝固裂纹且稀释度较低的复合涂层。研究深入分析了结合界面的形成机理和特性。结果表明实现了冶金结合。WC 颗粒的溶解行为和 W 元素向热影响区的扩散促进了熔合线下方特殊的 β（Ti，W）扩散层的形成。(Nb，Ti)C 主要分布在扩散层附近。纳米压痕测试结果表明，界面区域存在显著的不均匀性。断裂涂层的断裂面显示，钛基体呈现准脆性断裂，而颗粒则呈现脆性断裂。在剪切试验中发生脱粘断裂的涂层断裂面在剪切方向上发生了塑性变形。
{"title":"Bonding behavior of Ti-6Al-3Nb-2Zr-1Mo/WC composite coating on titanium alloy by gas tungsten arc welding cladding","authors":"Xinxin Guo , Ming Ma , Shuaifeng Zhang , Zhengying Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106931","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106931","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, tungsten carbide (WC) ceramic particles were introduced into the molten pool of gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) to successfully prepare a composite coating without solidification cracking and with lower dilution. The formation mechanism and properties of the bonding interface are deeply analyzed. Results demonstrate that metallurgical bonding was achieved. The dissolution behavior of WC particles and the diffusion of W element into the heat-affected zone promoted the formation of a special β(Ti, W) diffusion layer below the fusion line. (Nb, Ti)C was mainly found distributed close to the diffusion layer. Nanoindentation test results show remarkable inhomogeneity in the interface area. The fracture surface of the broken coating revealed that the titanium matrix exhibited quasi-cleavage fracture, while the particles displayed brittle fractures. The fracture surface of coatings that experienced decohesive rupture in the shear test underwent plastic deformation in the shear direction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"126 ","pages":"Article 106931"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142554954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-23DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106929
Fei You, Xiulan Li, Xinjun Zhou, Yao Chen, Wei Li, Yuan Zhang, Can Xiong, Zhengyu Guo
WC-based cemented carbides with different contents of NbC (0, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, and 1.4 wt%) are prepared via pressureless melt infiltration at 1200 °C for 1.5 h. Microstructure evolution regularity of WC-based cemented carbide is investigated to establish the effect of NbC addition and microstructure peculiarities on mechanical properties (flexural strength, hardness, and impact toughness) of final product. Experimental results reveal that NbC firstly dissolves in binder alloy during melt infiltration, which slows down dissolution-precipitation reaction of WC, thus refining WC grains. With the increase in NbC content, average WC grain size shows varying trend, achieving the minimum (3.779 μm) at NbC addition of 1 wt%. When NbC is added in smaller amounts, Nb is mainly distributed throughout binder alloy. With the increase in NbC content, Nb elements tend to form aggregates and attach to WC particle boundaries. Some WC and NbC also decompose under experimental conditions. At NbC addition greater than 1 wt%, decomposition products (Nb, W, and C) combine with other elements in binder phase to form new phases such as (Nb,W)C, Ni2W4C, Nb2C, and Nb4Ni2C. These phases further act as bridges for WC grain coarsening. Meanwhile, excessive NbC is detrimental to mechanical properties of the alloy. With the increase in NbC content, hardness and flexural strength of the alloy increase and then decrease, reaching the maximum values of 93.4 HRA and 1808.786 MPa, respectively, at 1 wt% NbC addition. In turn, impact toughness of the alloy shows consistently downward trend. Therefore, changes in mechanical properties of WC-based cemented carbides are mainly related to WC grain size, the appearance of new phases in binder phase, and their morphology.
{"title":"The microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of WC-cu-10Ni-5Mn-3Sn cemented carbides containing NbC prepared by pressureless melt infiltration","authors":"Fei You, Xiulan Li, Xinjun Zhou, Yao Chen, Wei Li, Yuan Zhang, Can Xiong, Zhengyu Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106929","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106929","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>WC-based cemented carbides with different contents of NbC (0, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, and 1.4 wt%) are prepared via pressureless melt infiltration at 1200 °C for 1.5 h. Microstructure evolution regularity of WC-based cemented carbide is investigated to establish the effect of NbC addition and microstructure peculiarities on mechanical properties (flexural strength, hardness, and impact toughness) of final product. Experimental results reveal that NbC firstly dissolves in binder alloy during melt infiltration, which slows down dissolution-precipitation reaction of WC, thus refining WC grains. With the increase in NbC content, average WC grain size shows varying trend, achieving the minimum (3.779 μm) at NbC addition of 1 wt%. When NbC is added in smaller amounts, Nb is mainly distributed throughout binder alloy. With the increase in NbC content, Nb elements tend to form aggregates and attach to WC particle boundaries. Some WC and NbC also decompose under experimental conditions. At NbC addition greater than 1 wt%, decomposition products (Nb, W, and C) combine with other elements in binder phase to form new phases such as (Nb,W)C, Ni<sub>2</sub>W<sub>4</sub>C, Nb<sub>2</sub>C, and Nb<sub>4</sub>Ni<sub>2</sub>C. These phases further act as bridges for WC grain coarsening. Meanwhile, excessive NbC is detrimental to mechanical properties of the alloy. With the increase in NbC content, hardness and flexural strength of the alloy increase and then decrease, reaching the maximum values of 93.4 HRA and 1808.786 MPa, respectively, at 1 wt% NbC addition. In turn, impact toughness of the alloy shows consistently downward trend. Therefore, changes in mechanical properties of WC-based cemented carbides are mainly related to WC grain size, the appearance of new phases in binder phase, and their morphology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"126 ","pages":"Article 106929"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142571542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-22DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106928
