International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid最新文献

英文中文

A novel vapor compression based electrically-driven environmental control system (ECS) for a civil aircraft using low-GWP refrigerant R1234yf 采用低gwp制冷剂R1234yf的新型民用飞机蒸汽压缩电驱动环境控制系统(ECS

IF 3.8 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.01.011

Vinay Pratap Singh Negi, Chennu Ranganayakulu

The environmental control system (ECS) of an aircraft manages pressure and temperature to establish a comfortable environment for passengers and crew, while ensuring efficient functioning of electronic equipment using a bleed/bleedless air cycle system (ACS). However, the adoption of ACS is limited by its low coefficient of performance (COP). Interest in low global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants for vapor compression refrigeration systems (VCRS) has increased, driven by regulations such as the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol and EU Regulation 517/2014, which promote environmental sustainability. This study incorporated both simulation and experimental approaches to evaluate the performance of the proposed VCRS-based ECS using the low-GWP refrigerant R1234yf. The experimental validation confirmed the precision of the VCRS-based ECS numerical simulation, showing that the variations in the cooling capacity and evaporator air-side temperature were ±15% and ±2%, respectively. The proposed VCRS-based ECS achieved a system cooling capacity of 30.27 kW and COP of 1.01 with the low-GWP refrigerant R1234yf during cruising. Independently, the VCRS cycle attained a COP of 12.58 at specific saturation pressures and temperatures in the evaporator and condenser. The study concluded that R1234yf demonstrated performance characteristics similar to those of R134a and had low GWP and total equivalent warming impact (TEWI), making it a suitable alternative to R134a in ECSs.

飞机的环境控制系统（ECS）管理压力和温度，为乘客和机组人员建立一个舒适的环境，同时使用放/不放空气循环系统（ACS）确保电子设备的有效运行。然而，ACS的采用受到其低性能系数（COP）的限制。受《蒙特利尔议定书》基加利修正案和欧盟第517/2014号法规等促进环境可持续性的法规的推动，人们对用于蒸汽压缩制冷系统（VCRS）的低全球变暖潜能值（GWP）制冷剂的兴趣日益增加。本研究采用模拟和实验两种方法来评估使用低gwp制冷剂R1234yf的基于vcrs的ECS的性能。实验验证了基于vcrs的ECS数值模拟的精度，表明制冷量和蒸发器空气侧温度的变化分别为±15%和±2%。采用低gwp制冷剂R1234yf，基于vcrs的ECS系统在巡航时的制冷量为30.27 kW， COP为1.01。独立地，VCRS循环在蒸发器和冷凝器的特定饱和压力和温度下达到了12.58的COP。研究认为，R1234yf具有与R134a相似的性能特征，具有较低的GWP和总等效变暖影响（TEWI），是ECSs中R134a的合适替代品。

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引用次数: 0

Research on the influence of heat pipes on the performance and frosting characteristics of refrigeration systems in open refrigerated display cabinet 热管对开放式冷藏陈列柜制冷系统性能及结霜特性的影响研究

IF 3.8 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.01.007

Pei Yuan, Zheng Gong, Zewen Wang, Fei Tang, Shaojie Wang, Yanli Lu

This study experimentally validates a configuration integrating heat pipe heat exchangers (HPHEs) on both sides of the evaporator in open refrigerated display cabinets (ORDC), demonstrating significant performance improvements across three standardized ambient conditions (24°C/25°C/28°C, 60% RH). The system achieved a 4.7–10.8% reduction in defrost condensation mass, coupled with 5.9–11.8% lower energy consumption and a 30–40% decrease in compressor cycling frequency. Operational efficiency was enhanced through a 4% extension of refrigeration cycle duration and accelerated product temperature stabilization, which was 6.1% faster with post-stabilization fluctuations constrained within 2.4°C. Thermodynamic analysis confirmed improved heat transfer efficiency, evidenced by an overall heat transfer coefficient of 33.05 W/(m²·K). The integration of HPHEs enables passive precooling and dehumidification of incoming air, significantly suppressing frost formation and optimizing system stability without additional energy input. This research establishes HPHEs as a technically viable solution for achieving substantial energy savings and operational reliability in commercial refrigeration applications.

