International Journal of Production Economics最新文献_第3页

Climate policy uncertainty influences carbon emissions in the semiconductor industry 气候政策的不确定性影响半导体行业的碳排放

IF 9.8 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL

International Journal of Production Economics

Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2024.109436

Shulei Cheng , Yongtao Chen , Kexin Wang , Lijun Jia

Industry carbon emissions have been increasing, yet there remains a dearth of research on the impacts of climate policy uncertainty. This study first explored the effects of climate policy uncertainty on the carbon emissions of semiconductor enterprises. We employed the Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) model. We constructed a Chinese climate policy uncertainty index based on electronic news entries to match the enterprise panel data structure from 2011 to 2022. The results showed an increase in climate policy uncertainty, which helped to reduce semiconductor enterprises’ carbon emissions. This effect was primarily achieved via two pathways. First, climate policy uncertainty leads to companies facing stricter environmental requirements, and these companies will proactively increase their investment in environmental, social, and governance standards to cope with the potential risks. Second, climate policy uncertainty is often accompanied by shifts in government climate policy. Governments will provide green subsidies to enterprises to achieve their policy goals. Furthermore, the policy uncertainty for the semiconductor industry could amplify the reducing effect of climate policy uncertainty on the carbon emissions from semiconductor enterprises. Climate policy uncertainty has a greater impact on non-state-owned and smaller semiconductor enterprises. Our study provides a new way to measure climate policy uncertainty, finds a new perspective based on climate policy uncertainty for exploring the potential impacts of corporate carbon emission reductions, bridges the gap between previous studies on enterprise carbon reductions and climate policy uncertainty, and offers a new path for governments to manage industrial carbon emissions.

工业碳排放量一直在增加，但有关气候政策不确定性影响的研究仍然十分匮乏。本研究首先探讨了气候政策不确定性对半导体企业碳排放的影响。我们采用了变压器双向编码器表征（BERT）模型。我们基于电子新闻条目构建了中国气候政策不确定性指数，以匹配 2011 年至 2022 年的企业面板数据结构。结果表明，气候政策不确定性的增加有助于减少半导体企业的碳排放。这种效应主要通过两种途径实现。首先，气候政策不确定性导致企业面临更严格的环保要求，这些企业会主动增加在环境、社会和治理标准方面的投资，以应对潜在风险。其次，气候政策的不确定性往往伴随着政府气候政策的转变。政府会向企业提供绿色补贴，以实现其政策目标。此外，半导体产业政策的不确定性会放大气候政策不确定性对半导体企业碳排放的减少作用。气候政策的不确定性对非国有和小型半导体企业的影响更大。我们的研究提供了一种衡量气候政策不确定性的新方法，为探索企业碳减排的潜在影响找到了一个基于气候政策不确定性的新视角，弥补了以往企业碳减排与气候政策不确定性研究之间的差距，为政府管理工业碳排放提供了一条新路径。

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引用次数: 0

Time-to-Adapt (TTA) 适应时间 (TTA)

IF 9.8 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL

International Journal of Production Economics

Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2024.109432

Mohsen Mosayebi , Michel Fathi , Mehrnaz Khalaj Hedayati , Dmitry Ivanov

Manufacturing operations rely heavily on external sources and supply chain (

SC

) networks, making them susceptible to material and operational risks. In response, manufacturers are investigating innovative strategies to enhance their adaptability and strengthen the resilience and viability of their value-creation systems. This shift has prompted an increased focus on integrating inherent adaptability while maintaining profitability and efficiency. Although indicators such as Time-to-Recover (

TTR

) and Time-to-Survive (

TTS

) are commonly employed to assess

SC

capabilities, the literature suggests that scholars and practitioners give less consideration to the internal factors of Mass Customization (

MC

) manufacturers and their influence on mitigating

SC

disruptions, particularly the Time-to-Adapt (

TTA

) indicator in manufacturing. This study utilizes a case study approach, complemented by a mathematical model, to analyze the role of

TTA

as a key internal controllable indicator within

MC

manufacturers and as an external controllable indicator for suppliers. The findings indicate that manufacturers can employ the

TTA

indicator to measure the adaptation period and enhance their adaptive capabilities. Moreover, it enables manufacturers to optimize profits by selecting viable production options in response to resource shortages.

