The U.S. optics industry is in a period of challenges. The challenges are not driven by optics technology, but by external factors such as government, regulation, quality and standards issues, and restructuring of the workplace and the market.
{"title":"Challenges for the U.S. Precision Optics Industry","authors":"P. Trotta","doi":"10.1364/oft.1992.tua4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1992.tua4","url":null,"abstract":"The U.S. optics industry is in a period of challenges. The challenges are not driven by optics technology, but by external factors such as government, regulation, quality and standards issues, and restructuring of the workplace and the market.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124301040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We are developing better ways of making precision glass and ceramic parts. Two recent parts are subsurface damage free SiN MOR bars and RBSiC aspheric optics. If, in the past, we relied on resinoid bonded super abrasives; our focus now is on metal bonded wheels. Already, our experience demonstrates their promise - much better figured and finished parts, and a hazard. The performance is tied to stringent preparation beforehand and in-process dressing to insure free cutting. We grind using a modified Blanchard; the spindle is tilted off axis by 1 degree. The 4 inch cup wheels run up to 6000 SFM. We found less than 0.2 micrometer total axial runout to be a working requirement. Further, the wheels - without appropriate dressing - quickly clog or load with debris. Free cutting requires continuous dressing.
{"title":"Electrical Assisted Grinding of Precision Glass and Ceramic Parts","authors":"R. Polvani, C. Evans","doi":"10.1364/oft.1992.wb2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1992.wb2","url":null,"abstract":"We are developing better ways of making precision glass and ceramic parts. Two recent parts are subsurface damage free SiN MOR bars and RBSiC aspheric optics. If, in the past, we relied on resinoid bonded super abrasives; our focus now is on metal bonded wheels. Already, our experience demonstrates their promise - much better figured and finished parts, and a hazard. The performance is tied to stringent preparation beforehand and in-process dressing to insure free cutting. We grind using a modified Blanchard; the spindle is tilted off axis by 1 degree. The 4 inch cup wheels run up to 6000 SFM. We found less than 0.2 micrometer total axial runout to be a working requirement. Further, the wheels - without appropriate dressing - quickly clog or load with debris. Free cutting requires continuous dressing.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121950449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The single point diamond turning process is a careful coordination and control of many important parameters. The Optics MODIL is evaluating a next generation diamond turning machine, designated as the Nanoform 600, manufactured by Rank Taylor Hobson. This work, which is being done in the Productivity Validation Test Bed (PVTB), employs process improvement methodologies which will enable single point turning technology to routinely produce accurate optics for visible or near visible applications.
单点金刚石车削过程是对许多重要参数的精心协调和控制。Optics MODIL正在评估由Rank Taylor Hobson制造的下一代金刚石车床，命名为Nanoform 600。这项工作是在生产力验证测试平台(PVTB)中完成的，采用了过程改进方法，这将使单点转向技术能够常规地为可见或近可见应用生产精确的光学器件。
{"title":"Single Point Diamond Turning Process Development","authors":"Arthur C. Miller","doi":"10.1364/oft.1992.tub1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1992.tub1","url":null,"abstract":"The single point diamond turning process is a careful coordination and control of many important parameters. The Optics MODIL is evaluating a next generation diamond turning machine, designated as the Nanoform 600, manufactured by Rank Taylor Hobson. This work, which is being done in the Productivity Validation Test Bed (PVTB), employs process improvement methodologies which will enable single point turning technology to routinely produce accurate optics for visible or near visible applications.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121542535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The effect of misalignment in the polarization control optics of the CIDS is examined. The analysis is used to evaluate current and improve future performance.