本研究通过实验验证了在开放式冷藏展示柜（ORDC）蒸发器两侧集成热管换热器（hphe）的配置，在三种标准化环境条件（24°C/25°C/28°C, 60% RH）下显示了显着的性能改进。该系统的除霜冷凝质量降低了4.7% - 10.8%，能耗降低了5.9-11.8%，压缩机循环频率降低了30-40%。通过将制冷循环时间延长4%，加速产品温度稳定，提高了操作效率，稳定后波动限制在2.4°C内，提高了6.1%。热力学分析证实了传热效率的提高，总传热系数为33.05 W/（m²·K）。hphe的集成实现了进入空气的被动预冷和除湿，显著抑制结霜的形成，优化系统稳定性，而无需额外的能量输入。这项研究确立了hphe作为技术上可行的解决方案，在商业制冷应用中实现了大量的节能和运行可靠性。

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引用次数: 0

Optimization and flow field analysis of a helium turbo-expander impeller for a 5 TPD hydrogen liquefier using a cylindrical projection based parametric approach 基于圆柱投影参数法的5 TPD氢气液化器氦涡轮膨胀器叶轮优化及流场分析

IF 3.8 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.01.009

Hongmin Liu , Changlei Ke , Kongrong Li , Zhaozhang Hao , Jiansheng Zuo , Xiaohua Zhang , Nan Peng , Lianyou Xiong , Liqiang Liu

Improving the efficiency of hydrogen liquefaction cycles is essential for reducing costs and promoting clean hydrogen energy. As the core refrigeration component, the helium turbo-expander (HTE) experiences significant efficiency losses within the impeller passage. However, current design methodologies often involve complex manual iterations that can limit systematic 3D optimization. This paper explores a parametric approach for 3D impeller design based on cylindrical projection (Cylindrical Projection based Parametric Impeller Design). This method allows for the definition of blade profiles at the hub, mid span, and shroud sections using projection parameters (

T_{u}

T_{r}

), facilitating smooth geometric transitions. To evaluate the approach, a final stage HTE impeller for a 5 TPD hydrogen liquefier was analyzed. Numerical simulations indicate that adjusting the flow path geometry using these parameters can lead to significant performance variations: Case C1 showed a calculated 16.58% reduction in helium mass flow at a constant refrigeration power of 30,551.4 W, while Case C2 yielded a predicted isentropic efficiency of 92.33% (a 2.81% absolute increase) with a 3.5% reduction in required inlet pressure. Flow field analysis using the

Ω

vortex identification method suggests that these improvements are associated with the suppression of high loss vortex structures. Specifically, the concave blade profiles appear to mitigate transverse pressure differences, reducing the intensity of passage vortices. These results demonstrate that the parametric projection method offers a useful alternative for the geometric optimization of cryogenic turbo-expander impellers.

提高氢液化循环效率对于降低成本和推广清洁氢能源至关重要。氦气涡轮膨胀器作为制冷系统的核心部件，其在叶轮流道内的效率损失较大。然而，当前的设计方法通常涉及复杂的手动迭代，这可能会限制系统的3D优化。本文探讨了一种基于圆柱投影的三维叶轮参数化设计方法（圆柱投影型参数化叶轮设计）。这种方法允许使用投影参数（Tu, Tr）来定义轮毂、跨中和叶冠部分的叶片轮廓，从而促进平滑的几何过渡。为验证该方法的有效性，以5tpd氢液化器末级HTE叶轮为例进行了分析。数值模拟表明，使用这些参数调整流道几何形状可以导致显著的性能变化：在制冷功率为30551.4 W时，Case C1计算出的氦气质量流量减少了16.58%，而Case C2预测的等熵效率为92.33%（绝对增加2.81%），所需进口压力降低3.5%。利用Ω涡识别方法进行流场分析表明，这些改进与抑制高损失涡结构有关。具体来说，凹型叶片可以缓解横向压力差，降低通道涡的强度。这些结果表明，参数投影法为低温涡轮膨胀器叶轮的几何优化提供了一种有用的替代方法。

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引用次数: 0

The thermal insulation performance of variable metal coating multilayer insulation materials 变金属涂层多层保温材料的保温性能

IF 3.8 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.01.024

Wenjie Zhou , Chenhui Jiang

Multi-layer insulation (MLI), recognized for its superior thermal performance, is commonly known as 'super insulation'. Traditional MLI designing utilizes one single metallic coating as the reflective layer, neglecting the impact of temperature variations on metal emissivity. This paper proposes a novel approach, variable metal-coating multilayer insulation (VM-MLI), employing aluminum, gold, and copper as reflective layer materials. By adopting an enhanced layer-by-layer model, theoretical analysis of VM-MLI is conducted within the temperature range of 20–300 K, comparing its thermal insulation performance to that of conventional MLI under the same conditions. Additionally, this study examines the influence of layer density, area ratio

f

, vacuum pressure, and hot boundary temperature on VM-MLI's heat leakage. The results reveal significant reduction in total heat leakage with VM-MLI. Under the conditions investigated, the heat leakage of MLI is 0.6027

