International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid最新文献

{"title":"Thermo-economic performance of an integrated unglazed solar-air dual-source heat pump: an experimental investigation","authors":"Sujie Liu ,&nbsp;Jiaxuan Pu ,&nbsp;Jiaxing Li ,&nbsp;Huan Zhang ,&nbsp;Tianzhen Ye ,&nbsp;Xinyu Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhihao Wan ,&nbsp;Zhaoying Wang ,&nbsp;Xianwang Fan ,&nbsp;Wandong Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.12.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.12.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The ongoing integration of renewable energy into power grids is driving a transition towards distributed and multi-source energy frameworks in building energy systems. Solar-assisted heat pumps, as the emerging distributed multi-source heating systems, face persistent challenges including operating instability, seasonal limitations, and complex control requirements. To address these shortcomings, this study develops a novel integrated unglazed solar-air dual-source heat pump (USAHP) system. The system synergistically harnesses dual renewable energy sources by incorporating high-efficiency finned tubes with absorbing coating and reflectors into a compound solar air collector-evaporator. The integration could maximize evaporator output within a constrained area. Experimental investigations are conducted to evaluate and analyze the system performance, specifically examining the effects of operating parameters and collector-evaporator configuration on thermal collection efficiency. Results demonstrate that among three key parameters, solar irradiance and ambient air temperature exert significantly positive influences on system performance, while relative humidity exhibits weak correlation. The reflector-equipped collector-evaporator enhances solar irradiance absorption by 27–54 %. The proposed USAHP achieves superior frost suppression and enhanced energy efficiency by elevating the evaporation temperature. The evaporation temperature of USAHP increases by up to 3.2 °C under experimental conditions, and COP improves by up to 19.3 % compared to conventional air-source and solar-air assisted heat pump systems. Furthermore, a payback period of 3.18 years demonstrates the economic viability of USAHP. This research represents key advancement in frost mitigation mechanisms and demonstrates substantial improvements in energy efficiency, thereby advancing heat pump technology for multi-source energy applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"182 ","pages":"Pages 383-398"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145786747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heating performance analysis and operation optimization of CO2 secondary throttle heat pump system for electric vehicles","authors":"Weijia Jiang ,&nbsp;Ke Chen ,&nbsp;Aikun Tang ,&nbsp;Tao Cai ,&nbsp;Shuangyuan Xiong ,&nbsp;Zhikun Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.12.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.12.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To address the challenges of high energy consumption during winter heating and limited driving range in electric vehicles, a transcritical CO₂ secondary throttling heat pump system, which integrates an internal heat exchanger and dual expansion valves, is proposed in this study. By optimizing the dual indoor heat exchangers and a staged throttling, the refrigerant heat exchange efficiency of the system within the heating cycle is enhanced. A 1D thermal management simulation model incorporating both cabin and battery is first developed, whose accuracy is demonstrated to be quite satisfactory by comparing numerical results with experimental data. Subsequently, a comparative analysis between the secondary throttling system and a conventional heat pump reveals a heating capacity increase of 50.88 % at 0 °C. Further parametric studies are conducted under varying valve openings, indoor/outdoor airflow rates, and compressor speeds, demonstrating that the coordinated control of dual EXVs effectively regulates the intermediate pressure. Additionally, airflow parameters and compressor speed significantly influence overall system performance. Under optimized operating conditions, the system achieves significant improvements in both heating capacity and coefficient of performance, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed design. This investigation provides a viable technical pathway for optimizing CO₂ heat pump air conditioning systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"182 ","pages":"Pages 357-369"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145786743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study of operating characteristics of a novel rack-level hybrid cooling system for data centers","authors":"Tongzhi Yang ,&nbsp;Xi’an Liu ,&nbsp;Yifan Zhao ,&nbsp;Weixing Yuan ,&nbsp;Hao Cheng ,&nbsp;Kexian Ren","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.12.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.12.