International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid最新文献_第7页

Evaluation and development of flow condensation correlations using the data from low GWP refrigerants in an axial micro-fin aluminum tube 利用轴向微鳍铝管中低全球升温潜能值制冷剂的数据，评估和开发流动冷凝相关性

IF 3.5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid

Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2024.09.016

Yifeng Hu, Samuel Fortunato Yana Motta, Cheng-Min Yang

To mitigate global warming, the world is transitioning to refrigerants with low global warming potential (GWP). Supporting this shift requires a model that can accurately predict the heat transfer and pressure drop of new refrigerants, crucial for designing efficient heat exchangers. Existing models, however, are largely based on currently deployed refrigerants and primarily developed for unexpanded micro-fin tubes with spiral angles of 6° to 30°. Their applicability to new refrigerants, especially in expanded micro-fin tubes, is uncertain. This study assesses the performance of four well-known condensation models for six emerging refrigerants—R-32, R-454B, R-454C, R-455A, R-1234yf, and R-1234ze(E)—against experimental data. Initially, the Han and Lee (2005) model shows the best prediction accuracy with a mean absolute deviation (MAD) of 22.1 %. To enhance the accuracy of heat transfer models for new refrigerants and geometries with large temperature glides, two approaches are proposed. The first approach applies a simple correction factor, reducing the MAD of the Cavallini et al. (2009) model from 68.2 % to 15.4 %. The second approach uses the variable metric method for minimization, fitting new constants to the data. This optimization results in the Kedzierski and Goncalves (1997) model achieving the highest accuracy, with a MAD of 13.1 %. For pressure drop models, the Cavallini et al. (1997) model is the most accurate with a MAD of 6.4 %, followed by the Haraguchi et al. (1993) model with a MAD of 9.4 %. Due to its simplicity, the Haraguchi et al. (1993) model is a practical option for predicting frictional pressure drop.

为了减缓全球变暖，全球正在向低全球升温潜能值（GWP）制冷剂过渡。要实现这一转变，需要一个能够准确预测新型制冷剂传热和压降的模型，这对设计高效热交换器至关重要。然而，现有模型主要基于目前使用的制冷剂，并且主要是针对螺旋角为 6° 至 30° 的未膨胀微鳍管开发的。这些模型是否适用于新型制冷剂，尤其是膨胀微鳍管，尚不确定。本研究针对六种新兴制冷剂--R-32、R-454B、R-454C、R-455A、R-1234yf 和 R-1234ze(E)--评估了四种著名冷凝模型的性能与实验数据。最初，Han 和 Lee（2005 年）模型的预测精度最高，平均绝对偏差 (MAD) 为 22.1%。为了提高新型制冷剂和具有较大温度滑移的几何形状的传热模型的准确性，提出了两种方法。第一种方法采用简单的修正系数，将 Cavallini 等人（2009 年）模型的平均绝对偏差从 68.2% 降至 15.4%。第二种方法使用可变度量法进行最小化，根据数据拟合新的常数。这种优化方法的结果是 Kedzierski 和 Goncalves（1997 年）模型的精度最高，MAD 为 13.1%。就压降模型而言，Cavallini 等人（1997 年）的模型精度最高，误差平均值为 6.4%，其次是 Haraguchi 等人（1993 年）的模型，误差平均值为 9.4%。由于其简单性，Haraguchi 等人（1993 年）模型是预测摩擦压降的实用选择。

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引用次数: 0

Thermodynamic analysis of a modified two-stage transcritical CO2 refrigeration cycle with an ejector and a subcooler 带喷射器和过冷却器的改进型双级跨临界二氧化碳制冷循环的热力学分析

IF 3.5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid

Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2024.09.019

Huanmin Li, Qiuyue Huang, Jianlin Yu

In the application scope of large-scale supermarkets, the practicality of transcritical CO₂ refrigeration device has been confirmed to be quite satisfying. A modified two-stage transcritical CO₂ refrigeration cycle with an ejector and a subcooler (MTC) is proposed in this paper. In the modified cycle, the ejector recovers expansion works and reduces irreversible losses in the throttling process. The subcooler provides subcooling degree for the CO₂ entering the low-temperature (LT) evaporator, thus increasing the refrigeration capacity and improving the COP of the modified cycle. Thermodynamic analysis has shown that the exergy efficiency

