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Concept of Integrating Air Conditioning System with Thermoelectric Units and Double-Pipe Heat Exchanger for Efficient Waste Heat Utilization: An Experimental study 热电机组与双管换热器一体化空调系统余热高效利用的实验研究
IF 3.8 2区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.12.026
B. Manoj, U.C. Arunachala, H.S. Arunkumar
In the vapor compression air conditioning system, a notable amount of heat dissipation is obvious. The condenser plays a critical role in maintaining the refrigerant phase prior to the expansion valve. Previous studies have primarily focused on recovering waste heat through conventional thermal routes. However, in automobiles and other allied fields, in addition to process heat, direct energy conversion techniques are also in practice. Hence, the present experimental study is an attempt to demonstrate the implementation of both electrical and thermal routes to extract waste heat to the maximum possible extent from the air conditioning system. For this exercise, Coolselector software was used to fetch the operating conditions, (including tonnages of 1.5 TR, 3.0 TR, and 4.5 TR) and later, the entire operations were simulated. The thermoelectric generator (TEG) array produced a decent level of electrical power with negligible drop in process fluid temperature. In the double pipe heat exchanger (DPHX), the secondary side could extract a good amount of heat. Hence to identify the best-case, exergy analysis was done separately for the TEG and the DPHX, in that the 3.0 TR case identified as the best. Further, to enhance system performance, inserts were used in the DPHX, resulting in 26% and 46% improvement in effectiveness for louvered tape and twisted tape configurations, respectively. Even condenser length optimization was carried out to understand the influence of various heat transfer augmentation techniques. Though this approach is still in the pre-mature stage, appropriate design of condensers, heat spreaders, and heat exchangers can yield remarkable results.
在蒸汽压缩空调系统中,显著的散热量是显而易见的。冷凝器在维持膨胀阀之前的制冷剂相位方面起着关键作用。以前的研究主要集中在通过传统的热途径回收废热。然而,在汽车和其他相关领域,除了过程热,直接能量转换技术也在实践中。因此,目前的实验研究是试图证明电气和热途径的实施,以最大限度地从空调系统中提取废热。本次作业使用Coolselector软件获取作业条件(包括1.5 TR、3.0 TR和4.5 TR的吨位),然后对整个作业进行模拟。热电发电机(TEG)阵列产生了相当水平的电力,而过程流体温度的下降可以忽略不计。在双管换热器(DPHX)中,二次侧可以提取出大量的热量。因此,为了确定最佳情况,分别对TEG和DPHX进行了能量分析,其中3.0 TR情况被确定为最佳情况。此外,为了提高系统性能,在DPHX中使用了插入件,百叶窗带和扭曲带配置的效率分别提高了26%和46%。通过对冷凝器长度进行优化,了解各种增热技术对冷凝器长度的影响。虽然这种方法还处于初级阶段,但适当设计冷凝器、散热器和热交换器可以产生显着的效果。
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引用次数: 0
Experimental and predictive investigation of a vapor compression refrigeration system with thermoelectric subcooling and multi-objective optimization of operating conditions 热电过冷蒸汽压缩制冷系统的实验与预测研究及工况多目标优化
IF 3.8 2区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.12.035
Ali M. Ashour , Osama B. Ahmed , Saif Ali Kadhim , Adrián Mota-Babiloni , Farhan Lafta Rashid , Abdallah Bouabidi , Kaouther Ghachem , Walid Aich
Refrigeration systems are essential in daily life. However, increasing cooling demand requires developing more efficient systems with lower environmental footprints. The integration of a thermoelectric cooler with vapor compression refrigeration systems has recently attracted attention as a practical means to improve subcooling and enhance overall performance. The present study experimentally and predictively assesses a VCR system with thermoelectric subcooling (VCR-TECS) for several low-global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants. The VCR system was improved by attaching thermoelectric modules to the condenser outlet, and tests were performed at voltages ranging from 1 to 10 V and water flow rates of 1 to 3 L/min. The introduction of thermoelectric subcooling raised evaporator cooling capacity to 8% and improved the system COP by 5-7% at moderate voltages (4-6 V). Three statistical models (Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, and Linear Regression) were developed using experimental data and validated. This was the best performance by Gradient Boosting, with an R² of more than 0.996 and an RMSE of 0.02, effectively reproducing the nonlinear trends in performance. The proposed optimization is a score-based multi-objective one that maximizes cooling capacity and COP, and minimizes total power input to determine the optimal operating conditions. Maximum unified scores were obtained by R513A (0.37) and R1234yf (0.36) at 4 V, which is an improvement in the performance of 35-40 % as compared with other refrigerants. In summary, the VCR-TECS structure offers a novel, simple, efficient, and environmentally friendly approach to improve refrigeration performance during low-voltage operation.
