International Journal of Production Economics最新文献_第3页

From networked control systems to supply chain cyber-security: A redundant channel approach for FDIA mitigation 从网络控制系统到供应链网络安全：缓解FDIA的冗余通道方法

IF 1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL

International Journal of Production Economics

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2025.109893

Yi Yang

With the deeper integration of supply chains (SCs) and communication technologies, modern SCs are now facing cyber-security threats, particularly due to the increased connectivity and data vulnerabilities within networked environments. This study investigates the impacts of the cyber-attack, i.e. the false data injection attack (FDIA) on the SC and designs countermeasures to the FDIA. First, a novel SC framework is established from the control-theoretic perspective. The role of each member in the SC is conceptualized in accordance with the definition of the networked control system. Second, the FDIA is regarded as a distinctive SC risk, which is characterized by the malicious manipulation of transmitted data and the destruction of its authenticity. Third, the redundant channel strategy is employed to provide reliable communication channels that are free of cyber-attacks for emergency suppliers and temporary warehouses exchanging data with the decision centre. Furthermore, mixed integer programming models are proposed to determine countermeasures and optimize cyber-security investments. Through simulation-based analysis, the synergistic impacts of the FDIA on the SC performance under different cyber-attack intensities and different customer behaviours are examined. The results illustrate the efficacy of the proposed strategies in mitigating the adverse effects of the FDIA and improving SC resilience. The findings enhance the understanding of SC managers regarding the adoption of recovery strategies to mitigate cyber-attack risks. Moreover, the outcomes can be instructive for cyber-attackers when launching the FDIA in the SC context.

随着供应链和通信技术的深入融合，现代供应链正面临着网络安全威胁，特别是由于网络环境中连接性和数据漏洞的增加。本研究探讨了网络攻击，即虚假数据注入攻击（FDIA）对供应链的影响，并设计了针对FDIA的对策。首先，从控制理论的角度建立了一个新的供应链管理框架。根据网络控制系统的定义，对SC中每个成员的角色进行了概念化。其次，FDIA被视为一种独特的SC风险，其特征是对传输数据进行恶意操纵并破坏其真实性。第三，采用冗余通道策略，为应急供应商和与决策中心交换数据的临时仓库提供无网络攻击的可靠通信通道。在此基础上，提出了混合整数规划模型来确定对策和优化网络安全投资。通过仿真分析，考察了不同网络攻击强度和不同客户行为下FDIA对供应链绩效的协同影响。结果表明，所提出的策略在减轻FDIA的不利影响和提高SC弹性方面是有效的。研究结果增强了供应链管理人员对采用恢复策略以减轻网络攻击风险的理解。此外，研究结果对网络攻击者在SC环境下启动FDIA具有指导意义。

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引用次数: 0

Direct selling, reselling or hybrid? Manufacturer's sales channel strategies in the context of online product reviews 直销、转售还是混合销售？在线产品评论下制造商的销售渠道策略

IF 1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL

International Journal of Production Economics

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2025.109883

Zhenghua Deng , Xumei Zhang

Online product reviews (OPRs) exert a significant influence on consumers' purchasing decisions and play a crucial role in shaping the profitability of firms within supply chains. This study delves into the complexities of a manufacturer's optimal sales channel strategy in the context of OPRs. We analyze three sales channel modes: (a) maintaining both online and traditional channels (Dual-Channel Mode, Mode D), (b) abandoning the direct channel to focus on the traditional resale channel (Traditional-Only Channel Mode, Mode SR), and (c) abandoning the traditional channel to focus on the online direct channel (Direct-Only Channel Mode, Mode SM). We develop game-theoretical models to analyze the interplay between the manufacturer's channel choices and the retailer's pricing strategies. Our analysis reveals that when the effectiveness of OPRs is substantial, the manufacturer tends to favor either Mode SM or Mode D. In contrast, when OPRs are less influential, Mode SR generally yields greater benefits. Interestingly, we find that increased OPR accuracy does not necessarily result in clear-cut advantages for the manufacturer. Specifically, when OPR accuracy is low, the manufacturer prefers Mode SR; however, when OPR accuracy increases, Mode D tends to lead to greater profitability. We extend our model to examine channel cost differentiation, multiple competing retailers, and endogenous online review manipulation. Our primary findings remain robust across these extensions. Our study provides valuable insights for manufacturers when determining their optimal channel strategies in the presence of OPRs.