(η_{e x})

and COP of MTC under given operating condition has been enhanced by 13.7 % and 14.2 % compared to BTC. The discharge temperature at the outlet of high-pressure compressor in MTC is decreased by 8.3℃. Under typical operating condition, the optimal discharge pressure of MTC is 9.07 MPa, which is lower than that of BTC. The correlation to calculate optimal discharge pressure for single-stage CO₂ refrigeration cycle is also suitable for MTC under given operating conditions. The MTC has also shown better performance under variable operating conditions. For MTC, when the temperature at the outlet of gas cooler increases from 35 – 45℃, the COP and

η_{e x}

are enhanced by 14.1 % - 16.1 % and 12.8 % - 14.2 % compared to BTC, respectively. When gas cooler outlet pressure decreases from 11.0 to 7.5 MPa, the COP and

η_{e x}

are enhanced by 14.0 % - 22.8 % and 13.4 % - 18.7 %. As the evaporating temperature at the cold side of subcooler increases from -25 to -15℃, the COP and

η_{e x}

increase from 1.82 to 1.98 and 27.4 % to 29.7 %. With the ratio of refrigeration capacity (

R_{e c}

) between medium-temperature evaporator and low-temperature evaporator varies from 0.7 to 1.2, the COP and

η_{e x}

are improved by 10.7 % - 16.3 % and 10.7 % - 15.4 % compared to BTC. There is the maximum exergy loss at gas cooler in the MTC, whereas that of BTC is located in the expansion valve before LT evaporator. The economic analysis shows the cost per unit of exergy of MTC is decreased by 11.5 % under typical operation condition. According to simulation results, the modified cycle has better performance in severe working conditions such as high gas cooler outlet temperature and low gas cooler outlet pressure in the given range of working conditions compared to BTC.

在大型超市的应用范围内，跨临界二氧化碳制冷装置的实用性已得到证实。本文提出了一种带喷射器和过冷却器（MTC）的改进型两级跨临界 CO2 制冷循环。在改进后的循环中，喷射器可回收膨胀功，减少节流过程中的不可逆损失。过冷却器为进入低温（LT）蒸发器的二氧化碳提供过冷度，从而增加制冷量，提高改良循环的 COP。热力学分析表明，在给定运行条件下，MTC 的放能效率（ηex）和 COP 比 BTC 分别提高了 13.7% 和 14.2%。MTC 高压压缩机出口的排气温度降低了 8.3℃。在典型运行条件下，MTC 的最佳排气压力为 9.07 MPa，低于 BTC。在给定的运行条件下，计算单级二氧化碳制冷循环最佳排放压力的相关方法也适用于 MTC。MTC 在多变的运行条件下也表现出更好的性能。对于 MTC，当气体冷却器出口温度在 35 - 45℃之间升高时，COP 和 ηex 分别比 BTC 提高了 14.1 % - 16.1 % 和 12.8 % - 14.2 %。当气体冷却器出口压力从 11.0 兆帕降至 7.5 兆帕时，COP 和 ηex 分别提高了 14.0 % - 22.8 % 和 13.4 % - 18.7 %。当过冷器冷端蒸发温度从-25℃上升到-15℃时，COP 和 ηex 分别从 1.82% 上升到 1.98% 和 27.4% 上升到 29.7%。当中温蒸发器和低温蒸发器的制冷量比（Rec）从 0.7 变为 1.2 时，COP 和 ηex 与 BTC 相比分别提高了 10.7 % - 16.3 % 和 10.7 % - 15.4 %。MTC 在气体冷却器处的放热损失最大，而 BTC 的最大放热损失位于 LT 蒸发器之前的膨胀阀处。经济分析表明，在典型运行条件下，MTC 的单位放能成本降低了 11.5%。根据模拟结果，在给定的工况范围内，与 BTC 相比，改进后的循环在气体冷却器出口温度高和气体冷却器出口压力低等恶劣工况下具有更好的性能。