制冷系统在日常生活中是必不可少的。然而,不断增长的制冷需求要求开发更高效、环境足迹更小的系统。热电冷却器与蒸汽压缩制冷系统的集成作为一种改善过冷性和提高整体性能的实用手段,近年来引起了人们的关注。本研究对几种低全球变暖潜值(GWP)制冷剂的热电过冷(VCR- tecs) VCR系统进行了实验和预测评估。通过将热电模块连接到冷凝器出口,对VCR系统进行了改进,并在1 ~ 10 V电压和1 ~ 3 L/min水流速率下进行了测试。热电过冷的引入使蒸发器的制冷量提高到8%,在中等电压(4-6 V)下,系统COP提高了5-7%。利用实验数据建立了三种统计模型(随机森林、梯度增强和线性回归)并进行了验证。这是梯度增强的最佳性能,其R²大于0.996,RMSE为0.02,有效地再现了性能的非线性趋势。提出了一种基于分数的多目标优化方法,以最大制冷量和COP,最小总功率输入来确定最优运行条件。在4 V下,R513A(0.37)和R1234yf(0.36)的统一分数最高,与其他制冷剂相比,性能提高了35- 40%。总之,VCR-TECS结构提供了一种新颖、简单、高效、环保的方法来改善低压运行时的制冷性能。
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引用次数: 0
Application of eXtreme gradient boosting in the performance prediction of a refrigeration system working with alternative refrigerants 极值梯度增压在替代制冷剂制冷系统性能预测中的应用
IF 3.8 2区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.12.020
Yair A. Andrade-Ambriz , J. Serrano-Arellano , J.J. García-Pabón , V. Peréz-García , J.M. Belman-Flores
Refrigeration is essential to many sectors of society, including food preservation, the pharmaceutical industry, industrial processes, and thermal comfort. Current refrigeration systems, based on vapor compression, must become more energy-efficient and reduce their environmental impact. However, testing different low global warming potential refrigerants requires time and test benches. Several mathematical or heuristic models can simulate the behavior of a refrigeration system. These models allow computationally testing different types of experimental benches or configurations. This study utilizes eXtreme Gradient Boosting, a machine learning algorithm, to simulate the performance of a refrigeration system using a minimal amount of experimental data. This model uses temperatures and secondary flows in the condenser and evaporator as inputs. With this information, the model can predict the behavior of the coefficient of performance, power consumption, cooling capacity, refrigerant flow rate, and up to four refrigerants, such as R134a, R513A, R516A, and R1234ze(E). Additionally, the model achieves an overall coefficient of determination greater than 0.98 and an overall accuracy of 96.13 %. These enable the simulation of different operating values of the experimental bench to determine the most effective refrigerant for achieving the highest coefficient of performance; thus, R1234ze(E) and R513A are those that represent the highest COP.