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conventional data center air-conditioners consume excessive energy. Rack-level hybrid cooling systems combining a pump-driven heat pipe (PHP) and a vapor-compression (VC) cycle provide a promising alternative but often encounter refrigerant starvation in evaporators. Therefore, we previously proposed a novel rack-level hybrid cooling system adopting gas–liquid separation in all modes and a subcooler. However, prior work studied its energy efficiency ratio (<em>EER</em>_cp) only at fixed vapor quality, leaving key operating characteristics unexplored. To address these gaps, this paper experimentally investigated the novel system’s response characteristics under varying vapor quality, condenser-side disturbances, and non-uniform cooling loads, including variations in mode-switching temperatures, <em>EER</em>_cp, and refrigerant state. Experiments were conducted on a prototype setup with five plate heat exchangers representing rack-level evaporators, at evaporating temperatures of 23.5–24.0 °C to match the ASHRAE-recommended 27 °C server room. Results show that reducing the evaporator outlet vapor quality from 0.76 to 0.58 decreased <em>EER</em>_cp by 13–30 %, shifted mode-switching temperatures by 2–4 °C, and increased evaporator inlet subcooling by 1.6–2.9 °C. The 6 °C disturbances in the condenser inlet water temperature (<em>T</em>_con,win) caused transient fluctuations in evaporator inlet subcooling, yet it still remained above 0 °C to maintain the flow distribution among evaporators. Under severe non-uniform cooling loads, the system effectively prevented local hotspots, with <em>EER</em>_cp decreasing by only 0.1–0.2 in vapor-compressor-driven and hybrid-driven modes, and remaining 127 in liquid-pump-driven mode. Although based on prototype experiments, these findings provided useful insights into strategies for operating the novel system in practical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"182 ","pages":"Pages 323-333"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145733326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inverse design: Process dependent efficiency of compressors for use in thermodynamic cycle simulations","authors":"Matthias Heselmann ,&nbsp;Steffen Folkers ,&nbsp;Sebastian Schuster ,&nbsp;Dieter Brillert ,&nbsp;Andreas Brümmer","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.12.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.12.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A major challenge in designing and evaluating thermodynamic cycles that include compression processes lies in accurately estimating compressor efficiency. To obtain reliable efficiency assumptions, the compressors would need to be at least partially designed. To simplify compressor design for given stationary cycle parameters, this study introduces a novel inverse design method that enables direct determination of the maximum achievable compressor internal isentropic efficiency (“process maps”) and the corresponding optimal machine parameters (e.g., number of stages, rotor geometry, internal volume ratio) based on a specified set of dimensionless cycle parameters. To ensure broad applicability, both positive displacement compressors (twin-screw compressors) and centrifugal compressors are considered, and corresponding “process maps” of the best possible efficiencies are developed. For positive displacement machines, the inverse design approach becomes feasible for the first time, as traditional methods implicitly constrain the design through empirical parameters such as delivery rate. Moreover, for centrifugal compressors within the ”process maps” developed in this study, the number of stages is inherently represented – enabling a fully inverse machine design without prior stage definition. This provides a new means of determining the optimal stage configuration directly from the cycle parameters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"182 ","pages":"Pages 370-382"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145786745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A modified solar-enhanced hybrid ejector-vapor compression cycle: Energy, exergy, economic, and environmental assessment","authors":"Lingeng Zou ,&nbsp;Fukang Yu ,&nbsp;Tao Bai ,&nbsp;Ye Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.12.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.12.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The integration of solar-driven ejector refrigeration cycles with conventional vapor-compression refrigeration cycles (VCRC) offers significant potential for energy conservation in air-conditioning systems. To enhance VCRC performance, this study proposes a solar-assisted hybrid ejector-compression refrigeration cycle (ECRC) that employs a subcooler to couple the ejector cycle with the VCRC, using the low-global-warming-potential (GWP) refrigerant R290. The ECRC employs a solar-driven ejector cycle to enhance the primary vapor compression cycle by increasing the subcooling degree, thereby improving system performance. This work theoretically investigates the ECRC performance compared to the standard VCRC via a comprehensive 4E (energy, exergy, economic, environmental) analysis. Results show that at the optimal intermediate temperature, optimized via the Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm, the ECRC achieves a 9.0 % improvement in coefficient of performance (COP) and a 15.1 % increase in volumetric cooling capacity (<em>Q</em>_ev) over the VCRC. Exergy analysis reveals that the generator accounts for approximately 47.4 % of total exergy destruction, indicating optimization potential. Economically, the ECRC reduces exergy production cost by 7.9–12.7 %, demonstrating better returns. Environmentally, the ECRC with R290 cuts carbon emissions by 7.90 % compared to the VCRC. Overall, the ECRC exhibits strong potential for sustainable air-conditioning applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"182 ","pages":"Pages 334-348"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145733331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental performance characterization of R-454B and R-410A in data center server rack mount cooling unit: Energy efficiency and environmental impact assessment","authors":"Türkan Üçok Erkek ,&nbsp;Mehmet Erkek ,&nbsp;Mehmet Bora Aydın ,&nbsp;Koray Gezer","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.12.