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引用次数: 0

Carbon emission scenario analysis of data centers in China under the carbon neutrality target 碳中和目标下的中国数据中心碳排放情景分析

IF 3.5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid

Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2024.09.017

Feng Zhou , Ruimin Wang , Guoyuan Ma

The low-carbon transformation of data centers is of great significance to achieve the goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. This study compared and analyzed the overall situation of data centers in China. Based on China's CO₂ emission and intensity targets in key years, the four variables of energy efficiency improvement rate, nonfossil energy consumption proportion, negative emission technology intensity, and waste energy utilization rate were introduced, and a net zero emission path model of data centers was established. Using scenario analysis to predict the total CO₂ emissions and emission intensity from 2021 to 2060, three emission reduction path scenarios were obtained. Results showed that the energy consumption of data centers increased gradually, the carbon emissions first increased and then decreased, and the power usage effectiveness (PUE) of the data centers decreased gradually. The carbon peak time of the three scenarios is 2030, and the time for carbon neutrality is 2055, 2053, and 2051 in three scenarios. The data center industry should further improve the energy efficiency utilization rate, increase the proportion of nonfossil energy consumption, strengthen the technological innovation of carbon capture and storage, enhance the level of carbon sink, and optimize the utilization rate of waste energy.

数据中心的低碳转型对于实现碳调峰和碳中和目标具有重要意义。本研究对比分析了中国数据中心的整体情况。根据我国重点年份的二氧化碳排放及强度目标，引入能效提升率、非化石能源消费比重、负排放技术强度、废弃能源利用率四个变量，建立了数据中心净零排放路径模型。通过情景分析预测 2021 年至 2060 年的二氧化碳排放总量和排放强度，得到三种减排路径情景。结果表明，数据中心的能耗逐渐增加，碳排放量先增加后减少，数据中心的电力使用效率（PUE）逐渐降低。三种情景的碳峰值时间为 2030 年，三种情景的碳中和时间分别为 2055 年、2053 年和 2051 年。数据中心行业应进一步提高能效利用率，提高非化石能源消费比重，加强碳捕集与封存技术创新，提升碳汇水平，优化废弃能源利用率。

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引用次数: 0

Experimental assessment of a multilayered packed-sphere La–Fe–Si active magnetic regenerator 多层填料球 La-Fe-Si 有源磁性再生器的实验评估

IF 3.5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid

Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2024.09.011

Hígor F. Teza, Bernardo P. Vieira, Paulo V. de Faria, Gislaine Hoffmann, Jaime A. Lozano, Jader R. Barbosa Jr.

This study investigates the performance of a multilayered packed-bed active magnetic regenerator (AMR) using spheroidal particles with first-order magnetocaloric properties. The hydraulic performance is assessed via the interstitial friction factor, showing significant underestimation by the Ergun Equation at high mass flow rates. Coefficient adjustments are made to accurately represent the AMR pressure drop, considering particle nonuniformity and structural components, such as layer mesh dividers. This facilitates the pressure drop modeling and provides a means to check the AMR integrity on a routine basis, without requiring AMR disassembly. The thermal performance, evaluated in terms of the regenerator effectiveness, shows a satisfactory cooling potential for practical applications but emphasizes the need for flow control to prevent effectiveness imbalance between hot and cold flows, crucial for optimal operation. The cooling capacity and maximum temperature span are also evaluated, demonstrating that higher mass flow rates yield higher cooling capacities with lower temperature spans, while lower rates achieve higher spans. Varying the blow fraction shows that regenerators at 50% blow fraction achieve 10% higher cooling capacities than at 37.5%. Increasing operational frequency improves cooling by increasing the number of cycles and reducing losses, resulting in a 15% capacity increase between 0.25 and 0.50 Hz. However, this trend may reverse at higher frequencies beyond the experimental limits. While this study improves the understanding of the hydraulic and thermal performance of packed-bed AMRs, its findings underscore the importance of flow balance and frequency in achieving optimal performance, thus providing insights for future system improvements.