制冷对社会的许多部门都是必不可少的,包括食品保存、制药工业、工业过程和热舒适。目前基于蒸汽压缩的制冷系统必须变得更加节能,并减少对环境的影响。然而,测试不同的低全球变暖潜能值制冷剂需要时间和试验台。几个数学或启发式模型可以模拟制冷系统的行为。这些模型允许对不同类型的试验台或配置进行计算测试。本研究利用eXtreme Gradient Boosting,一种机器学习算法,使用最少的实验数据来模拟制冷系统的性能。该模型使用冷凝器和蒸发器中的温度和二次流作为输入。利用这些信息,该模型可以预测性能系数、功耗、制冷量、制冷剂流量以及多达四种制冷剂(如R134a、R513A、R516A和R1234ze(E))的行为。此外,该模型的总体决定系数大于0.98,总体精度为96.13%。这使得模拟不同的操作值的实验平台,以确定最有效的制冷剂,以实现最高的性能系数;因此,R1234ze(E)和R513A代表最高COP。
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引用次数: 0
On the inclination effects during R515B vaporization inside a microfin tube 微翅片管内R515B汽化过程中的倾角效应
IF 3.8 2区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.01.001
Nima Irannezhad , Rasool Mohammadi , Luisa Rossetto , Andrea Diani
The impact of inclination on flow boiling inside a 7 mm outer diameter microfin tube is experimentally investigated and visualized for the low global warming refrigerant R515B. The heat transfer coefficient is evaluated at mass fluxes of 50, 100, 200, and 400 kg m–2 s–1, heat fluxes of 10, 30, and 50 kW m–2, at the saturation temperature of 30 °C, for vapor qualities ranging from 0.1 to 0.9. The investigated inclinations vary from +60° to –60° including the horizontal one. Under conditions of nucleate boiling dominance with the absence of strong convective boiling, the downward configurations experience an elevation of the heat transfer coefficient while the upward configurations have a lower heat transfer coefficient. Increasing the mass flux and heat flux to 400 kg m–2 s–1 and 50 kW m–2 nullifies the effect of inclination for all inclinations except for –60°. A noteworthy aspect with respect to –60° was the occurrence of thermal crisis at high vapor qualities, a unique phenomenon that did not occur at other inclinations at similar operating conditions, which was ascribed to the nature of the flow patterns. Two correlations (Irannezhad et al. (2024) and Mehendale (2017)) developed for flow boiling inside horizontal microfin tube were compared with the results which resulted in mean absolute error of 21.4% and 25.2% respectively. A dimensionless parameter, which is correlated with inclination factor (IF) was proposed, which could be utilized for further studies as a tool to predict the heat transfer coefficients for various inclinations.
采用低全球变暖制冷剂R515B,实验研究了倾角对7 mm外径微鳍管内流动沸腾的影响。在饱和温度为30°C时,质量通量为50、100、200和400 kg m-2 s-1,热通量为10、30和50 kW m-2,蒸汽质量范围为0.1至0.9时,传热系数进行了评估。所研究的倾角从+60°到-60°不等,包括水平倾角。在没有强对流沸腾的条件下,有核沸腾占主导地位,向下配置的传热系数升高,向上配置的传热系数降低。将质量通量和热通量增加到400 kg - m-2 s-1和50 kW - m-2,可以消除除-60°以外的所有倾角的倾角影响。关于-60°的一个值得注意的方面是在高蒸气质量下发生热危机,这是一种独特的现象,在类似的操作条件下,在其他倾角下不会发生,这归因于流动模式的性质。对水平微鳍管内流动沸腾的两种相关性(Irannezhad et al.(2024)和Mehendale(2017))的结果进行比较,平均绝对误差分别为21.4%和25.2%。提出了一个与倾角因子(IF)相关的无量纲参数,该参数可作为预测不同倾角下换热系数的工具,为进一步研究提供依据。
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引用次数: 0
Energy and exergy analysis of the portable air conditioner with different atomization methods 不同雾化方式下便携式空调的能量与火用分析
IF 3.8 2区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.12.039
Hui Chen , Jiaxin Yun , Siyu Wu, Changjiajin Huang, Yingwen Liu
Portable air conditioners are popular for their convenience, high efficiency, and installation-free design. However, their unique structures present challenges, including drainage, heat dissipation, and limited energy efficiency, especially in condensate removal. Water wheel atomization (WWA) is often used to improve energy efficiency by evaporating condensate, but its effectiveness is limited, especially in high humidity, which can affect long-term operation. Building on our previous work on spray tube atomization (STA) for condensate removal, this paper compares the performance of different atomization methods in portable air conditioners. It highlights STA's advantages over WWA and its practical feasibility. Comparative experiments show a direct link between energy/exergy efficiency and condensate evaporation intensity. With its higher evaporation intensity, STA offers clear advantages in both energy/exergy efficiency and condensate removal. Under the rated conditions for condensate removal (27 °C/ 90%), STA outperformed other methods. Compared to air cooling (AC), STA increased cooling capacity by 13.2%, reduced power consumption by 7.8%, and improved the Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) by 11.7%. To validate the results, we examined the effects of ambient temperature and humidity on STA, WWA, and AC. STA consistently outperformed the others.