W / m^{2}

, while that of VM-MLI is 0.3936

W / m^{2}

This represents a reduction in total heat leakage of 0.2091

W / m^{2}

,demonstrating approximately 35% better thermal insulation performance than that of the conventional MLI.

多层绝热材料（MLI）因其优越的热性能而被公认，通常被称为“超级绝热材料”。传统的MLI设计采用单一金属涂层作为反射层，忽略了温度变化对金属发射率的影响。本文提出了一种采用铝、金、铜作为反射层材料的可变金属涂层多层绝缘（VM-MLI）方法。采用增强的逐层模型，在20-300 K温度范围内对VM-MLI进行了理论分析，比较了相同条件下VM-MLI与常规MLI的保温性能。此外，本研究还考察了层密度、面积比f、真空压力和热边界温度对VM-MLI热泄漏的影响。结果表明，VM-MLI显著减少了总热泄漏。在研究条件下，MLI的热泄漏量为0.6027W/m2， VM-MLI的热泄漏量为0.3936 W/m2，总热泄漏量减少了0.2091 W/m2，保温性能比传统MLI提高了约35%。

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引用次数: 0

Multi-objective optimization of a SWaP-refined miniature Stirling cryocooler using an integrated ANN-Genetic algorithm-based decision-making approach 基于集成神经网络-遗传算法的swap精细化微型斯特林制冷机多目标优化决策方法

IF 3.8 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.12.029

Muhammad Shad, Xiaoqing Zhang

Miniature Stirling cryocoolers are vital for modern high-temperature Infrared (IR) detectors due to their precise cooling and SWaP (Size, Weight, and Power) compliance. This study proposes an integrated ANN-based multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) optimization model with technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) decision-making approach to optimize the coefficient of performance (COP) and work input (W_input) of a SWaP-refined Stirling cryocooler. According to the 2nd-order semi-adiabatic thermodynamics model (SATM) analysis, the design parameters, including motor rotational speed (RPM), phase angle between the piston and displacer (ϕ), working fluid initial charging pressure (P_o), cooling temperature (T_e), and piston stoke (X_p), have a significant impact on the COP and W_input of the SWaP-refined cryocooler, and therefore, optimization is required. Using a dataset from the SATM model based on SWaP constraints, a MOGA integrated with an ANN-trained model is applied to optimize these design parameters for the maximum COP and minimum W_input. A 100 optimized solutions were generated using the MOGA Pareto front, with the best optimized solution identified through the TOPSIS decision-making approach. At the TOPSIS closeness coefficient of C_i = 0.741, the relative errors between the ANN-MOGA results and the semi-adiabatic thermodynamic model are 2.9% for COP and 5% for W_input. With overall prediction errors less than 5%, the proposed integrated ANN-based MOGA optimization model offers an efficient and reliable approach for optimizing the design parameters and performance of SWaP-configured miniature Stirling cryocoolers.

微型斯特林制冷机由于其精确的冷却和SWaP（尺寸，重量和功率）合规性，对于现代高温红外（IR）探测器至关重要。提出了一种基于人工神经网络的多目标遗传算法（MOGA）优化模型，并结合TOPSIS （order preference by similarity to ideal solution）决策方法对swap改进的斯特林制冷机的性能系数（COP）和功输入（Winput）进行优化。根据二阶半绝热热力学模型（SATM）分析，电机转速（RPM）、活塞与置换器相位角（φ）、工作流体初始增压压力（Po）、冷却温度（Te）、活塞行程（Xp）等设计参数对swap精馏制冷机的COP和Winput有较大影响，需要对其进行优化。利用基于SWaP约束的SATM模型数据集，将MOGA与人工神经网络训练模型相结合，对这些设计参数进行优化，以获得最大COP和最小Winput。利用MOGA Pareto前沿生成了100个优化方案，并通过TOPSIS决策方法确定了最佳优化方案。在TOPSIS接近系数Ci = 0.741时，COP和Winput的ANN-MOGA结果与半绝热热力学模型的相对误差分别为2.9%和5%。该模型总体预测误差小于5%，为swap配置的微型斯特林制冷机的设计参数和性能优化提供了一种高效可靠的方法。