本研究调查了使用具有一阶磁致性的球形颗粒的多层填料床活性磁性再生器（AMR）的性能。通过间隙摩擦因数对水力性能进行了评估，结果表明，在高质流量下，厄尔贡方程严重低估了水力性能。考虑到颗粒的不均匀性和结构成分（如层网分隔），对系数进行了调整，以准确表示 AMR 压降。这不仅方便了压降建模，还提供了一种无需拆卸 AMR 即可例行检查 AMR 完整性的方法。根据再生器效果评估的热性能显示，实际应用中的冷却潜力令人满意，但强调了流量控制的必要性，以防止冷热流之间的效果失衡，这对优化运行至关重要。此外，还对冷却能力和最大温度跨度进行了评估，结果表明，质量流量越大，冷却能力越强，温度跨度越小，而质量流量越小，温度跨度越大。改变吹扫率表明，吹扫率为 50%的再生器比吹扫率为 37.5% 的再生器冷却能力高 10%。提高运行频率可通过增加循环次数和减少损耗来改善冷却效果，从而使 0.25 至 0.50 赫兹的冷却能力提高 15%。然而，在超过实验极限的更高频率下，这一趋势可能会逆转。这项研究加深了人们对填料床 AMR 的水力和热力性能的理解，其研究结果还强调了流量平衡和频率对实现最佳性能的重要性，从而为未来系统的改进提供了启示。

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引用次数: 0

Enhancing efficiency of large cold store refrigeration systems through automated fault identification and intelligent energy optimization 通过自动故障识别和智能能源优化提高大型冷库制冷系统的效率

IF 3.5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid

Pub Date : 2024-09-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2024.09.002

Zongsheng Zhu , Xinghua Liu , Xiaoming Wang , Bin Liu

Refrigeration systems in large cold stores frequently operate suboptimally due to component faults, leading to significant energy wastage and high carbon emissions. This study introduces a novel procedure that leverages data mining to automatically analyze and identify faults, thereby enhancing the intelligence of refrigeration equipment. The research focused on abnormal suction temperatures of compressors during the defrosting of air coolers in a large cold store. Through theoretical analysis and key data acquisition, the root cause of defrosting issues was traced to the abnormal operation of gas-powered suction stop valves, causing leakage of high-pressure hot gas. Clustering methods, Self-Organizing Maps (SOM), were utilized to classify system states and achieved high accuracy rates of 88.6 % to 93.8 % for the three fault modes during the defrosting process, respectively. The resolution of defrosting faults resulted in an energy consumption reduction of up to 18.3 %, aligning with global sustainability initiatives. The study also evaluated the carbon emission reduction, providing a comprehensive approach to improving the efficiency and environmental impact of cold store operations.

大型冷库的制冷系统经常因部件故障而运行不佳，导致大量能源浪费和高碳排放。本研究介绍了一种利用数据挖掘自动分析和识别故障的新程序，从而提高制冷设备的智能化程度。研究重点是大型冷库中空气冷却器除霜过程中压缩机的异常吸气温度。通过理论分析和关键数据采集，找到了除霜问题的根本原因，即气动吸气截止阀的异常运行导致高压热气泄漏。利用自组织图（SOM）聚类方法对系统状态进行分类，对除霜过程中的三种故障模式分别取得了 88.6 % 至 93.8 % 的高准确率。解决解冻故障后，能源消耗减少了 18.3%，符合全球可持续发展倡议。该研究还评估了碳减排情况，为提高冷库运营效率和环境影响提供了一种全面的方法。

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引用次数: 0

Effects of solutes and additives on ice growth prevention in ice slurry production 溶质和添加剂对冰浆生产中防止冰生长的影响

IF 3.5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid

Pub Date : 2024-09-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2024.09.009

Hiroyuki Kumano , Takashi Morimoto , Kohta Tanaka , Toshie Koyama , Masayuki Tanino