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.12.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Data center cooling accounts for a substantial fraction of facility energy consumption, with environmental pressures driving the transition from high-GWP refrigerants to sustainable alternatives. However, rigorous experimental comparisons of next-generation refrigerants under realistic operational conditions remain limited, and existing benchmarking protocols often fail to account for ambient variability across test conditions. This study addresses these gaps by conducting a comprehensive experimental evaluation of an in-rack air-conditioning unit, comparing the conventional refrigerant R410A with the low-GWP alternative R454B (GWP = 466) across 24 tests spanning varied server loads and thermal conditions. The methodology integrates a transparent steady-state detection algorithm for time-series measurement processing, normalized Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) calculations at fixed reference conditions to enable equitable cross-test comparison, and sensitivity analyses quantifying the influence of ambient and evaporator-side temperatures on system performance. Cooling capacity, raw and normalized EER, facility-level Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE), and Total Equivalent Warming Impact (TEWI) were derived for each refrigerant. Results demonstrate that R454B exhibits load-dependent performance advantages: under high-load conditions (9 kW), R454B achieved 38 % higher EER (∼5.8 vs. ∼4.2) and superior cooling capacity (13 kW vs. 9.5 kW median) compared to R410A, with reduced operational variability. However, under supply-air matched baseline conditions (16–20 °C), both refrigerants exhibited equivalent performance, confirming that R454B's efficiency gains emerge primarily under elevated thermal stress and higher refrigerant flow rates. PUE analysis showed equivalent facility-level efficiency, enabling R454B as a direct drop-in replacement. TEWI analysis revealed that indirect emissions dominate climate impact (&gt;90 %), establishing operational efficiency optimization as the primary environmental lever, with refrigerant selection providing secondary benefits through GWP reduction. These findings support the adoption of R454B in high-load data center environments, while the transparent methodological framework provides a reproducible benchmark for condition-aware refrigerant evaluation in mission-critical cooling systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"182 ","pages":"Pages 469-481"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145836495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation of helium gas heat exchangers for vibration and thermal noise control in closed-cycle cryostats","authors":"Shuo Yang ,&nbsp;Hejun Hui ,&nbsp;Yanyang Jiang ,&nbsp;Meng Guo ,&nbsp;Zhenhua Jiang ,&nbsp;Yinong Wu ,&nbsp;Shaoshuai Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.12.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.12.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Closed-cycle cryostats are widely employed in quantum precision measurement and superconducting quantum computing, where vibration and temperature stability critically affect performance. Gifford–McMahon (GM) cryocoolers, widely used as cold sources, suffer from low-frequency mechanical vibrations and cold head temperature fluctuations, which limit their applicability in precision experiments. To address this challenge, a helium gas heat-exchange chamber was proposed, fully enclosing the GM cold head to eliminate the rigid mechanical connection and enable heat transfer through helium. By employing helium as a non-rigid thermal transfer medium, the chamber enables efficient heat conduction while simultaneously attenuating vibration noise. In this study, the vibration isolation and thermal conduction characteristics of the helium gas heat exchange chamber were systematically investigated. Experimental results show that the chamber effectively isolates the 60 μm peak-to-peak vibration of the GM second-stage cold head, reducing the transmitted vibration to about 400 nm, while maintaining efficient thermal conduction. A minimum temperature of 3.4 K was achieved, with temperature fluctuations suppressed to 0.02 K. These results confirm the dual role of the helium gas heat exchange chamber in vibration isolation and thermal stabilization, providing valuable guidance for the design and optimization of low-vibration closed-cycle cryostats.