I. Konyashin , B. Ries , T. Gestrich
One of the possible ways to improve performance properties of WC-Co cemented carbides for different applications is known to be adding insignificant amounts of tantalum carbide. Performance of mining tools is noticeably improved as a result of small additions of TaC, so that some companies produce WC-TaC-Co grades for mining applications. Despite clear experimental evidence of the positive influence of small TaC additions on the properties and performance of WC-Co cemented carbides, the mechanism of this influence is presently not understood. In the present work a new viewpoint of the influence mechanism of small TaC additions of performance of WC-Co cemented carbides was elaborated. It was established that small amounts of TaC added to WC-Co cemented carbides form an oversaturated solid solution of tantalum in cobalt when solidifying the liquid binder during cooling from sintering temperatures. This solid solution decomposes when further cooling in the solid state resulting in the formation of (Ta,W)C nanoplatelets and rounded nanoparticles embedded in the binder matrix. The effectiveness of cemented carbide with such a nanograin reinforced binder is assumed to be similar to that of the well-known cemented carbides with the binder reinforced by hard metastable W-Co-C nanoparticles implemented in industry about 20 years ago. The production of the cemented carbides with the (Ta,W)C nanograin reinforce binder is more economical and consistent, which ensures the more sustainable manufacture, and the nanoprecipitates are stable at elevated temperatures.
{"title":"A new viewpoint on the influence mechanism of TaC additions on performance of WC-Co cemented carbides","authors":"I. Konyashin , B. Ries , T. Gestrich","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106928","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106928","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>One of the possible ways to improve performance properties of WC-Co cemented carbides for different applications is known to be adding insignificant amounts of tantalum carbide. Performance of mining tools is noticeably improved as a result of small additions of TaC, so that some companies produce WC-TaC-Co grades for mining applications. Despite clear experimental evidence of the positive influence of small TaC additions on the properties and performance of WC-Co cemented carbides, the mechanism of this influence is presently not understood. In the present work a new viewpoint of the influence mechanism of small TaC additions of performance of WC-Co cemented carbides was elaborated. It was established that small amounts of TaC added to WC-Co cemented carbides form an oversaturated solid solution of tantalum in cobalt when solidifying the liquid binder during cooling from sintering temperatures. This solid solution decomposes when further cooling in the solid state resulting in the formation of (Ta,W)C nanoplatelets and rounded nanoparticles embedded in the binder matrix. The effectiveness of cemented carbide with such a nanograin reinforced binder is assumed to be similar to that of the well-known cemented carbides with the binder reinforced by hard metastable W-Co-C nanoparticles implemented in industry about 20 years ago. The production of the cemented carbides with the (Ta,W)C nanograin reinforce binder is more economical and consistent, which ensures the more sustainable manufacture, and the nanoprecipitates are stable at elevated temperatures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"126 ","pages":"Article 106928"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142554957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-22DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106926
Xianlei Hu , Huan Hu , Ruimin Lai , Qincheng Xie , Ying Zhi
Molybdenum–copper (MoCu) composites have a low coefficient of thermal expansion, good electrical and thermal conductivity and mechanical properties, and are widely used in microelectronic packaging heat dissipation materials, aerospace and other fields. Due to the large difference in the properties of Mo and Cu, the deformation of MoCu composites is difficult. At present, there is a lack of research on the deformation process and property changes of MoCu composites with large deformation. In this study, 74 % MoCu30 composites with large deformation are prepared by cyclic warm rolling, and the deformed materials have excellent mechanical and physical properties, and the evolution of the microstructure of the composites during the deformation process is described.
钼铜（MoCu）复合材料具有较低的热膨胀系数、良好的导电导热性能和机械性能，被广泛应用于微电子封装散热材料、航空航天等领域。由于 Mo 和 Cu 的性能差异较大，MoCu 复合材料变形困难。目前，还缺乏对 MoCu 复合材料大变形过程和性能变化的研究。本研究采用循环热轧法制备了 74 % MoCu30 大变形复合材料，变形材料具有优异的力学和物理性能，并描述了复合材料在变形过程中微观结构的演变。
{"title":"Cyclic warm rolling: A path to superior properties in MoCu composites","authors":"Xianlei Hu , Huan Hu , Ruimin Lai , Qincheng Xie , Ying Zhi","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106926","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106926","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Molybdenum–copper (Mo<img>Cu) composites have a low coefficient of thermal expansion, good electrical and thermal conductivity and mechanical properties, and are widely used in microelectronic packaging heat dissipation materials, aerospace and other fields. Due to the large difference in the properties of Mo and Cu, the deformation of MoCu composites is difficult. At present, there is a lack of research on the deformation process and property changes of MoCu composites with large deformation. In this study, 74 % MoCu30 composites with large deformation are prepared by cyclic warm rolling, and the deformed materials have excellent mechanical and physical properties, and the evolution of the microstructure of the composites during the deformation process is described.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"126 ","pages":"Article 106926"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142532900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号