便携式空调因其方便、高效和免安装设计而广受欢迎。然而,它们独特的结构带来了挑战,包括排水、散热和有限的能源效率,特别是在冷凝水去除方面。水轮雾化(Water wheel atomization, WWA)常被用于通过蒸发冷凝水来提高能源效率,但其有效性有限,特别是在高湿环境下,会影响长期运行。本文在前人对喷雾管雾化(STA)除冷凝水的研究基础上,比较了不同雾化方法在便携式空调中的性能。强调了STA相对于WWA的优势及其实际可行性。对比实验表明,能量/火用效率与凝结水蒸发强度之间存在直接联系。由于其较高的蒸发强度,STA在能源/火用效率和冷凝水去除方面都具有明显的优势。在额定除凝条件下(27°C/ 90%), STA优于其他方法。与风冷相比,空调制冷量提高13.2%,能耗降低7.8%,能效比提高11.7%。为了验证结果,我们检查了环境温度和湿度对STA、WWA和AC的影响。STA始终优于其他因素。
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引用次数: 0
Experimental investigation on an oil-cooled auto-cascade refrigeration system for aircraft 飞机油冷式自复叠制冷系统的实验研究
IF 3.8 2区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.12.038
Shuo Feng , Hainan Zhang , Kai Liu , Tao Ding , Sujun Dong , Yongji Liu , Shuangquan Shao , Yanhui Feng
The cooling requirements of new-generation airborne devices, coupled with the demand for extended endurance of aircraft under high heat loads, impose higher performance requirements on airborne vapor compression refrigeration systems operating under large temperature differences. Auto-cascade refrigeration system shows significant advantages in this application domain. However, there is little research within the relevant temperature range, especially experimental studies. To address the need for large-temperature-difference cooling in aircraft, this paper firstly presents the experimental investigation of an auto-cascade refrigeration system for aircraft using R245fa/R134a as the refrigerant with a heat source temperature of 20 °C and heat sink temperatures ranging from 55 °C to 100 °C. The effects of refrigerant charge, mixed refrigerant concentration, heat sink temperature, and valve opening on the performance were analyzed. The results can help the design of future aircraft refrigeration systems and promote the application of auto-cascade refrigeration in higher temperature range.
