Micro-Optical components play an important role in many fiber optics systems. Design considerations, design options, and applications in a variety of specialized system components are reviewed.
{"title":"Micro-Optical Components for Fiber Optic Connectors","authors":"T. Bowen, Mike Garner","doi":"10.1364/oft.1985.waa2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1985.waa2","url":null,"abstract":"Micro-Optical components play an important role in many fiber optics systems. Design considerations, design options, and applications in a variety of specialized system components are reviewed.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129744778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Results are presented from continuing research in Ion Beam Figuring (IBF). Theoretical aspects include a model of the ion beam figuring process for optics with a large amount of sag. Experimental aspects include results of aspherization of plane and f/1 spherical reflective optics. An update on the process characterization of various interesting materials (including silicon carbide) will also be presented.
{"title":"An Update on Progress in Ion Beam Figuring","authors":"S. Wilson, J. McNeil","doi":"10.1364/oft.1992.thc1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1992.thc1","url":null,"abstract":"Results are presented from continuing research in Ion Beam Figuring (IBF). Theoretical aspects include a model of the ion beam figuring process for optics with a large amount of sag. Experimental aspects include results of aspherization of plane and f/1 spherical reflective optics. An update on the process characterization of various interesting materials (including silicon carbide) will also be presented.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"228 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114989434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optical systems designed to utilize extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and x-ray photons from synchrotron radiation (SR) light sources with grazing incidence optics generally have entrance apertures that are long in the horizontal plane and narrow in the vertical plane. Apertures that are 1 mrad high by several milliradians wide at a distance of 10 meters from the source are typical. A point source illuminated by a red He-Ne laser beam imaged through a system with this aperture and focal length results in a 1.2 mm high image that is severely broadened by diffraction. Component alignment with visible light is difficult when the diffraction limit is so severe. The use of visible light for system alignment is, however, a necessity, because alignment under actual operating conditions and at operating wavelengths in ultra high vacuum chambers is totally impractical. Except for rare instances, components are not accessible for alignment adjustments. How, then, can we make use of the information available in the severely diffraction-limited visible image to assess the performance of our system at x-ray wavelengths?
{"title":"Visible Light Diffraction Image Evaluation of Grazing Incidence Optical Systems","authors":"P. Takacs, J. Colbert","doi":"10.1364/oft.1985.thbb1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1985.thbb1","url":null,"abstract":"Optical systems designed to utilize extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and x-ray photons from synchrotron radiation (SR) light sources with grazing incidence optics generally have entrance apertures that are long in the horizontal plane and narrow in the vertical plane. Apertures that are 1 mrad high by several milliradians wide at a distance of 10 meters from the source are typical. A point source illuminated by a red He-Ne laser beam imaged through a system with this aperture and focal length results in a 1.2 mm high image that is severely broadened by diffraction. Component alignment with visible light is difficult when the diffraction limit is so severe. The use of visible light for system alignment is, however, a necessity, because alignment under actual operating conditions and at operating wavelengths in ultra high vacuum chambers is totally impractical. Except for rare instances, components are not accessible for alignment adjustments. How, then, can we make use of the information available in the severely diffraction-limited visible image to assess the performance of our system at x-ray wavelengths?","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"134 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133733151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Charles Egert, K. W. Hylton, J. Gooch, Charles L. Carnal
Ion beam milling is a deterministic optical fabrication process which allows precise control over the removal of material from the surface of an optical component. A deterministic fabrication process is a well characterized and controllable process capable of directly achieving final figure with minimum number of metrology-fabrication iterations. Examples of more deterministic processes are diamond turning and ductile grinding; polishing is considered less deterministic due to the frequent polishing-metrology iterations that are required during polishing. Several investigators have developed and demonstrated ion milling as a deterministic process for glass and glass-ceramic optical components.1,2 While ion milling is more deterministic, it must be used in conjunction with other processes, typically as the final fabrication step, because of its relatively low material removal rates and inability to reduce surface roughness. Early studies of ion milling relied on polishing processes to prepare the optical surface prior to the final deterministic ion milling operation. These demonstrations of ion milling were also limited to amorphous, glass-like optical materials. A complete manufacturing process based on this approach would therefore be limited by the less-deterministic polishing operation. In this paper we present the results of experiments which relied completely on the deterministic processes of single point turning and ion milling to fabricate gold coated, aluminum mirrors. These experiments produced approximately a factor of two improvement in optical figure for both flat and spherical aluminum mirrors in a single ion milling iteration. Besides demonstrating a deterministic approach to optical fabrication involving ion milling, these experiments also indicate that it is possible to ion mill metallic mirrors provided the mirror is overcoated with a material which can be ion milled. The integration of ion milling with other deterministic fabrication processes, combined with recent ion milling-material studies,3 suggest similar highly deterministic manufacturing processes can be developed for many important optical materials including: electroless nickel, silicon carbide, and several IR transmissive optical materials.