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引用次数: 0

Ignition hazard due to air infiltration in refrigeration systems working with flammable refrigerants 在使用可燃制冷剂的制冷系统中，由于空气渗透引起的点火危险

IF 3.8 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.12.028

Lukas Prakopavičius, Liutauras Vaitkus

With the implementation of the revised EU F-gas Regulation and the proposed PFAS restrictions currently under consideration, the wider use of flammable refrigerants is expected in the near future. During refrigeration system operation, pressures below atmospheric may occur in the evaporator, particularly in low-temperature applications and during transient operating modes such as pump-down. This operating condition is commonly regarded as undesirable due to the potential ignition hazard caused by air infiltration. Previous studies have shown that, under specific conditions, autoignition of oil–refrigerant–air mixtures may occur, leading to so-called diesel-type combustion. This article presents a case study of a eutectic refrigeration system used in transport refrigeration to assess whether ignition conditions can arise during operation and to identify effective risk mitigation measures. The formation of flammable mixtures on both the low- and high-pressure sides of the system is examined. Theoretical analysis indicates that conventional low- and high-pressure safety switches prevent the formation of a combustible mixture during compression provided that the air infiltration hole diameter is below 1.4 mm. However, preventing the formation of flammable mixtures on the high-pressure side requires an additional safety system capable of detecting non-condensable gas infiltration. A method for selecting the parameters of such a system is proposed. Experimental results demonstrate that liquid subcooling in the condenser provides a rapid and reliable indication of non-condensable gas infiltration and can be used for this purpose. This work aims to support the safe application of flammable refrigerants in low-temperature refrigeration systems.

随着经修订的欧盟含氟气体规例的实施，以及目前正在考虑的PFAS限制建议，预计在不久的将来，可燃制冷剂将得到更广泛的使用。在制冷系统运行期间，蒸发器中可能出现低于大气的压力，特别是在低温应用和瞬态运行模式（如泵降）期间。这种操作条件通常被认为是不可取的，因为空气渗透会引起潜在的点火危险。以前的研究表明，在特定条件下，油-制冷剂-空气混合物可能发生自燃，导致所谓的柴油型燃烧。本文介绍了一个用于运输制冷的共晶制冷系统的案例研究，以评估在运行过程中是否会出现点火情况，并确定有效的风险缓解措施。研究了系统低压侧和高压侧可燃混合物的形成情况。理论分析表明，在空气渗透孔直径小于1.4 mm的条件下，传统的低压和高压安全开关在压缩过程中可以防止可燃混合物的形成。然而，防止高压侧可燃混合物的形成需要一个额外的安全系统，能够检测不凝气体的渗透。提出了一种选择该系统参数的方法。实验结果表明，凝汽器中的液体过冷可以快速可靠地指示不凝性气体的渗透，可以用于此目的。这项工作旨在支持易燃制冷剂在低温制冷系统中的安全应用。

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引用次数: 0

Thermodynamic, environmental and economic analysis of liquefied natural gas cold energy polygeneration system under fluctuating regasification rates 波动再气化速率下液化天然气冷能联产系统的热力学、环境和经济分析

IF 3.8 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.12.034

Shulin Zhang , Lei Chen , Zhen Shangguan , Juan He , Jie Ma , Xiaotian Peng , Hao Peng

Fluctuations in regasification rates at liquefied natural gas (LNG) receiving terminals, driven by spatiotemporal variability of downstream demand, hinder the effective recovery of LNG cold energy. To address this issue, an integrated cold and power cogeneration system incorporating cold energy storage (CES) units is proposed. The system combines an organic Rankine cycle (ORC), two CES units, and a cold energy recovery module. This study systematically analyzes the operating characteristics of the proposed system under both steady-state and unsteady conditions. Under steady-state conditions, the influence of key operating parameters on system efficiency is investigated, and a multi-objective optimization approach is introduced to coordinate these parameters. Under unsteady conditions, the impact of regasification rate fluctuations on system performance is examined, and, based on real case studies, the instantaneous performance, single-day operation, and multi-day behavior of the system are evaluated. In addition, environmental and economic analyses are conducted. The results demonstrate that the proposed CES units significantly enhance system performance, increasing the cold energy recovery rate from 10.30% to 86.04% and improving the exergy efficiency to 44.81%. The system achieves an average equivalent power output of 616 MW·h/d and CO2 emission reductions of 282 t/d. Although the initial investment cost increases slightly, the net present value rises by 184%, the annual profit increases by 187%, and the payback period is shortened to 1.1 years. These results demonstrate that the proposed configuration provides a practical and flexible solution for enhancing LNG cold energy utilization, with strong potential for large-scale deployment across diverse terminal types.