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"182 ","pages":"Pages 349-356"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145786744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coupled design and optimization of the turboexpander-compressor for full-range high efficiency in reverse brayton cycles","authors":"Yu Tian,&nbsp;Guoyuan Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.12.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.12.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As an environmentally benign natural refrigerant, air has emerged as a promising alternative for sustainable refrigeration systems, where the expander-compressor performance represents the critical limiting factor. This paper proposes a coupled design method for compressors and expanders in air refrigeration cycles, featuring identical pressure ratios, flow similarity, and high-efficiency operation across all working conditions. The imperialist competitive algorithm was implemented with annual system efficiency as the objective function to optimize the turboexpander-compressor. Experimental validation confirms the accuracy of the one-dimensional loss model and computational fluid dynamics simulation, demonstrating the feasibility of the proposed methodology. Under summer conditions of Beijing (2023), the designed system achieves an average turboexpander-compressor system efficiency of 2.759. Results indicate that the ratio of pressure ratio between the compressor and expander remains within 0.9–1.05, satisfying the identical pressure ratio design requirement. The system maintains high efficiency even under peak cooling demand, effectively mitigating performance degradation in high-load scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"182 ","pages":"Pages 312-322"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145733325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Liquid density and bubble point measurements of R-290+POE ISO 32 lubricating oil mixtures between 283.15 and 343.15 K","authors":"Luís Gustavo M. de Luca ,&nbsp;Fernando F. Czubinski ,&nbsp;Jader R. Barbosa Jr.","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.12.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.12.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents experimental analyses of liquid density and bubble-point pressure for binary mixtures of R-290 and POE ISO 32 lubricating oil between 283.15 and 343.15 K. Using a variable-volume synthetic apparatus, bubble-point pressures were measured for mixtures with R-290 mol fractions ranging from 0.2149 to 0.8140. Only vapor-liquid phase equilibrium (complete miscibility) was observed across all compositions and temperatures investigated. In addition, liquid densities were measured at temperatures between 283.15 and 343.15 K at pressures up to 5 MPa using a vibrating-tube densimeter. The experimental data were correlated using the Patel-Teja-Valderrama (PTV) and Perturbed Chain-Statistical Associating Fluid Theory (PC-SAFT) equations of state (EoS). For the bubble-point pressure calculations, the absolute average relative deviation (AAD) was 3.28 % and 6.09 % for the PC-SAFT and PTV EoS, respectively. For the density predictions, the corresponding AAD values for the PC-SAFT and PTV EoS were 0.94 % and 6.94 %, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"182 ","pages":"Pages 399-408"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145786746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical and experimental study of the influence of incident relative deviation angle on the expansion performance of a gas wave machine","authors":"Yichao Li ,&nbsp;Dapeng Hu ,&nbsp;Fengxia Liu ,&nbsp;Haomiao Zhang ,&nbsp;Yubo Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.12.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.12.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The wave rotor is where the gas wave refrigeration process occurs. The high-pressure gas enters the wave rotor passage through the nozzle, providing the pressure energy required for expansion. This injection process is accompanied by irreversible flow loss. In previous studies, we learned that the energy transfer process can be optimized by introducing the incident angle of the curved oscillating tube or the nozzle angle. The inclined nozzle provides the pre-rotating tangential component, and the curved passage guides the gas to be rectified quickly. Although the two optimization methods have achieved the effect of energy recovery, the influence amplitude and synchronization on the refrigeration performance are different. There is a lack of research on the coupling relationship between the two analysis methods. Therefore, the angle between the direction of gas incidence velocity and the tangential direction of the rotor is defined as the relative deviation angle. The proposal of this coupling parameter can more accurately and concisely reflect the variation law of structural parameters and refrigeration performance. When the relative deviation angle is slight, the gas wave refrigerator shows more robust refrigeration performance. In the low back pressure area, the improvement effect of the relative deviation angle on refrigeration performance can be amplified. The appearance of high expansion efficiency requires a good fit between performance parameters and structural parameters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"182 ","pages":"Pages 265-272"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145733329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}