制造业务严重依赖外部资源和供应链（SC）网络，因此很容易受到材料和运营风险的影响。为此，制造商正在研究创新战略，以提高其适应性，并加强其价值创造系统的复原力和可行性。这种转变促使人们更加关注在保持盈利能力和效率的同时，整合固有的适应能力。虽然通常采用恢复时间（TTR）和生存时间（TTS）等指标来评估SC能力，但文献表明，学者和从业人员较少考虑大规模定制（MC）制造商的内部因素及其对缓解SC中断的影响，特别是制造业的适应时间（TTA）指标。本研究采用案例研究法，辅以数学模型，分析了 TTA 作为 MC 制造商内部关键可控指标和供应商外部可控指标的作用。研究结果表明，制造商可以利用 TTA 指标来衡量适应期，提高适应能力。此外，它还能使制造商通过选择可行的生产方案来应对资源短缺，从而优化利润。

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引用次数: 0

Choosing between additive and conventional manufacturing of spare parts: On the impact of failure rate uncertainties and the tools to reduce them 在零部件的增材制造和传统制造之间做出选择：故障率不确定性的影响及减少故障率不确定性的工具

IF 9.8 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL

International Journal of Production Economics

Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2024.109438

Mirco Peron , Antonio Maria Coruzzolo , Rob Basten , Nils Knofius , Francesco Lolli , Fabio Sgarbossa

Recently, there has been great interest in using additive manufacturing (AM) to produce spare parts: allowing to produce spare parts with short lead times and close to the point of use, AM reduces the need for large inventories otherwise required by conventional manufacturing (CM) techniques to deal with intermittent spare parts demand. However, using AM to produce spare parts is limited by two main drawbacks: high production costs and uncertain failure rates arising from AM still being a relatively new production technique. While the former can be counterbalanced by inventory cost reductions, it is unclear how the latter impacts the sourcing option decision (i.e. AM or CM). We aim to fill this gap by studying a periodic review model in which spare parts demands follow a Poisson process. To make our analysis accurate and reliable, we leverage a material science approach to obtain realistic values for the failure rate uncertainties. From the results, it emerges that AM is heavily penalized by failure rate uncertainties much higher than those of CM. Consequently, we then focus on some recent tools developed to reduce AM failure rate uncertainties: porosity assessment and in-situ monitoring. We find that the failure rate uncertainty should be reduced by five and six percentage points to make it worthwhile to invest in porosity assessment and in-situ monitoring, respectively. Finally, we determine under which circumstances each tool is preferred over the other and found that porosity assessment is typically the most competitive uncertainty reduction tool.

最近，人们对使用增材制造（AM）技术生产备件产生了浓厚的兴趣：AM 可以在短时间内生产出备件，并接近使用点，从而减少了传统制造（CM）技术所需的大量库存，以应对间歇性的备件需求。然而，使用 AM 生产备件有两个主要缺点：生产成本高；由于 AM 仍是一种相对较新的生产技术，故障率不确定。虽然前者可以通过降低库存成本来抵消，但后者如何影响采购选择决策（即 AM 还是 CM）尚不清楚。我们旨在通过研究备件需求遵循泊松过程的定期审查模型来填补这一空白。为了使我们的分析准确可靠，我们利用材料科学的方法来获得故障率不确定性的现实值。分析结果表明，与 CM 相比，AM 受故障率不确定性的影响更大。因此，我们将重点放在最近开发的一些降低 AM 失效率不确定性的工具上：孔隙率评估和原位监测。我们发现，失效率不确定性应分别降低 5 个百分点和 6 个百分点，这样才值得对孔隙度评估和原位监测进行投资。最后，我们确定了在哪些情况下每种工具优于其他工具，并发现孔隙度评估通常是最具竞争力的不确定性降低工具。

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引用次数: 0

Digital servitization in digital enterprise: Leveraging digital platform capabilities to unlock data value 数字企业中的数字服务化：利用数字平台功能释放数据价值

IF 9.8 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL

International Journal of Production Economics

Pub Date : 2024-10-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2024.109434