在线产品评论（OPRs）对消费者的购买决策产生重大影响，并在塑造供应链内企业的盈利能力方面发挥关键作用。本研究探讨了OPRs背景下制造商最优销售渠道策略的复杂性。我们分析了三种销售渠道模式：(a)同时维持在线和传统渠道（双渠道模式，模式D）， (b)放弃直接渠道，专注于传统转售渠道（传统唯一渠道模式，模式SR），以及(c)放弃传统渠道，专注于在线直接渠道（直销唯一渠道模式，模式SM）。我们建立了博弈论模型来分析制造商的渠道选择和零售商的定价策略之间的相互作用。我们的分析表明，当OPRs的有效性很大时，制造商倾向于选择模式SM或模式d。相反，当OPRs的影响较小时，模式SR通常会产生更大的效益。有趣的是，我们发现提高OPR精度并不一定会给制造商带来明确的优势。具体来说，当OPR精度较低时，制造商更倾向于采用SR模式；然而，当OPR精度增加时，模式D往往会带来更大的盈利能力。我们扩展了我们的模型来研究渠道成本差异、多个竞争零售商和内生的在线评论操纵。我们的主要发现仍然适用于这些扩展。我们的研究为制造商在opr存在的情况下确定最佳渠道策略提供了有价值的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Systems thinking for climate change and modern slavery mitigation in supply chains: Insights from panarchy theory 供应链中气候变化和现代奴隶制缓解的系统思考：来自panarchy理论的见解

IF 1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL

International Journal of Production Economics

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2025.109901

Mahnaz Hosseinzadeh , Marzieh Samadi Foroushani , Reza Alikhani

Modern slavery (MS) remains a pervasive and underexplored challenge in global supply chains (SCs), deeply intertwined with climate change, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and resource insecurity. Addressing this dual crisis is vital not only for achieving Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 8 (decent work) and SDG 13 (climate action), but also for advancing low-carbon SC operations and progress towards net-zero emissions commitments. This study employs panarchy theory to examine the multi-level socio-ecological dynamics of MS, focusing on its bidirectional relationship with climate change and the Water–Food–Energy (WFE) nexus. Using system dynamics modelling, we analyse how interventions across SC, political-economic, and planetary levels can disrupt MS while mitigating systemic vulnerabilities caused by climate change and reducing emissions intensity and addressing carbon lock-in within a high-emissions upstream oil SC. Drawing on a case study of the Azadegan oil field, near the Hawizeh Marsh on the Iran-Iraq border, the research demonstrates the global relevance of resource exploitation and socio-ecological vulnerability. Our findings highlight WFE security as a critical lever for reducing labour exploitation by mitigating population vulnerability. However, isolated SC-level policies or MS-focused initiatives prove insufficient. Instead, integrated approaches that combine international climate action, WFE resource management, and systemic governance reforms are essential. By extending panarchy theory to address negative SC phenomena and incorporating hybrid policy designs, this research shows how decarbonisation policies (e.g. flaring elimination, carbon taxation and renewable energy investment) can be combined with WFE and governance reforms to simultaneously reduce forced labour risk and GHG emissions in oil SCs. The study thus provides actionable insights for integrating social justice, low-carbon operations and climate change mitigation into SC management in support of net-zero goals as well as decent work targets in SCs.