Ice slurry is a promising functional fluid with high thermal energy density and high heat transfer rate. However, large ice particles in the ice slurry can cause blocking of tubes during ice slurry flow. Therefore, it is preferable to use fine ice particles to prepare ice slurry in many fields. In this study, ice slurries were generated from supercooled solutions containing additives, such as anti-freeze protein and polyvinyl alcohol, to prevent the increase in the ice particle size in the formation process of the ice slurry. The concentration of the solute and amount of the additive were varied as experimental parameters, and the size of the ice particles was evaluated. The average area of the ice particles decreased with the addition of the additives. In particular, anti-freeze protein was effective for generating fine ice particles in the ice slurry. However, the effects of the additives became weaker for higher concentration of the solute, and the size of the ice particles was almost the same regardless of the concentration of the solute and the amount of the additive. Moreover, it was found that particular properties, such as the freezing-point depression, kinematic viscosity of the solution, and effective latent heat of fusion, did not affect the size of the ice particles in the ice slurry generation process.

冰浆是一种前景广阔的功能流体，具有高热能密度和高传热率。然而，冰浆中的大冰颗粒会在冰浆流动过程中造成管道堵塞。因此，在许多领域，最好使用细小的冰颗粒来制备冰浆。在本研究中，冰浆由含有添加剂（如抗冻蛋白和聚乙烯醇）的过冷溶液生成，以防止冰浆形成过程中冰粒径的增大。实验参数包括溶质浓度和添加剂用量，并对冰颗粒的大小进行了评估。冰粒的平均面积随着添加剂的加入而减小。其中，抗冻蛋白能有效地在冰浆中生成细小的冰粒。然而，当溶质浓度越高时，添加剂的作用就越弱，而且无论溶质浓度和添加剂用量如何，冰粒的大小几乎相同。此外，研究还发现，冰点降低、溶液运动粘度和有效熔融潜热等特定属性并不影响冰浆生成过程中冰粒的大小。

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引用次数: 0

Frost crystal growth behavior on a hydrophilic surface over a wide range of cold surface temperature 大范围冷表面温度下亲水表面的结霜晶体生长行为

IF 3.5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid

Pub Date : 2024-09-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2024.09.014

Yanxia Li, Zhenqiang Wang, Zhongliang Liu, Shengyuan Zhao

The initial frosting phenomenon is a discontinuous phase nucleation process, the cold surface temperature and properties have a decisive influence on this phenomenon, especially in the initial frosting stage. With the development of aerospace and energy transportation technology, frost formation at low temperatures (-100 °C∼-30 °C) and ultra-low temperatures (-273 °C∼-100 °C) has gradually attracted the attention of researchers. In this paper, the initial frosting phenomena on hydrophilic surfaces with a contact angle of 10° (CA= 10°) and ordinary (CA= 95°) surfaces are studied experimentally in a wide range of cold surface temperatures (-190 °C∼-30 °C). Four modes are confirmed: cold surface condensation frosting, cold surface sublimation frosting, air boundary layer condensation frosting and air boundary layer sublimation frosting. It is also found that the four frosting modes do not appear in turn with the decrease of the cold surface temperature, but two or more frosting modes appear at the same time. And the surface contact angle has an important influence on the frosting mode. The initial frost crystal morphology mainly depends on the cold surface temperature and the corresponding frosting mode. Four different forms of frost crystals are observed: hexagonal prism (feather), branch (pine needle), cluster (shrub) and floc (grape), in which the cluster frost crystal is more sensitive to the surface contact angle and can appear in different temperature ranges due to different contact angles. Based on the statistics of the size, quantity, and distribution of the initial frost crystals, it is found that -70 °C is a major turning point for frost formation from the cold surface sublimation frosting to the air boundary layer sublimation frosting, and an important change has taken place near this point. Furthermore, it affects the shape and size distribution of frost crystals. These findings are of great significance for the study and understanding of frost crystal growth mechanism in the initial stage of frost formation at low and ultra-low temperatures.