Yibo Jia , Li Cui , Jingqin Su , Lin Wu , Shahriar Akter , Ajay Kumar

Existing research has not clearly defined digital platform capabilities or explained how they unlock data value, limiting the understanding of digital servitization in digital enterprises. Therefore, our study draws upon the Dynamic Capability Theory and employs an exploratory, in-depth single case study approach to bridge this research gap. We identify three key digital platform capabilities: data integration capability, data analytics capability, and data productization capability. Our results demonstrate that these capabilities function as “reservoirs,” “catalysts,” and “pipelines” in a specific iterative sequence to unlock data value, thereby facilitating the successful implementation of digital servitization in digital enterprises. Furthermore, these capabilities are interconnected, collectively forming a dynamic capability—digital platform capability—that unlocks data value by integrating and reconfiguring data resources. Additionally, we delineate the differences in digital servitization between digital enterprises and traditional manufacturers across three dimensions: motivation, key service design activities, and benefits. Our findings enrich the existing literature on digital platform capabilities and data value while expanding the research scope of digital servitization from the perspective of digital enterprises.

现有研究没有明确定义数字平台能力，也没有解释它们如何释放数据价值，这限制了对数字企业中数字服务化的理解。因此，我们的研究借鉴了动态能力理论，采用探索性、深入的单一案例研究方法来弥补这一研究空白。我们确定了三种关键的数字平台能力：数据整合能力、数据分析能力和数据产品化能力。我们的研究结果表明，这些能力在特定的迭代序列中发挥着 "蓄水池"、"催化剂 "和 "管道 "的作用，以释放数据价值，从而促进数字企业成功实施数字服务化。此外，这些能力相互关联，共同构成了一种动态能力--数字平台能力，通过整合和重新配置数据资源来释放数据价值。此外，我们还从动机、关键服务设计活动和效益三个维度划分了数字企业与传统制造商在数字服务化方面的差异。我们的研究结果丰富了有关数字平台能力和数据价值的现有文献，同时从数字企业的角度拓展了数字服务化的研究范围。

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引用次数: 0

Managing resources for digital transformation in supply chain integration: The role of hybrid governance structures 为供应链整合中的数字化转型管理资源：混合治理结构的作用

IF 9.8 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL

International Journal of Production Economics

Pub Date : 2024-10-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2024.109428

Cintia Wilke Franco , Guilherme Brittes Benitez , Paulo Renato de Sousa , Francisco José Kliemann Neto , Alejandro G. Frank

Digital transformation (DT) plays a crucial role in shaping operations and supply chain management. Through real-time data sharing and automated decision-making systems, DT fosters supply chain integration (SCI), facilitated by key digital technologies like Internet of Things (IoT), cloud computing, big data, and artificial intelligence. Effective DT necessitates managing organizational digital resources encompassing technical domains such as software, hardware, and data science, alongside financial resources and managerial capabilities. Navigating the complexities of DT requires strategic decisions in supply chain governance regarding the management of these digital resources. While in-house development offers control and differentiation, it entails organizational and financial risks. Conversely, outsourcing digital activities reduces risks but increases technological dependence. Hybrid governance (concurrently sourcing in-house and outsourcing activities) presents a reconciliatory approach that can be valuable for DT in SCI. This study investigates the contribution of hybrid governance for DT, focusing on its effects on SCI and delivery performance. Through quantitative analysis of 379 manufacturing companies, our findings reveal that hybrid governance positively influences the digitalization of SCI and contributes to delivery performance through a digitalized SCI. Our research contributes to the theoretical understanding of hybrid governance in DT, offering insights into strategic digital resource management for SCI. It underscores the importance of balancing internal and external resources to optimize supply chain performance in the digital era.