现代奴隶制（MS）仍然是全球供应链（sc）中普遍存在的挑战，与气候变化、温室气体（GHG）排放和资源不安全密切相关。解决这一双重危机不仅对实现可持续发展目标8（体面工作）和可持续发展目标13（气候行动）至关重要，而且对推进低碳供应链运营和实现净零排放承诺也至关重要。本研究运用层次理论考察了MS的多层次社会生态动态，重点研究了MS与气候变化和水-食物-能量（WFE）关系的双向关系。利用系统动力学建模，我们分析了SC、政治经济和地球层面的干预措施如何破坏MS，同时减轻气候变化引起的系统脆弱性，降低排放强度，并解决高排放上游石油SC内的碳锁定问题。该研究证明了资源开发与社会生态脆弱性的全球相关性。我们的研究结果强调，工作场所安全是通过减轻人口脆弱性来减少劳动力剥削的关键杠杆。然而，孤立的sc级政策或专注于ms的举措证明是不够的。相反，将国际气候行动、WFE资源管理和系统性治理改革结合起来的综合方法至关重要。通过扩展层级制理论来解决负面的供应链现象，并结合混合政策设计，本研究展示了脱碳政策（例如，消除燃除、碳税和可再生能源投资）如何与WFE和治理改革相结合，同时减少石油供应链的强迫劳动风险和温室气体排放。因此，该研究为将社会正义、低碳运营和减缓气候变化纳入SC管理提供了可行的见解，以支持SC的净零目标和体面工作目标。

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引用次数: 0

Coordination of supply chain contracts on blockchain platforms b区块链平台供应链合同协调

IF 1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL

International Journal of Production Economics

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2025.109908

Limian Ci, Liyuan Zhang, Yonghong Wu, Benchawan Wiwatanapataphee

To promote the application of blockchain technology in the supply chain, this paper examines a model consisting of a manufacturer and a retailer, with the manufacturer acting as the leader. Game models are established under four different scenarios: the manufacturer independently bears the blockchain application costs, shares the costs with the retailer, negotiates revenue sharing through the Nash bargaining mechanism, and shares revenue through centralised decision-making. The optimal coordination mechanism is identified by analysing the equilibrium in each scenario. Compared to the scenario where the manufacturer bears the costs independently, under the cost structure studied, the cost-sharing contract cannot change the situation where supply chain members take their own marginal profits as their decision-making goal, resulting in coordination failure; the revenue-sharing contract under the bargaining mechanism can increase the overall profit of the supply chain but may reduce the retailer’s profit. In contrast, revenue-sharing based on centralised decision-making can yield the highest profits for all parties. Interestingly, when consumers are insensitive to information quality, an increase in the initial information level may reduce consumer welfare and even lower social welfare. This study provides valuable insights for supply chain members on coordinating contract mechanisms to support the use of blockchain technology.

为了促进区块链技术在供应链中的应用，本文研究了一个由制造商和零售商组成的模型，其中制造商作为领导者。建立了制造商独立承担区块链应用成本、与零售商分担成本、通过纳什议价机制协商收益分成、通过集中决策共享收益四种不同场景下的博弈模型。通过分析各方案下的均衡，确定了最优协调机制。与制造商独立承担成本的情形相比，在所研究的成本结构下，成本分担契约不能改变供应链成员以自身边际利润为决策目标的情况，导致协调失败；议价机制下的收益共享契约可以增加供应链的整体利润，但可能会降低零售商的利润。相比之下，基于集中决策的收入分享可以为各方带来最高的利润。有趣的是，当消费者对信息质量不敏感时，初始信息水平的提高可能会降低消费者福利，甚至降低社会福利。本研究为供应链成员协调合同机制以支持区块链技术的使用提供了有价值的见解。

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引用次数: 0

An evolution analysis of living streaming governance: Deceptive advertising and non-compliant operation 直播治理的演变分析：欺骗性广告与违规运营