研究了偏光控制光学器件中偏光失调的影响。该分析用于评估当前和改进未来的性能。
{"title":"Polarization Effects in the AXAF Circularity/inner Diameter Station (CIDS)","authors":"D. Zweig, P. Convertito, J. S. Patterson","doi":"10.1364/oft.1992.thb5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1992.thb5","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of misalignment in the polarization control optics of the CIDS is examined. The analysis is used to evaluate current and improve future performance.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124994543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A new generation of laser mirrors were required which feature more efficient mirror designs fabricated from newer advanced materials, Silicon carbide is a factor of four better in terms of specific stiffness and resistance to thermal distortion, the key parameters for a cooled mirror. In addition silicon carbide is a factor of three better than molybdenum in terms of weight, the critical parameter for a space based optic.
{"title":"Silicon Carbide Mirror Manufacture Processes and Techniques","authors":"M. Ealey","doi":"10.1364/oft.1992.wb3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1992.wb3","url":null,"abstract":"A new generation of laser mirrors were required which feature more efficient mirror designs fabricated from newer advanced materials, Silicon carbide is a factor of four better in terms of specific stiffness and resistance to thermal distortion, the key parameters for a cooled mirror. In addition silicon carbide is a factor of three better than molybdenum in terms of weight, the critical parameter for a space based optic.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126396854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
1. Introduction The Steward Observatory Mirror Lab has recently completed the spin-casting of the largest structured mirror ever made, a 6.5-m f/1.25 honeycomb sandwich mirror of borosilicate glass. This mirror will be installed in the Multiple Mirror Telescope operated by the University of Arizona and the Smithsonian Institution, replacing the six 1.8-m mirrors that currently make up the MMT and thereby doubling its collecting area. The casting of this mirror represents the final step in development of technology to produce 8-meter-class lightweight mirror blanks. The honeycomb sandwich structure provides improved mechanical and thermal performance compared to solid blanks. The sandwich is ten times stiffer than the same mass of glass in a solid meniscus, leading to lower deformation under wind forces and lighter telescope structures. Ventilation of the honeycomb with air at ambient temperature reduces the mirror’s thermal time constant to less than an hour, allowing the mirror to accurately track the changing ambient temperature and reduce mirror seeing. Most of the large mirrors to be cast at the Mirror Lab will be extremely fast, in the range f/1.14 to f/1.25. For larger telescopes there is added incentive to keep focal lengths short, in order to minimize enclosure costs and wind-induced motion of the secondary mirror. The MMT Conversion has a particular need for short focal length: the new telescope must fit in the existing enclosure, designed for six 1.8-m f/2.7 mirrors, with only minor modifications.
1. Steward天文台镜子实验室最近完成了有史以来最大的结构镜子的旋转铸造，这是一个6.5米高/1.25的硼硅酸盐玻璃蜂窝夹层镜子。这面镜子将安装在由亚利桑那大学和史密森学会运营的多镜望远镜中，取代目前组成MMT的6面1.8米的镜子，从而使其收集面积增加一倍。这面镜子的铸造代表了生产8米级轻质镜子坯的技术发展的最后一步。蜂窝夹层结构提供了更好的机械和热性能相比，固体坯料。夹层玻璃的硬度是相同质量的半月板玻璃的十倍，因此在风力作用下变形更小，望远镜结构更轻。在环境温度下用空气对蜂窝进行通风，使镜子的热时间常数减少到一个小时以内，使镜子能够准确地跟踪环境温度的变化，减少镜子的视觉。大多数在镜子实验室铸造的大镜子将非常快，在f/1.14到f/1.25的范围内。对于较大的望远镜来说，为了最大限度地减少外壳成本和由风引起的副镜运动，还需要保持较短的焦距。MMT转换特别需要短焦距:新望远镜必须适合现有的外壳，设计为六个1.8 m f/2.7反射镜，只有微小的修改。