数字化转型（DT）在塑造运营和供应链管理方面发挥着至关重要的作用。通过实时数据共享和自动化决策系统，数字化转型促进了供应链整合（SCI），而物联网（IoT）、云计算、大数据和人工智能等关键数字技术则为供应链整合提供了便利。有效的 DT 需要管理组织的数字资源，包括软件、硬件和数据科学等技术领域，以及财务资源和管理能力。要驾驭复杂的 DT，就必须在供应链管理中就这些数字资源的管理做出战略决策。虽然内部开发可以提供控制和差异化，但也会带来组织和财务风险。相反，外包数字活动可以降低风险，但会增加技术依赖性。混合治理（同时进行内部采购和外包活动）提供了一种调和方法，对 SCI 中的 DT 很有价值。本研究调查了混合治理对 DT 的贡献，重点关注其对 SCI 和交付绩效的影响。通过对 379 家制造企业的定量分析，我们的研究结果表明，混合治理对 SCI 数字化有积极影响，并通过数字化 SCI 提高交付绩效。我们的研究有助于从理论上理解 DT 中的混合治理，为 SCI 的战略数字资源管理提供了见解。它强调了在数字化时代平衡内部和外部资源以优化供应链绩效的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Truthful multi-unit double auction with transaction costs and sellers’ changing marginal costs 有交易成本和卖方边际成本变化的真实多单位双重拍卖

IF 9.8 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL

International Journal of Production Economics

Pub Date : 2024-10-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2024.109430

Jiantao Guo , Juliang Zhang , T.C.E. Cheng

It is well-known that lots of sellers offer discounts for large orders because of decreasing marginal costs and large productive capacities. Then some procurement platforms provide ways for small buyers to cooperate with their procurements and get discounts from these sellers. Moreover, these transactions will incur pair-related transaction costs. Generally, buyers values and sellers’ costs are private information. Then a critical problem faced by the platforms is to induce the buyers (sellers) to reveal their values (costs) truthfully and to match the supplies and demands efficiently. To solve this problem, we design a multi-unit double auction mechanism based on the padding method where the buyers bid their values and the sellers submit their marginal costs of different quantities, and the platform selects the winners, allocates the transactions, and sets the transaction prices for both sides. We show that the mechanism is budget-balanced, individually rational, incentive-compatible, and asymptotically efficient. For the special case with zero transaction costs, we further simplify the mechanism and get some new findings. We further conduct numerical studies to compare our mechanism with four commonly used mechanisms to demonstrate its advantages and examine the impacts of some parameters on the performance of our mechanism. Finally, we consider the cases with general marginal cost structure as well as private quantity information, respectively.

众所周知，由于边际成本下降和生产能力大，很多卖家会为大额订单提供折扣。因此，一些采购平台为小买家提供了合作采购的途径，并从这些卖家那里获得折扣。此外，这些交易会产生与配对相关的交易成本。一般来说，买家的价值和卖家的成本都是私人信息。因此，平台面临的一个关键问题是如何促使买方（卖方）如实披露其价值（成本），并有效地匹配供应和需求。为了解决这个问题，我们设计了一种基于填充法的多单位双重拍卖机制，即买方出价，卖方提交不同数量的边际成本，由平台选择中标者，分配交易，并设定双方的交易价格。我们的研究表明，该机制具有预算平衡、个体理性、激励兼容和渐进高效的特点。对于交易成本为零的特殊情况，我们进一步简化了该机制，并得到了一些新发现。我们进一步进行了数值研究，将我们的机制与四种常用机制进行了比较，以证明其优势，并考察了一些参数对我们机制性能的影响。最后，我们分别考虑了一般边际成本结构和私人数量信息的情况。

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引用次数: 0

Examining customer pressure and green supply chain management in emerging market: An institutional logics perspective 研究新兴市场的客户压力和绿色供应链管理：制度逻辑视角

IF 9.8 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL

International Journal of Production Economics

Pub Date : 2024-10-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2024.109431

Ruoqi Geng , Shao Lin , Jing Dai

Employing contingency and configuration approach, this study explores the role of institutional logics in the relationship between customers' green expectations and firms' adoption of green supply chain management (GSCM) practices. The results of a survey of 310 supplier companies in China, an important emerging market, provide the empirical evidence for the coexistence of multiple institutional logics that are divergent from and almost incompatible with firms' GSCM practices. The multiple logics impose different and conflicting effects on the adoption of GSCM practices when responding to customers’ expectations. Thus, decisions about the adoption of GSCM practices are complicated and contingent on institutional logics. Despite advances in GSCM and rising customer expectations concerning sustainability and the environment, firms still struggle to engage suppliers. This study illuminates how multiple and competing institutional logics play a role in this area. Our results suggest that firms with predominantly cost logic are less likely to engage with GSCM compared to those with market or regulative logics.