由于下游需求的时空变化，液化天然气（LNG）接收站再气化速率的波动阻碍了LNG冷能的有效回收。为了解决这一问题，提出了一种包含冷储能（CES）装置的冷电联产系统。该系统结合了一个有机朗肯循环（ORC）、两个CES单元和一个冷能回收模块。本文系统地分析了该系统在稳态和非稳态工况下的运行特性。在稳态条件下，研究了关键运行参数对系统效率的影响，并引入了多目标优化方法来协调这些参数。在非稳态条件下，研究了再气化速率波动对系统性能的影响，并基于实际案例研究，评估了系统的瞬时性能、单日运行和多天行为。此外，还进行了环境和经济分析。结果表明，该装置显著提高了系统性能，将冷能回收率从10.30%提高到86.04%，将火用效率提高到44.81%。该系统的平均等效输出功率为616 MW·h/d，二氧化碳排放量减少282 t/d。虽然初期投资成本略有增加，但净现值上升184%，年利润增长187%，投资回收期缩短为1.1年。这些结果表明，所提出的配置为提高LNG冷能利用率提供了一种实用而灵活的解决方案，具有跨不同终端类型大规模部署的强大潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Frequency-domain analysis of electromagnetic torque ripple excited vibration of high-speed generator coupled helium turbine expander rotor 高速发电机耦合氦涡轮膨胀转子电磁转矩脉动激振频域分析

IF 3.8 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.12.023

Chenghao Dai , Shixiong Chen , Qiyong Zhang , Chengfei Fan

The present work attempts to obtain the continuous spectrum of electromagnetic torque ripple exciting vibration response of a surface-mounted permanent magnet generator coupled helium turbine expander rotor. By establishing a simplified rotor vibration model, frequency domain analysis of electromagnetic torque ripple exciting rotor vibration is carried out, and the blade vibration response spectrum is obtained, which is in good agreement with the single-frequency response calculation. The results show that the blade vibration is more obvious to the high frequency components of the electromagnetic torque ripple, and the influence of the non-harmonic noise component of the electromagnetic torque on the blade vibration cannot be ignored.

本文试图获得表面贴装永磁发电机耦合氦涡轮膨胀转子电磁转矩脉动激励振动响应的连续谱。通过建立简化的转子振动模型，对电磁转矩脉动激励转子振动进行频域分析，得到叶片振动响应谱，与单频响应计算结果吻合较好。结果表明：叶片振动对电磁转矩脉动的高频分量更为明显，且电磁转矩的非谐波噪声分量对叶片振动的影响不容忽视。

引用次数: 0

Research on piston offset suppression and structure optimization for free piston linear compressors in pulse tube cryocoolers 脉冲管制冷机中自由活塞线性压缩机活塞偏置抑制及结构优化研究

IF 3.8 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.01.006

Zhouhang Hu , Xuan Yu , Zhenxing Li , Mingsheng Tang , Huiming Zou , Jun Shen

As the core driving component of pulse tube cryocoolers (PTCs), free piston linear compressors are susceptible to piston offset in actual operation, affecting the stroke and performance. This paper employed a magnetic resonance linear compressor (MRLC) to drive PTC, utilizing the magnetic spring effect of magnetic resonance linear motor (MRLM) to suppress piston offset. Through a combination of experimental and finite element analysis (FEA), the paper systematically elucidated the piston offset characteristics of the linear compressor and optimized the MRLM structure. Research shows that piston offset is mainly driven by the mean pressure difference (MPD) between the compression pressure and back pressure. The MRLM exhibits a preload force of 54.1 N at the origin, and the magnetic spring stiffness has a non-symmetrical distribution with low stiffness on the left and high stiffness on the right. The magnetic spring effect in the MRLM, operating similarly to an eccentric spring, suppresses piston offset by utilizing the magnetic spring force at the origin (MSFO) and the asymmetry in magnetic spring stiffness on either side of the origin. The simulation demonstrated that the MRLC can maintain a negative offset of -0.75 mm under high charge pressure of 3.6 MPa, which is significantly lower than that of the Redlich-type linear compressor. Furthermore, by adjusting the dimensions of the linear motor, the MSFO can be regulated to reduce piston offset. This approach provides an alternative design strategy for suppressing piston offset in free piston linear compressors.