{"title":"Spin-casting of a 6.5-m Honeycomb Sandwich Mirror for the MMT Conversion","authors":"J. Hill, J. R. Angel","doi":"10.1364/oft.1992.tha4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1992.tha4","url":null,"abstract":"1. Introduction The Steward Observatory Mirror Lab has recently completed the spin-casting of the largest structured mirror ever made, a 6.5-m f/1.25 honeycomb sandwich mirror of borosilicate glass. This mirror will be installed in the Multiple Mirror Telescope operated by the University of Arizona and the Smithsonian Institution, replacing the six 1.8-m mirrors that currently make up the MMT and thereby doubling its collecting area. The casting of this mirror represents the final step in development of technology to produce 8-meter-class lightweight mirror blanks. The honeycomb sandwich structure provides improved mechanical and thermal performance compared to solid blanks. The sandwich is ten times stiffer than the same mass of glass in a solid meniscus, leading to lower deformation under wind forces and lighter telescope structures. Ventilation of the honeycomb with air at ambient temperature reduces the mirror’s thermal time constant to less than an hour, allowing the mirror to accurately track the changing ambient temperature and reduce mirror seeing. Most of the large mirrors to be cast at the Mirror Lab will be extremely fast, in the range f/1.14 to f/1.25. For larger telescopes there is added incentive to keep focal lengths short, in order to minimize enclosure costs and wind-induced motion of the secondary mirror. The MMT Conversion has a particular need for short focal length: the new telescope must fit in the existing enclosure, designed for six 1.8-m f/2.7 mirrors, with only minor modifications.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130665994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Slomba, C. G. Hull-Allen, P. Takacs, C. Evans, J. Bennett
A 4 inch (100 mm) diameter 0.75 inch (19 mm) thick fused silica optical flat is being used as the master to calibrate the 50 mm long slideways of the China Lake Nanostep Surface Profiler. The average of profiles taken along the 50 mm center sections of two mutually perpendicular diameters has been used for the calibration of the slideways. It is hoped that the Nanostep instrument will be capable of measuring absolute flatness. Until recently, the flat had been defined as being "perfectly flat" in order to obtain a slideways correction. Now actual measurements of the flatness have been undertaken at three laboratories, all using interferometric measurements but of different types. The persons who have taken the measurements and their laboratories are the first three groups of authors listed above. At the Optics and Applied Technology Laboratory, the optical flat was mounted vertically in a nonrestricting ring mount and comparisons were made with the flat being made part of a cavity in a Fizeau-type interferometer and the same cavity but without the optical flat. At Brookhaven National Laboratory, the flat was placed on its back and measurements were made with a pencil beam interferometer1,2 which measures surface slopes and then integrates them to obtain a surface profile. At the National Institute of Standards and Technology, a classical three flat interferometric intercomparison was made with the flat mounted vertically in a V-block. One profile from these last measurements is shown in Fig. 1 for the flatness along the full 100 mm diameter of one of the marked diameters. The measurements are an average of six independent determinations with a standard deviation of 0.52 nm. The dashed line is a polynomial fit through the data. Note that, according to these measurements, the flatness over the central 50 mm is very good indeed, with a peak-to-valley deviation of less than 2 nm.