IF 1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL

International Journal of Production Economics

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2026.109916

Baoli Shi , Xiangfeng Chen

The live streaming e-commerce industry has experienced rapid development, emerging as a pivotal channel for consumer purchasing and brand marketing. Nonetheless, this growth has concurrently revealed a spectrum of challenges, including deceptive advertising by streamers, non-compliant operational practices by merchants, and difficulties in effective governmental regulation. This study develops an evolutionary game-theoretic model encompassing three key stakeholders: streamers, merchants, and the government, with the objective of elucidating the stable evolutionary strategies of each agent as well as the overall system dynamics. Furthermore, the analysis investigates the impact of merchant return policy and consumer search behavior on the system’s evolutionary trajectory and convergence velocity. The findings uncover a nuanced incentive mechanism linking streamers’ truthful advertising to merchants’ compliance behaviors. Notably, truthful advertising does not uniformly promote compliance: when profits derived from compliant operations surpass those from non-compliant activities, truthful promotion may paradoxically amplify merchants’ incentives to act non-compliantly; conversely, if compliant profits are comparatively lower, truthful advertising tends to encourage compliance. Additionally, we also show that a higher commission rate for the streamer tends to induce merchants’ non-compliance behavior, however, a lower commission rate might strengthen merchant compliance incentive. The results further reveal asymmetric sensitivities among participants: merchants exhibit greater responsiveness to variations in governmental penalties than to changes in commission rates, while streamers display heightened sensitivity to commission rate adjustments and factors related to deceptive advertising. Lastly, we find that while the emergence of return policy and consumer search does not alter long-term equilibria, it significantly affects the speed of reaching different equilibrium outcomes.

直播电商行业发展迅速，成为消费者购买和品牌营销的重要渠道。尽管如此，这种增长同时也带来了一系列挑战，包括流媒体的欺骗性广告，商家的不合规操作以及有效政府监管的困难。本研究建立了一个演化博弈论模型，包含三个关键的利益相关者：流媒体、商人和政府，目的是阐明每个主体的稳定演化策略以及整个系统动力学。分析了商家退货政策和消费者搜索行为对系统演化轨迹和收敛速度的影响。研究结果揭示了一种微妙的激励机制，将主播的真实广告与商家的合规行为联系起来。值得注意的是，真实的广告并不能统一地促进合规：当合规经营的利润超过不合规活动的利润时，真实的广告可能会矛盾地放大商家不合规行为的动机；相反，如果合规利润相对较低，真实的广告往往会鼓励合规。此外，我们还表明，较高的佣金率往往会诱发商家的不合规行为，而较低的佣金率可能会增强商家的合规激励。结果进一步揭示了参与者之间的不对称敏感性：商家对政府处罚的变化表现出比佣金率变化更大的反应，而流媒体对佣金率调整和与欺骗性广告相关的因素表现出更高的敏感性。最后，我们发现，虽然回报政策和消费者搜索的出现不会改变长期均衡，但会显著影响达到不同均衡结果的速度。

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引用次数: 0

Pricing and sequencing differentiated products for strategic consumers under demand uncertainty 需求不确定性下战略消费者差异化产品的定价与排序

IF 1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL

International Journal of Production Economics

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2025.109905

Seong-joon Kim , Seong Jin Ahn , Mihyeong Song , Seung Hwan Jung

Pricing and the introduction of new products are critical decision-making challenges that can significantly impact a firm’s competitive marketing capabilities. Particularly when there exists demand uncertainty, these decisions become even more complicated due to consumers’ strategic behavior, such as delaying purchases to wait for season-off sales at discounted prices. This paper examines how such forward-looking behavior among consumers influences a firm’s key decisions regarding product introduction sequencing, pricing, and production. Our work demonstrates that demand uncertainty exacerbates price distortion due to cannibalization effects. More importantly, we show that production must follow a newsvendor-type logic where early sales information improves later production decisions. Furthermore, our findings challenge the conventional wisdom in the marketing literature. Specifically, we show that under demand uncertainty, the principle established in classic marketing literature — introducing a high-end product first is preferable to launching a low-end product — does not always hold. In particular, the optimal sequence depends on market conditions: upward sequencing can dominate when vertical differentiation is strong, while the preferred strategy is to introduce the product serving the more volatile segment later, especially when the correlation effect is pronounced. This paper offers new insights beyond the conventional marketing perspective by incorporating production and inventory considerations, showing how sequencing, pricing, and production decisions jointly shape firms’ strategies under demand uncertainty and strategic consumer behavior.