新一代机载设备的制冷要求,加上飞机在高热负荷下延长续航时间的需求,对在大温差下运行的机载蒸汽压缩制冷系统提出了更高的性能要求。自复叠制冷系统在这一应用领域显示出显著的优势。然而,在相关温度范围内的研究很少,尤其是实验研究。针对飞机对大温差制冷的需求,本文首先对以R245fa/R134a为制冷剂,热源温度为20℃,散热器温度为55℃~ 100℃的飞机自复叠制冷系统进行了实验研究。分析了制冷剂充注量、混合制冷剂浓度、散热器温度、阀门开度等因素对制冷性能的影响。研究结果可为今后飞机制冷系统的设计提供参考,并促进自动复叠制冷在更高温度范围内的应用。
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引用次数: 0
Study on irreversibility in an ejector with zeotropic mixtures using direct entropy analysis method 用直接熵分析法研究共沸混合物喷射器的不可逆性
IF 3.8 2区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.12.032
Zhengshu Dai , Jiaxin Xiang , Shuai Qin , Hua Zhang
Ejector refrigeration attracts more attention due to the intense increase of space cooling requirements and energy crises. Significant irreversibility inside the ejector hinders its applications by lowering ejector efficiency and system performance. Thus, it is important to understand the distribution of irreversibility inside the ejector and the effects of operating conditions and ejector geometries on irreversibility. A two-dimensional numerical model is developed considering direct entropy analysis method and real gas refrigerant property. Zeotropic mixture R134a/R32 is selected. Effects of primary and secondary flow pressure, ejector back pressure, nozzle throat and mixing chamber diameter on three types of entropy generation within the ejector are investigated. Results show that the turbulent dissipation entropy generation dominates the total entropy generation in all cases. As the primary flow pressure varies from 2588.80 kPa to 3188.80 kPa, the entrainment ratio first increases from 0.127 to 0.461 and then decreases to 0.400. The direct dissipation entropy generation mainly occurs in the divergent part of the nozzle and the mixing chamber, while the heat transfer entropy generation mainly occurs in the mixing shear layer and where the shock train occurs. As the secondary flow pressure changes from 334.61 kPa to 494.61 kPa, the entrainment ratio increases from 0.155 to 0.589, and the turbulent dissipation entropy generation decreases from 3.557 W/K to 2.667 W/K and then remains almost constant. As the ejector back pressure changes from 726.57 kPa to 900.57 kPa, the minimum total entropy generation is achieved at critical point.
由于空间冷却需求的急剧增加和能源危机的加剧,喷射器制冷越来越受到人们的关注。喷射器内部显著的不可逆性降低了喷射器的效率和系统性能,阻碍了喷射器的应用。因此,了解喷射器内部的不可逆性分布以及操作条件和喷射器几何形状对不可逆性的影响是很重要的。考虑直接熵分析方法和实际气体制冷剂特性,建立了二维数值模型。选用共沸混合物R134a/R32。研究了一次流和二次流压力、喷射器背压、喷嘴喉道和混合室直径对喷射器内三种熵产的影响。结果表明,在所有情况下,湍流耗散熵产都占总熵产的主导地位。当一次流压力在2588.80 kPa ~ 3188.80 kPa范围内变化时,夹带比先从0.127增大到0.461,再减小到0.400。直接耗散熵的产生主要发生在喷管发散部分和混合室,而传热熵的产生主要发生在混合剪切层和激波列发生的地方。当二次流压力从334.61 kPa增大到494.61 kPa时,夹带比从0.155增大到0.589,湍流耗散熵产从3.557 W/K减小到2.667 W/K后基本保持不变。当引射背压在726.57 kPa ~ 900.57 kPa范围内变化时,在临界点处总熵产最小。
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引用次数: 0
Opposite effects of R1234yf on the flammability limits of R600a refrigerant: Experimental and kinetic insight R1234yf对R600a制冷剂可燃性限值的相反影响:实验和动力学观察
IF 3.8 2区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.12.018
Xueyan Wang , Shanzhu Hu , Rui Sun , Hua Tian , Gequn Shu , Zhao Yang
R1234yf/R600a refrigerants blends are regarded as a compromise solution to replace high-GWP refrigerants. They possess excellent thermodynamic properties compared to pure refrigerants. However, R1234yf refrigerants exhibit completely opposite influences on the lower (LFL) and upper flammability limits (UFL) of hydrocarbon refrigerants. In this study, the representative HFOs refrigerant R1234yf was selected to experimentally investigate its influence on the flammability limits (FLs) of R600a, a typical hydrocarbon refrigerant. The LFL and UFL of R600a converge when the volume fraction of R1234yf in mixture reaches 0.92. The UFL and LFL of R600a are reduced by 93.7 % and 71.9 %, respectively. Secondly, oxidation experiments of R600a were conducted using synchrotron vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometry (SVUV-PIMS) technology, and a kinetic model for R600a was selected based on the experimental data. The hydrocarbon mechanism was coupled with the optimized NIST2021 mechanism, and for the first time, a kinetic model applicable to R1234yf/R600a refrigerants blend was proposed. The proposed kinetic model reveals the mechanisms driving the contrasting effects of R1234yf on the FLs of R600a refrigerants. Simulation results indicate that R1234yf significantly influences the flame structure of R600a in both lean and rich combustion, owing to pronounced variations in the mole fractions of radicals H, OH, and O. Among them, H radicals have a greater influence on the reaction pathways than OH and O radicals. These findings help to identify the potential risks associated with promoting the use of R1234yf/R600a refrigerant blends.