本研究采用权变和配置方法，探讨了制度逻辑在客户绿色期望与企业采用绿色供应链管理（GSCM）实践之间关系中的作用。对中国（一个重要的新兴市场）310 家供应商企业的调查结果提供了实证证据，证明多种制度逻辑并存，它们与企业的 GSCM 实践既不一致又几乎不相容。在回应客户期望时，多重逻辑对企业采用 GSCM 实践产生了不同且相互冲突的影响。因此，采用 GSCM 实践的决定是复杂的，取决于制度逻辑。尽管全球供应链管理取得了进步，客户对可持续发展和环境的期望也在不断提高，但企业仍在努力与供应商合作。本研究揭示了多种相互竞争的制度逻辑如何在这一领域发挥作用。我们的研究结果表明，与具有市场或监管逻辑的企业相比，以成本逻辑为主的企业不太可能参与全球供应链管理。

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引用次数: 0

A sustainable semiconductor supply chain under regulation 监管下的可持续半导体供应链

IF 9.8 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL

International Journal of Production Economics

Pub Date : 2024-10-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2024.109426

Talat S. Genc

Modern life would not exist without semiconductors as all electronic components used in computers, telecommunications, health care, transportation, and energy systems are equipped with chips. To examine both backward and forward activities in semiconductor industry, this paper formulates the industry as a closed-loop supply chain. It articulates how old semiconductors are processed and recycled to manufacture new silicon and chips, and examines the impact of a commonly applied subsidy scheme on the performance of semiconductor firms which operate in upstream and downstream layers of the industry. Specifically, the proposed semiconductor supply chain involves (i) a return function sensitive to monetary incentives; (ii) a subsidy legislation rewarding end-users for recycling; (iii) upstream industry where silicon is produced using virgin and scrap materials; (iv) downstream industry in which semiconductor manufacturers (such as TSMC, Samsung, Intel) buy silicon and other materials, hire workers, and then produce and sell chips. We characterize Stackelberg equilibrium silicon and semiconductor prices and outputs and calibrate model parameters using actual data to quantify the effects of subsidy and collection channels on silicon and semiconductor firms’ performance. We find that the subsidy scheme neither distorts firms’ strategies nor causes any inefficiency for the semiconductor industry. It stimulates circular economy activities and provides economic and environmental benefits.

现代生活离不开半导体，因为计算机、电信、医疗保健、交通和能源系统中使用的所有电子元件都装有芯片。为了研究半导体行业的后向和前向活动，本文将该行业表述为一个闭环供应链。本文阐述了旧半导体如何通过加工和回收来制造新的硅片和芯片，并研究了一项普遍适用的补贴计划对半导体行业上下游企业绩效的影响。具体而言，拟议的半导体供应链涉及：(i) 对货币激励敏感的回报函数；(ii) 奖励终端用户回收利用的补贴立法；(iii) 利用原始材料和废料生产硅的上游产业；(iv) 半导体制造商（如台积电、三星、英特尔）购买硅和其他材料、雇佣工人，然后生产和销售芯片的下游产业。我们描述了 Stackelberg 平衡硅和半导体价格与产出的特征，并利用实际数据对模型参数进行了校准，以量化补贴和征收渠道对硅和半导体企业绩效的影响。我们发现，补贴计划既没有扭曲企业的战略，也没有导致半导体行业效率低下。它刺激了循环经济活动，带来了经济和环境效益。

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引用次数: 0

The impact of big fund on the operational efficiency of semiconductor companies: Corporate social responsibility as a non-economic output 大基金对半导体公司运营效率的影响：作为非经济产出的企业社会责任

IF 9.8 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL

International Journal of Production Economics

Pub Date : 2024-10-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2024.109429

Xin Yao , Jiajia Zhao

This study contributes to research on the total factor operational efficiency of the semiconductor company considering corporate social responsibility (CSR) by proposing a novel integer-valued nonparametric frontier method. This method adopts an endogenous directional distance function, which first selects the benchmark and then endogenously determines the directional vector. Avoiding the issue of non-integer slack adjustment increases the convenience of formulating incentive plans and calculating efficiency. We apply this method to the input–output data of 185 listed Chinese semiconductor companies from 2010 to 2022, considering integer-valued CSR as non-economic output. Global Malmquist productivity index analysis shows that the average total factor operational efficiency of companies that received investment from the National Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund (Big Fund) increased by 6.9%. Using the econometric technique, we verify that the total factor operational efficiency of semiconductor companies receiving Big Fund investment increased by 0.084 compared to those without Big Fund investment. Heterogeneity analysis showed that the effect of Big Fund was more significant in improving the total factor operational efficiency of state-owned, new, and non-integrated circuit semiconductor companies, implying the necessity of purposeful investment policies for the Big Fund.