定价和新产品的引入是关键的决策挑战，可以显著影响一个公司的竞争营销能力。特别是在存在需求不确定性的情况下，由于消费者的战略行为，例如推迟购买以等待打折销售，这些决策变得更加复杂。本文考察了消费者的这种前瞻性行为如何影响企业关于产品引入、排序、定价和生产的关键决策。我们的研究表明，由于同类相食效应，需求不确定性加剧了价格扭曲。更重要的是，我们展示了生产必须遵循报摊类型的逻辑，即早期的销售信息可以改善后期的生产决策。此外，我们的研究结果挑战了市场营销文献中的传统智慧。具体而言，我们表明在需求不确定性下，经典营销文献中建立的原则-首先推出高端产品比推出低端产品更可取-并不总是成立。特别是，最优序列取决于市场条件：当垂直差异化强时，向上排序可以占主导地位，而当相关效应明显时，首选策略是稍后引入服务于波动较大的细分市场的产品。本文通过结合生产和库存考虑，提供了超越传统营销视角的新见解，展示了在需求不确定性和战略性消费者行为下，排序、定价和生产决策如何共同塑造企业的战略。

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引用次数: 0

Channel selection for the manufacturer considering online firestorms in social commerce era 社交商务时代考虑网络风暴的制造商渠道选择

IF 1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL

International Journal of Production Economics

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2025.109891

Yuhong Liu , Lu Zhang

Social commerce platforms integrate social interactions with e-commerce, presenting brand manufacturers with new distribution avenues. These platforms empower manufacturers to carry out digital content marketing but also subject them to increased uncertainty, particularly online firestorms, where the rapid spread of negative information harms brand reputation and performance. This paper employs differential game theory to investigate optimal pricing and marketing strategies across different channel expansion strategies, including no expansion (Strategy N), expansion to a new traditional e-commerce platform(Strategy TT), and expansion to a social commerce platform(Strategy TS), and analyzes the optimal strategy for a manufacturer already operating on a traditional e-commerce platform. Our results show, firstly, that when the occurrence probability and damage rate of online firestorms are high, both the manufacturer and the platform implement restoration strategies to counteract the firestorms, which may contribute to the enhancement of platform goodwill in the long run. In contrast, when the occurrence probability or damage rate is less significant, they employ resilience strategies to minimize negative consequences. Secondly, when the fixed cost of channel expansion is low and the commission rate is low, Strategy TS yields higher profits for the manufacturer. As the commission rate increases, Strategy TT becomes more advantageous and emerges as the preferred option. When either the fixed cost is high or the commission rate is excessively high, the manufacturer tends to favor Strategy N. Finally, expanding via Strategy TT may enhance the profitability of the incumbent platform, achieving a win-win situation for both parties.

社交电商平台将社交互动与电子商务相结合，为品牌厂商提供了新的分销渠道。这些平台使制造商能够进行数字内容营销，但也使他们面临越来越多的不确定性，特别是在线风暴，负面信息的迅速传播损害了品牌声誉和业绩。本文运用微分博弈论研究了不同渠道扩张策略下的最优定价和营销策略，包括不扩张（策略N）、扩张到新的传统电子商务平台（策略TT）和扩张到社交电子商务平台（策略TS），并分析了已经在传统电子商务平台上运营的制造商的最优策略。我们的研究结果表明：首先，当网络火暴的发生概率和损害率较高时，制造商和平台都采取恢复策略来抵消火暴，从长远来看，这可能有助于平台商誉的增强。相反，当发生概率或损害率较低时，他们采用弹性策略来最小化负面后果。其次，当渠道扩张的固定成本较低，佣金率较低时，TS策略为制造商带来更高的利润。随着佣金率的增加，策略TT变得更有优势，成为首选。当固定成本过高或佣金率过高时，制造商倾向于选择策略n。最后，通过策略TT进行扩张，可以提高现有平台的盈利能力，实现双方的双赢。