R1234yf/R600a制冷剂混合物被认为是替代高gwp制冷剂的折衷方案。与纯制冷剂相比,它们具有优异的热力学性能。而R1234yf制冷剂对烃类制冷剂的可燃性下限(LFL)和可燃性上限(UFL)的影响完全相反。本研究选取具有代表性的HFOs制冷剂R1234yf,实验研究其对典型烃类制冷剂R600a可燃性限值(FLs)的影响。当R1234yf在混合物中的体积分数达到0.92时,R600a的LFL和UFL趋于收敛。R600a的UFL和LFL分别降低了93.7%和71.9%。其次,采用同步加速器真空紫外光电离质谱(SVUV-PIMS)技术对R600a进行了氧化实验,并根据实验数据选择了R600a的动力学模型。将烃类机理与优化后的NIST2021机理耦合,首次建立了适用于R1234yf/R600a制冷剂共混反应的动力学模型。所建立的动力学模型揭示了R1234yf对R600a制冷剂高效液相色谱的影响机理。模拟结果表明,R1234yf对R600a贫燃烧和富燃烧的火焰结构都有显著影响,这是由于自由基H、OH和O的摩尔分数变化明显,其中H自由基对反应路径的影响大于OH和O自由基。这些发现有助于确定与推广使用R1234yf/R600a制冷剂混合物相关的潜在风险。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of cooling rate on the quality of biological samples during cryopreservation 低温保存过程中冷却速率对生物样品质量的影响
IF 3.8 2区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.01.020
Shilin Pan, Ankuo Zhang
Cryopreservation, a fundamental technology in modern biomedicine, has driven substantial advancements across several pioneering fields, including cell therapy, reproductive medicine, and tissue engineering. In low-temperature environments, the rate of biochemical reactions in biological samples is significantly reduced, thereby prolonging their storage longevity. However, the essence of cryopreservation extends beyond merely maintaining low temperatures; the cooling rate emerges as a pivotal parameter during the cooling process, from ambient to storage temperatures, significantly influencing both the survival rate and efficacy of preservation. Furthermore, distinct biological samples exhibit varying sensitivities to cooling rates, with both excessively rapid and excessively slow cooling potentially inducing irreversible damage. Consequently, a comprehensive investigation and determination of the optimal cooling rates for different biological samples is essential to enhance the outcomes of cryopreservation. This review thoroughly examines the mechanisms by which cooling rates affect various biological samples, compares preservation outcomes across different cooling conditions with existing literature, and consolidates the optimal cooling rates for these samples. Research indicates that the optimal cooling rate for cell-like samples is generally below 10 °C/min whereas tissue-like samples typically require a slower rate, usually maintained below 1 °C/min. This controlled cooling process can be precisely achieved using a controlled-rate cooling device. Furthermore, this manuscript provides a brief overview of controlled-rate cooling techniques and the principles of slow freezing, offering a theoretical foundation for optimizing cryopreservation protocols for biological samples.