本研究通过提出一种新颖的整数值非参数前沿方法，为考虑企业社会责任（CSR）的半导体公司全要素运营效率研究做出了贡献。该方法采用内生方向距离函数，首先选择基准，然后内生确定方向向量。避免了非整数松弛调整的问题，增加了制定激励计划和计算效率的便利性。我们将此方法应用于 185 家中国半导体上市公司 2010 年至 2022 年的投入产出数据，并将整数值的企业社会责任视为非经济产出。全球马尔奎斯特生产率指数分析表明，获得国家集成电路产业投资基金（大基金）投资的企业平均全要素运营效率提高了 6.9%。利用计量经济学技术，我们验证了获得大基金投资的半导体企业的全要素运营效率比没有获得大基金投资的企业提高了 0.084。异质性分析表明，大基金在提高国有、新型和非集成电路半导体企业全要素运营效率方面的效果更为显著，这意味着大基金有必要采取有目的的投资政策。

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引用次数: 0

The bright and dark sides of servitization under extended producer responsibility 生产者延伸责任下服务化的光明与黑暗面

IF 9.8 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL

International Journal of Production Economics

Pub Date : 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2024.109416

Minyue Jin , Baoyong Li , Xiaoxu Chen , Lipan Feng

Servitization has gained popularity with its concept of selling the functionality or use of a product rather than the product itself. However, the implications of EPR under servitization scenarios are not straightforward. On the one hand, servitization allows the manufacturer to retain ownership of the product, which mitigates the need for costly buyback procedures when the manufacturer is required to repurchase the end-of-use product under EPR. On the other hand, servitization expands the demand of consumers by allowing those who cannot afford the product to still use it by paying per use, thereby increasing the costs for manufacturers when it comes to recycling the product. To investigate the impact of EPR on servitization, we incorporate three distinct characteristics into the model: (i) pay-per-use pricing, (ii) the retention of product ownership, and (iii) repurchasing the end product due to EPR. The manufacturer strategically chooses among the pure sales model, servitization model, or a hybrid model that includes both options. Our findings indicate that without EPR, the manufacturer consistently prefers a hybrid model, as it provides better segmentation of different consumers. However, with EPR, the manufacturer will choose the pure sales model when the recycling rate is sufficiently high. Moreover, we find stringent EPR regulations with higher recycling rate may have negative environmental consequences. Based on these results, we emphasize the need for policymakers to carefully consider and set recycling rate.

服务化的概念是销售产品的功能或用途，而不是产品本身。然而，在服务化的情况下，生产者延伸责任的含义并不简单。一方面，服务化允许制造商保留对产品的所有权，这就减少了制造商在生产者延伸责任下被要求回购报废产品时进行成本高昂的回购程序的必要性。另一方面，服务化扩大了消费者的需求，使那些买不起产品的人仍可通过按使用付费的方式使用产品，从而增加了制造商回收产品的成本。为了研究 EPR 对服务化的影响，我们在模型中加入了三个不同的特征：(i) 按使用付费定价；(ii) 保留产品所有权；(iii) 因 EPR 而重新购买最终产品。制造商可以战略性地选择纯销售模式、服务化模式或包含两种选择的混合模式。我们的研究结果表明，在没有 EPR 的情况下，制造商更倾向于混合模式，因为它能更好地细分不同的消费者。然而，在有 EPR 的情况下，当回收率足够高时，制造商会选择纯销售模式。此外，我们还发现，严格的 EPR 法规和较高的回收率可能会对环境产生负面影响。基于这些结果，我们强调政策制定者需要仔细考虑并设定回收率。

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引用次数: 0