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引用次数: 0

Lean and organizational resilience: A discussion 精益和组织弹性：讨论

IF 1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL

International Journal of Production Economics

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2025.109897

Guilherme Tortorella , Maneesh Kumar , Matthias Thürer , Tyson R. Browning , Peter Hines , David Romero , Andrea Furlan

Lean is widely regarded as a strategic management approach to increase competitiveness by systematically eliminating waste through the active involvement of employees. Nevertheless, during low-probability, high-impact disruptive events, many organizations utilizing Lean face severe negative implications, which raise doubts about Lean's effectiveness. This article aims to discuss how Lean impacts organizational resilience based on the concepts proposed by Biringer et al. (2013), who defined resilience capability through three categories: absorptive capability, adaptive capability, and restorative capability. Extensive debates among the authors and a narrative literature review were conducted, allowing for a deeper discussion and the formulation of research propositions. By discriminating the effects of Lean adoption across different capabilities, we can disentangle the Lean-resilience relationship. Overall, we argue that organizations with higher levels of Lean implementation may be able to adapt and restore more easily from severe disruptive events than organizations with lower implementation levels. In turn, organizations with lower levels of Lean implementation might present greater organizational slack that favors the absorption of the implications caused by such disruptions, which is less expected in high-Lean organizations. Our study disentangles the inherent paradox or tension in the relationship between Lean and resilience, showing that a time dimension is introduced by the different capabilities that explain the differing impacts of Lean. This leads to opportunities for further investigation of Lean and organizational resilience.

精益被广泛认为是一种战略管理方法，通过员工的积极参与，系统地消除浪费，从而提高竞争力。然而，在低概率、高影响的破坏性事件中，许多使用精益的组织面临着严重的负面影响，这使人们对精益的有效性产生了怀疑。本文旨在根据Biringer et al.（2013）提出的概念，讨论精益如何影响组织弹性。Biringer et al.（2013）通过吸收能力、适应能力和恢复能力三类来定义弹性能力。作者之间进行了广泛的辩论，并进行了叙述文献综述，允许更深入的讨论和研究命题的制定。通过区分不同能力对精益采用的影响，我们可以理清精益与弹性的关系。总体而言，我们认为精益实施水平较高的组织可能比实施水平较低的组织更容易适应和恢复严重的破坏性事件。反过来，精益实施水平较低的组织可能会表现出更大的组织松弛，这有利于吸收由这种中断引起的影响，这在高精益组织中是不太可能的。我们的研究解开了精益与弹性之间的内在矛盾或紧张关系，表明不同的能力引入了一个时间维度，解释了精益的不同影响。这为进一步研究精益和组织弹性提供了机会。

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引用次数: 0

Welfare effects in the dominant market with price discrimination under differential information protection policies 差别信息保护政策下价格歧视主导市场的福利效应

IF 1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL

International Journal of Production Economics

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2025.109909

Jiaquan Yang , Yihui Zhu , Yingfei Cheng

The widespread adoption of big data and artificial intelligence (AI) challenges regulatory authorities with issues such as price discrimination, driving the need for targeted policy responses. This study examines the welfare effects of price discrimination in a competitive e-commerce market, where a dominant platform is endowed with substantial market scale and robust data utilization capabilities and competes with a smaller platform under differentiated information protection policies. Analytical results reveal that the No Information Protection (NIP) policy maximizes consumer surplus while minimizing platform profitability, a finding that contradicts the conventional view that unregulated markets would boost platform profitability via price discrimination at the cost of consumer surplus. Notably, neither the Voluntary Information Protection (VIP) policy, the Mandatory Information Protection (MIP) policy, nor the NIP policy can maximize platform profitability and consumer surplus simultaneously, highlighting the necessity of trade-offs in policy design. More specifically, to optimize social welfare, regulatory authorities should implement mandatory information protection controls for dominant platforms with lower data utilization capabilities, while refraining from regulating those with higher capabilities.