{"title":"Ion Beam Milling As Part of a Deterministic Approach to Optical Fabrication","authors":"Charles Egert, K. W. Hylton, J. Gooch, Charles L. Carnal","doi":"10.1364/oft.1992.thc2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1992.thc2","url":null,"abstract":"Ion beam milling is a deterministic optical fabrication process which allows precise control over the removal of material from the surface of an optical component. A deterministic fabrication process is a well characterized and controllable process capable of directly achieving final figure with minimum number of metrology-fabrication iterations. Examples of more deterministic processes are diamond turning and ductile grinding; polishing is considered less deterministic due to the frequent polishing-metrology iterations that are required during polishing. Several investigators have developed and demonstrated ion milling as a deterministic process for glass and glass-ceramic optical components.1,2 While ion milling is more deterministic, it must be used in conjunction with other processes, typically as the final fabrication step, because of its relatively low material removal rates and inability to reduce surface roughness. Early studies of ion milling relied on polishing processes to prepare the optical surface prior to the final deterministic ion milling operation. These demonstrations of ion milling were also limited to amorphous, glass-like optical materials. A complete manufacturing process based on this approach would therefore be limited by the less-deterministic polishing operation. In this paper we present the results of experiments which relied completely on the deterministic processes of single point turning and ion milling to fabricate gold coated, aluminum mirrors. These experiments produced approximately a factor of two improvement in optical figure for both flat and spherical aluminum mirrors in a single ion milling iteration. Besides demonstrating a deterministic approach to optical fabrication involving ion milling, these experiments also indicate that it is possible to ion mill metallic mirrors provided the mirror is overcoated with a material which can be ion milled. The integration of ion milling with other deterministic fabrication processes, combined with recent ion milling-material studies,3 suggest similar highly deterministic manufacturing processes can be developed for many important optical materials including: electroless nickel, silicon carbide, and several IR transmissive optical materials.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132807421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents approaches to optical machinery design including design concept, application, and material choice for conventional and planetary machines. Optical tooling design and materials will also be discussed.
{"title":"Practical Design Consideration of Optical Machining and Tooling","authors":"Donald D. Nord","doi":"10.1364/oft.1985.thdd1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1985.thdd1","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents approaches to optical machinery design including design concept, application, and material choice for conventional and planetary machines. Optical tooling design and materials will also be discussed.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130557656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since mid-1990 several W.M. Keck 10 meter Telescope primary mirror segments have been final figured using the ion beam figuring process. This optical fabrication technique uses a neutral ion beam to remove residual surface figure errors after the polishing process has been completed. The initial surface figure errors for the primary mirror segments have ranged from 0.090 to 0.350 µm rms; after a single ion figuring process correction cycle the errors have been reduced to 0.025 to 0.090 µm rms. The process and approach used, along with recent processing results will be discussed.
自1990年中期以来，几个W.M.凯克10米望远镜主镜段已经使用离子束计算过程进行了最后的计算。这种光学制造技术使用中性离子束去除抛光过程完成后残留的表面图形误差。主镜段的初始面形误差范围为0.090 ~ 0.350µm rms;经过单个离子计算过程校正周期后，误差已降至0.025至0.090 μ m rms。所使用的过程和方法，以及最近的处理结果将被讨论。
{"title":"Results of Ion Figuring W.M. Keck Telescope Primary Mirror Segments","authors":"Lynn N. Allen","doi":"10.1364/oft.1992.tha2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1992.tha2","url":null,"abstract":"Since mid-1990 several W.M. Keck 10 meter Telescope primary mirror segments have been final figured using the ion beam figuring process. This optical fabrication technique uses a neutral ion beam to remove residual surface figure errors after the polishing process has been completed. The initial surface figure errors for the primary mirror segments have ranged from 0.090 to 0.350 µm rms; after a single ion figuring process correction cycle the errors have been reduced to 0.025 to 0.090 µm rms. The process and approach used, along with recent processing results will be discussed.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121686350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Corning has been selected to manufacture the mirror blank for the Subaru (JNLT) telescope. Corning will use proven materials and technology to produce this blank.