初始结霜现象是一个不连续的相成核过程，冷表面温度和性质对这一现象有决定性影响，尤其是在初始结霜阶段。随着航空航天和能源运输技术的发展，低温（-100 °C∼-30°C）和超低温（-273 °C∼-100°C）下的结霜现象逐渐引起了研究人员的关注。本文通过实验研究了接触角为 10°（CA= 10°）的亲水表面和普通（CA= 95°）表面在大范围冷表面温度（-190 °C∼-30 °C）下的初始结霜现象。证实了四种模式：冷表面冷凝结霜、冷表面升华结霜、空气边界层冷凝结霜和空气边界层升华结霜。研究还发现，这四种结霜模式并不随着冷表面温度的降低而依次出现，而是两种或多种结霜模式同时出现。表面接触角对结霜模式有重要影响。初始霜晶形态主要取决于冷表面温度和相应的结霜模式。观察到四种不同形态的霜晶：六方棱柱（羽毛）、枝条（松针）、团簇（灌木）和絮状（葡萄），其中团簇霜晶对表面接触角更为敏感，由于接触角不同，在不同温度范围内都会出现。根据对初始霜晶的大小、数量和分布的统计，发现-70 ℃是霜形成从冷表面升华结霜到空气边界层升华结霜的一个重要转折点，在这一点附近发生了重要变化。此外，它还会影响霜晶的形状和大小分布。这些发现对于研究和理解低温和超低温下霜形成初期的霜晶生长机理具有重要意义。

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引用次数: 0

A model-based design approach for low-pressure axial fan blades considering the air flow system characteristics 考虑气流系统特性的低压轴流风扇叶片模型设计方法

IF 3.5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid

Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2024.09.003

Gabriel L. Podgaietsky , Adriano F. Ronzoni , Christian J.L. Hermes

The paper puts forward a computer methodology for designing low-pressure axial fan blades for small-capacity refrigeration applications. Based on the blade element theory (BET), the airfoil efficiency of the airfoil, the principles of mass and momentum conservation together with empirical correlations for the flow irreversibilities, a mathematical model was devised for screening the blade geometric parameters (e.g., radial chord and pitch variation, and hub radius) by varying the induction coefficient distribution for a given fan diameter, motor speed, and airflow system characteristic curve. The best blade configuration is selected by means of a tailor-made optimization algorithm and undergoes a series of linear transformations for translating the fan parametrization into a CAD drawing. Two new fan blades were designed, one for maximum blade efficiency (MBE) and another for maximum airflow rate (MAR). In comparison with the free-swirl design approach, a standard procedure adopted in the open literature, the proposed blades showed an efficiency and an airflow by 20 % (MBE) and 14 % (MAR) higher than the reference. The airflow characteristics of the new designs were also assessed by means of wind-tunnel testing, which confirmed an increase of 11 % in the case of MBE design, while an enhancement of 10 % was observed in the case of MAR design.

本文提出了一种用于设计小容量制冷应用的低压轴流风扇叶片的计算机方法。根据叶片元素理论（BET）、机翼效率、质量和动量守恒原理以及流动不可逆性的经验相关性，设计了一个数学模型，在给定风扇直径、电机转速和气流系统特性曲线的条件下，通过改变感应系数分布来筛选叶片几何参数（如径向弦和节距变化以及轮毂半径）。通过量身定制的优化算法选择最佳叶片配置，并进行一系列线性变换，将风扇参数化转化为 CAD 图纸。设计了两种新的风扇叶片，一种用于最大叶片效率 (MBE)，另一种用于最大气流率 (MAR)。与公开文献中采用的标准程序--自由旋流设计方法相比，所提出的叶片在效率和气流方面分别比参考值高出 20%（MBE）和 14%（MAR）。风洞试验也对新设计的气流特性进行了评估，证实 MBE 设计的气流特性提高了 11%，而 MAR 设计的气流特性提高了 10%。

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引用次数: 0

Simulation of diffusion of combustible refrigerants R1234yf and R290 leakage in automotive air conditioning 汽车空调中可燃制冷剂 R1234yf 和 R290 泄漏的扩散模拟