大数据和人工智能（AI）的广泛应用给监管部门带来了价格歧视等问题的挑战，推动了有针对性的政策应对的必要性。本研究考察了竞争性电子商务市场中价格歧视的福利效应，即优势平台具有较大的市场规模和强大的数据利用能力，并在差异化的信息保护政策下与较小的平台竞争。分析结果表明，无信息保护（NIP）政策使消费者剩余最大化，同时使平台盈利能力最小化，这一发现与传统观点相矛盾，传统观点认为，不受监管的市场会以消费者剩余为代价，通过价格歧视提高平台盈利能力。值得注意的是，无论是自愿信息保护（VIP）政策、强制信息保护（MIP）政策，还是NIP政策，都不能同时实现平台盈利能力和消费者剩余的最大化，这凸显了政策设计中权衡取舍的必要性。更具体地说，为了优化社会福利，监管部门应该对数据利用能力较低的主导平台实施强制性信息保护控制，而对能力较高的平台则不进行监管。

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引用次数: 0

Eliminating environmental, social and governance (ESG) risks in a closed-loop supply chain with a non-profit organization 消除与非营利组织合作的闭环供应链中的环境、社会和治理（ESG）风险

IF 1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL

International Journal of Production Economics

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2025.109898

Xiaoyan Xu , Bin Shen , Tana Siqin

Integrating environmental, social, and governance (ESG) considerations into closed-loop supply chains introduces complex challenges and therefore, makes it crucial to understand and mitigate ESG-related risks. This paper employs a game-theoretical model to examine how a closed-loop supply chain can mitigate ESG risks. The supply chain comprises a green manufacturer and a retailer, with the potential engagement of a recycling non-profit organization (NPO) and a quality assessment agency. We compare three operational mechanisms, i.e., (i) no remanufacturing, (ii) self-collection, and (iii) NPO-collection, from an ESG perspective. We further extend the model to examine the cases of mandatory information disclosure, a retailer collection scheme, and competing manufacturers. From an environmental perspective, remanufacturing helps reduce risks of resource inefficiency and environmental impact. Self-collection (resp. NPO-collection) performs better for low-pollution (resp. high-pollution) products. From a social perspective, high “local community engagement” may incur risks. Results show that only when the production cost is high and the information acquisition cost is small, it is wise for the manufacturer to engage with both the NPO and the community's quality assessment agency. From a governance perspective, we examine transparency-related risks and find that mandatory (resp. voluntary) disclosure is preferred when the production cost is high, while voluntary disclosure is preferred when the production cost is low. Our findings supplement the extant literature by extending the value of remanufacturing beyond traditional economic and environmental perspectives, explicitly addressing ESG risks and providing managerial implications for decision makers and policymakers to support the sustainable development of the closed-loop supply chain.

将环境、社会和治理（ESG）考虑因素整合到闭环供应链中会带来复杂的挑战，因此，理解和减轻ESG相关风险至关重要。本文采用博弈论模型来研究闭环供应链如何减轻ESG风险。供应链包括一个绿色制造商和一个零售商，潜在的参与一个回收非营利组织（NPO）和一个质量评估机构。我们从ESG的角度比较了三种运作机制，即(i)无再制造，（ii）自我回收和（iii） npo回收。我们进一步扩展了该模型，以研究强制性信息披露、零售商收集计划和竞争制造商的情况。从环境的角度来看，再制造有助于降低资源效率低下和环境影响的风险。Self-collection(分别地。非营利组织收集)在低污染(例如：进行产品)。从社会角度来看，高度的“当地社区参与”可能会带来风险。结果表明，只有在生产成本较高而信息获取成本较低的情况下，制造商同时与非营利组织和社区质量评估机构合作才是明智的。从治理的角度来看，我们检查了与透明度相关的风险，并发现强制性的（响应）。当生产成本较高时，倾向于自愿披露；当生产成本较低时，倾向于自愿披露。我们的研究结果补充了现有文献，将再制造的价值扩展到传统的经济和环境视角之外，明确解决了ESG风险，并为决策者和政策制定者提供了支持闭环供应链可持续发展的管理启示。

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