{"title":"Flatness Intercomparison Measurements Made on an Optical Flat","authors":"A. Slomba, C. G. Hull-Allen, P. Takacs, C. Evans, J. Bennett","doi":"10.1364/oft.1992.wa1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1992.wa1","url":null,"abstract":"A 4 inch (100 mm) diameter 0.75 inch (19 mm) thick fused silica optical flat is being used as the master to calibrate the 50 mm long slideways of the China Lake Nanostep Surface Profiler. The average of profiles taken along the 50 mm center sections of two mutually perpendicular diameters has been used for the calibration of the slideways. It is hoped that the Nanostep instrument will be capable of measuring absolute flatness. Until recently, the flat had been defined as being \"perfectly flat\" in order to obtain a slideways correction. Now actual measurements of the flatness have been undertaken at three laboratories, all using interferometric measurements but of different types. The persons who have taken the measurements and their laboratories are the first three groups of authors listed above. At the Optics and Applied Technology Laboratory, the optical flat was mounted vertically in a nonrestricting ring mount and comparisons were made with the flat being made part of a cavity in a Fizeau-type interferometer and the same cavity but without the optical flat. At Brookhaven National Laboratory, the flat was placed on its back and measurements were made with a pencil beam interferometer1,2 which measures surface slopes and then integrates them to obtain a surface profile. At the National Institute of Standards and Technology, a classical three flat interferometric intercomparison was made with the flat mounted vertically in a V-block. One profile from these last measurements is shown in Fig. 1 for the flatness along the full 100 mm diameter of one of the marked diameters. The measurements are an average of six independent determinations with a standard deviation of 0.52 nm. The dashed line is a polynomial fit through the data. Note that, according to these measurements, the flatness over the central 50 mm is very good indeed, with a peak-to-valley deviation of less than 2 nm.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134242764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Rajić, M.E. Elnicki, W. Chen, L. C. Maxey, J. Rogers
In recent years the American military has gained an appreciation for the global directed energy threat. While an elegant solution to the agile spectral threats will likely become available around the turn of the millennium, a practical near term solution is needed. A system employing a penetrable mirror can fulfill the requirements for both broadband spectral protection and near term availability. Typically a very stringent requirement for directed energy protection systems is a tightly focused spot size. This requirement necessitates precision manual alignment which can be negated with the use of a snap together design.
{"title":"“Snap Together” Directed Energy Threat Protection System","authors":"S. Rajić, M.E. Elnicki, W. Chen, L. C. Maxey, J. Rogers","doi":"10.1364/oft.1992.tub5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1992.tub5","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years the American military has gained an appreciation for the global directed energy threat. While an elegant solution to the agile spectral threats will likely become available around the turn of the millennium, a practical near term solution is needed. A system employing a penetrable mirror can fulfill the requirements for both broadband spectral protection and near term availability. Typically a very stringent requirement for directed energy protection systems is a tightly focused spot size. This requirement necessitates precision manual alignment which can be negated with the use of a snap together design.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134531609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Interferometric testing of tight tolerance optics commonly requires correction for the errors introduced into the system by the reference surface (commonly referred to as a 'transmission sphere' in commercially available Fizeau phase measuring interferometers (PMIs)). The process of subtracting the reference surface errors from the measured wavefront is commonly, if somewhat misleadingly, referred to as 'absolute testing'. Absolute testing of flats was discussed at the 1992 Optical fabrication and Testing workshop. Here we consider spherical optics.
{"title":"Absolute testing of spherical optics","authors":"C. Evans, Robert E. Parks","doi":"10.1364/oft.1994.owb4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1994.owb4","url":null,"abstract":"Interferometric testing of tight tolerance optics commonly requires correction for the errors introduced into the system by the reference surface (commonly referred to as a 'transmission sphere' in commercially available Fizeau phase measuring interferometers (PMIs)). The process of subtracting the reference surface errors from the measured wavefront is commonly, if somewhat misleadingly, referred to as 'absolute testing'. Absolute testing of flats was discussed at the 1992 Optical fabrication and Testing workshop. Here we consider spherical optics.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133996219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics fabrication has many common aspects independent from size and shape, but some aspects of microoptics are special. Microoptics means : ☺ small dimensions ☺ little removed material ☺ fast grinding ☺ fast polishing ☺ low weight ☺ difficult to test These properties call for automation of the production process.
{"title":"Surface Figure Metrology during highly Automated Fabrication of Microoptics","authors":"H. Heimbeck","doi":"10.1364/oft.1994.owb5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1994.owb5","url":null,"abstract":"Optics fabrication has many common aspects independent from size and shape, but some aspects of microoptics are special. Microoptics means : ☺ small dimensions ☺ little removed material ☺ fast grinding ☺ fast polishing ☺ low weight ☺ difficult to test These properties call for automation of the production process.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131970151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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