冷冻保存是现代生物医学的一项基础技术,在细胞治疗、生殖医学和组织工程等多个前沿领域取得了重大进展。在低温环境下,生物样品的生化反应速率显著降低,从而延长了生物样品的保存寿命。然而,低温保存的本质不仅仅是保持低温;在冷却过程中,从环境温度到储存温度,冷却速率是一个关键参数,对保鲜期和保鲜期都有重要影响。此外,不同的生物样品对冷却速率表现出不同的敏感性,过快和过慢的冷却都可能引起不可逆的损伤。因此,全面调查和确定不同生物样品的最佳冷却速率对于提高冷冻保存的结果至关重要。这篇综述深入研究了冷却速率影响各种生物样品的机制,与现有文献比较了不同冷却条件下的保存结果,并总结了这些样品的最佳冷却速率。研究表明,细胞样样品的最佳冷却速率通常低于10°C/min,而组织样样品通常需要较慢的冷却速率,通常保持在1°C/min以下。这种控制的冷却过程可以精确地实现使用控制速率冷却装置。此外,本文还简要概述了控制速率冷却技术和慢速冷冻原理,为优化生物样品的冷冻保存方案提供了理论基础。
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引用次数: 0
Cooling performance optimization of tubular elastocaloric regenerators via thermo-fluid-mechanical coupled numerical modeling and simulations 基于热-流-力耦合数值模拟与仿真的管式弹性热蓄热器冷却性能优化
IF 3.8 2区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.12.031
Wenzhang Chen, Qiuhong Wang, Yifan Li, Hao Yin
The elastocaloric refrigeration, utilizing the elastocaloric effect of NiTi shape memory alloys (SMA), presents a promising environmentally sustainable alternative to the traditional vapor compression refrigeration. Optimizing system performance is crucial for maximizing efficiency but hindered by experimental complexity. This study addresses the challenge by developing an experimentally validated, generalizable thermo-fluid-mechanical coupling numerical model and an accompanying optimization framework. Systematic simulations are performed to investigate the coupled influence of operating frequency, heat transfer fluid velocity, temperature span, and fluid channel thickness on specific cooling power (SCP). Results demonstrate a non-monotonic dependence of SCP on both frequency and fluid velocity across different temperature spans and fluid channel thicknesses, revealing an optimal combination that maximizes SCP by balancing heat transfer and heat-regeneration efficiency. Additionally, this work introduces the normalized specific cooling power (NSCP) and then presents non-dimensional design principles for refrigeration systems that simultaneously incorporate thickness and temperature span through the optimization approach. The approach offers a novel and efficient (200 times faster) paradigm for designing and optimizing high-performance elastocaloric refrigeration systems with diverse refrigerants and system configurations, and successfully achieving a predicted NSCP that is at least 3 times higher than the existing experimental measurements.
弹性热制冷利用了NiTi形状记忆合金(SMA)的弹性热效应,是传统蒸汽压缩制冷的一种有前景的环保可持续替代方案。优化系统性能是实现效率最大化的关键,但却受到实验复杂性的阻碍。本研究通过开发一个实验验证的、可推广的热-流体-机械耦合数值模型和相应的优化框架来解决这一挑战。通过系统仿真研究了工作频率、传热流体速度、温度跨度和流体通道厚度对比冷却功率(SCP)的耦合影响。结果表明,在不同的温度跨度和流体通道厚度上,SCP与频率和流体速度都有非单调的关系,揭示了通过平衡传热和热再生效率来最大化SCP的最佳组合。此外,本工作引入了归一化比冷却功率(NSCP),然后通过优化方法提出了同时考虑厚度和温度跨度的制冷系统的无因次设计原则。该方法为设计和优化具有不同制冷剂和系统配置的高性能弹性热制冷系统提供了一种新颖高效(速度快200倍)的范例,并成功实现了至少比现有实验测量高3倍的预测NSCP。
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International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid
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