自由活塞式直线压缩机作为脉冲管制冷机的核心驱动部件，在实际运行中容易发生活塞偏置，影响行程和性能。本文采用磁共振直线压缩机（MRLC）驱动PTC，利用磁共振直线电机（MRLM）的磁弹簧效应抑制活塞偏置。通过实验与有限元分析相结合的方法，系统阐述了直线压缩机活塞偏置特性，并对MRLM结构进行了优化。研究表明，活塞偏置主要由压缩压力和背压之间的平均压差（MPD）驱动。MRLM在原点处的预紧力为54.1 N，磁弹簧刚度呈左刚度低、右刚度高的非对称分布。磁弹簧效应在MRLM中，类似于偏心弹簧的操作，通过利用原点（MSFO）的磁弹簧力和原点两侧磁弹簧刚度的不对称性来抑制活塞偏移。仿真结果表明，在3.6 MPa的高压充注压力下，MRLC能保持-0.75 mm的负偏置，显著低于redlich型线性压气机。此外，通过调整直线电机的尺寸，可以调节MSFO以减少活塞偏移量。这种方法为抑制自由活塞式直线压缩机的活塞偏置提供了一种新的设计策略。

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引用次数: 0

The EU road refrigerated transport: current GHG footprint of transport refrigeration unit and projected impact of sustainable technologies 欧盟公路冷藏运输：目前运输冷藏装置的温室气体足迹和可持续技术的预计影响

IF 3.8 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.01.008

Antonio Rossetti, Francesco Fabris, Sergio Marinetti, Silvia Minetto

The global road transport refrigeration fleet serving the food supply chain is estimated at approximately 5.7 million vehicles. This sector is experiencing continuous growth, driven by evolving consumer habits such as the rise in e-commerce and the increasing incidence of short-distance deliveries. Sectoral emissions were estimated at approximately 50 Mt CO₂eq in 2021, with the majority attributable to diesel-powered traction systems. Approximately 20 % of these emissions originate from the energy consumption of refrigeration units. At the same time, the entire road transport sector is under increasing pressure to meet stringent environmental targets. Moreover, working fluids used in vapor compression cycles are undergoing regulatory scrutiny, with a primary focus on reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, while growing attention is being paid to other potential environmental and human health impacts. This study investigates high technology-readiness-level (TRL) solutions aimed at reducing the overall environmental footprint of road transport refrigeration. The solutions considered include improved thermal insulation of refrigerated boxes, the adoption of natural refrigerants, advanced control strategies under partial load conditions, vehicle electrification, and the integration of renewable energy sources. The potential effects of implementing these technologies across the European refrigerated fleet are numerically assessed in terms of primary energy consumption, carbon-equivalent emissions, and pollutant emissions. Results indicate that the adoption of these technologies could yield reductions of up to 28 % in annual primary energy consumption, up to 72 % in CO₂-equivalent emissions, and over 90 % in emissions of other air pollutants.

为食品供应链服务的全球公路运输冷藏车队估计约为570万辆。在不断变化的消费者习惯的推动下，如电子商务的兴起和短距离配送的增加，这一领域正在持续增长。据估计，2021年行业排放量约为5000万吨二氧化碳当量，其中大部分归因于柴油动力牵引系统。这些排放中约有20%来自制冷装置的能源消耗。与此同时，整个道路运输部门面临着越来越大的压力，要达到严格的环境目标。此外，蒸汽压缩循环中使用的工作流体正在接受监管审查，其主要重点是减少温室气体（GHG）排放，同时越来越多地关注其他潜在的环境和人类健康影响。本研究探讨了旨在减少公路运输冷藏的整体环境足迹的高科技准备水平（TRL）解决方案。考虑的解决方案包括改进冷藏箱的隔热、采用天然制冷剂、在部分负荷条件下采用先进的控制策略、车辆电气化以及可再生能源的整合。在整个欧洲冷藏船队中实施这些技术的潜在影响在一次能源消耗、碳当量排放和污染物排放方面进行了数值评估。结果表明，采用这些技术可使每年一次能源消耗减少28%，二氧化碳当量排放量减少72%，其他空气污染物排放量减少90%以上。

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