康宁已被选中制造斯巴鲁(JNLT)望远镜的镜面毛坯。康宁将使用成熟的材料和技术来生产这种毛坯。
{"title":"Large Mirror Blank Fabrication","authors":"Carol L. McGill, J. Spangenberg-Jolley","doi":"10.1364/oft.1992.tha8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1992.tha8","url":null,"abstract":"Corning has been selected to manufacture the mirror blank for the Subaru (JNLT) telescope. Corning will use proven materials and technology to produce this blank.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124112386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Golini, A. Lindquist, M. Atwood, Custodio Ferrera
The expanded capabilities of the Opticam equipment have resulted in the introduction of a new regime of machining of brittle materials, called deterministic microgrinding. Optical components are deterministically microground to a very high level of form accuracy (1/5 wave peak to valley) and surface finish (50 Angstroms rms) using a repeatable and predictable computer controlled process. This is a result of the introduction of precision machine tools to optics manufacturing. The surface finish being achieved on optical glass is unprecedented using a production oriented process (cycle time of 10 min./surface) There remains substantial work to be done in understanding and optimizing process parameters for deterministic microgrinding of a wide range of optical materials. A comprehensive process parameter study is being carried out on all of the Opticam machines, including in depth development studies of feeds and speeds, material, tool, and coolant properties, and machine characteristics. Following is a brief description of some results to date.
{"title":"Influence of Process Parameters in Deterministic Microgrinding","authors":"D. Golini, A. Lindquist, M. Atwood, Custodio Ferrera","doi":"10.1364/oft.1994.omc1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1994.omc1","url":null,"abstract":"The expanded capabilities of the Opticam equipment have resulted in the introduction of a new regime of machining of brittle materials, called deterministic microgrinding. Optical components are deterministically microground to a very high level of form accuracy (1/5 wave peak to valley) and surface finish (50 Angstroms rms) using a repeatable and predictable computer controlled process. This is a result of the introduction of precision machine tools to optics manufacturing. The surface finish being achieved on optical glass is unprecedented using a production oriented process (cycle time of 10 min./surface) There remains substantial work to be done in understanding and optimizing process parameters for deterministic microgrinding of a wide range of optical materials. A comprehensive process parameter study is being carried out on all of the Opticam machines, including in depth development studies of feeds and speeds, material, tool, and coolant properties, and machine characteristics. Following is a brief description of some results to date.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127255121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF) contains nested sets of Wolter Type 1 x-ray telescopes. The high resolution optical performance required, coupled with the size of the mirrors, necessitates enormous quantities of data to characterize the optics. To this end, an automated metrology and fabrication data system was developed at Hughes Danbury Optical Systems (HDOS) under contract to TRW.
{"title":"Automated Metrology and Fabrication System for the Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility Mirrors","authors":"A. Sarnik, Gerry Neidhart-Zimmerman","doi":"10.1364/oft.1992.thb2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1992.thb2","url":null,"abstract":"The Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF) contains nested sets of Wolter Type 1 x-ray telescopes. The high resolution optical performance required, coupled with the size of the mirrors, necessitates enormous quantities of data to characterize the optics. To this end, an automated metrology and fabrication data system was developed at Hughes Danbury Optical Systems (HDOS) under contract to TRW.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130425754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MODIL, an acronym for Manufacturing Operations Development, & Integration Laboratory is a methodology being pursued to mitigate risks and reduce costs of SDIO systems using industry, federal labs, and universities to solve producibility issues that are in many cases common to multiple systems.
{"title":"Optics MODIL - Industrial Partnerships and University Interactions","authors":"W. Martin","doi":"10.1364/oft.1992.tua1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1992.tua1","url":null,"abstract":"MODIL, an acronym for Manufacturing Operations Development, & Integration Laboratory is a methodology being pursued to mitigate risks and reduce costs of SDIO systems using industry, federal labs, and universities to solve producibility issues that are in many cases common to multiple systems.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121374493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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