IF 3.5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid

Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2024.09.012

Linlin Wang , Yu He , Jiabao Ren , Dan Wang , Baomin Dai , Zhe Zhang

Electric vehicles that utilize a heat pump system have a refrigerant charge increase of at least 400 g compared to traditional fuel vehicle air conditioning systems. If combustible refrigerants are used, the risk of combustion increases when the refrigerant leaks and spreads to the passenger compartment. This paper dynamically monitored the volume concentrations of combustible refrigerants R1234yf and R290 as they leaked and entered the passenger compartment accompanied by air supply by numerical simulation. The results indicated that refrigerants are more prone to accumulate in the rear row than in the front. After a leak, the average volume concentration of R1234yf at the four air outlets was 1.58 %, and 3.36 % for R290. at the breathing points of four passengers, the average volume concentration was 0.99 % for R1234yf and 2.39 % for R290. Near the feet of the passengers, the average volume concentration was 0.95 % for R1234yf and 2.27 % for R290. The highest volume concentration of R1234yf in the passenger compartment was below its LFL, whereas all monitoring points for R290 exceeded its LFL. Compared to experimental data, the difference in maximum refrigerant volume concentration was approximately 1.2 %.

与传统燃油汽车空调系统相比，使用热泵系统的电动汽车的制冷剂充注量至少增加 400 克。如果使用可燃制冷剂，当制冷剂泄漏并扩散到乘客车厢时，燃烧的风险就会增加。本文通过数值模拟，动态监测了可燃制冷剂 R1234yf 和 R290 在泄漏和进入乘员舱并伴有空气供应时的体积浓度。结果表明，制冷剂比前排更容易在后排积聚。泄漏后，R1234yf 在四个出风口的平均体积浓度为 1.58%，R290 为 3.36%；在四名乘客的呼吸点，R1234yf 的平均体积浓度为 0.99%，R290 为 2.39%。在乘客脚部附近，R1234yf 的平均体积浓度为 0.95%，R290 为 2.27%。乘客舱内 R1234yf 的最高容积浓度低于其低限值，而 R290 的所有监测点都超过了其低限值。与实验数据相比，最大制冷剂体积浓度的差异约为 1.2%。

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引用次数: 0

Experimental and numerical study on single ice crystal growth of deionized water and 0.9 % NaCl solution under static magnetic field 静磁场下去离子水和 0.9 % 氯化钠溶液单冰晶生长的实验和数值研究

IF 3.5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid

Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2024.09.005

Dongmei Leng , Peiru Li , Fanchen Kong , Hainan Zhang , Tianyang Yang , Mingsheng Tang , Huiming Zou , Changqing Tian

Ice crystal growth of water and its aqueous solution is the key phenomenon in food freezing. In this research, the effect of static magnetic field (SMF) on single ice crystal growth was investigated combing experiment and simulation. The ice crystal growth of water and NaCl-water solution under 0 - 15 mT SMF intensities were studied. The UV absorbance of water after SMF treatment was measured. Phase field model was adopted to simulate the ice crystal growth. The results show that SMF significantly inhibited the growth rate, while had little effect on the morphology and growth direction of ice crystals. SMF had a certain enhancement effect on the UV absorbance of deionized water. The proposed model could well simulate the ice crystal growth under different SMF intensities. Combining experimental and simulation results, it can be inferred that SMF inhibits ice crystal growth by enhancing original hydrogen bonds and reducing free energy.

水及其水溶液的冰晶生长是食品冷冻的关键现象。本研究结合实验和模拟，探讨了静态磁场（SMF）对单个冰晶生长的影响。研究了水和 NaCl-水溶液在 0 - 15 mT 的静磁场强度下的冰晶生长情况。测量了经 SMF 处理后水的紫外吸收率。采用相场模型模拟冰晶生长。结果表明，SMF 能明显抑制冰晶的生长速度，但对冰晶的形态和生长方向影响不大。SMF 对去离子水的紫外线吸收率有一定的增强作用。所提出的模型可以很好地模拟不同 SMF 强度下的冰晶生长。结合实验和模拟结果，可以推断 SMF 是通过增强原始氢键和降低自由能来抑制冰晶生长的。

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