Pub Date : 2022-07-18DOI: 10.9734/irjpac/2022/v23i330466
Sonu Dwivedi
Physicochemical and acoustic propertie of liquid mixtures give knowlegeble information behaviour and interactions studies of liquids. Ultrasonic studies in liquids and solutions provide some valuable information about the structure and interaction in such systems. Ultrasonic velocity and density have been proved to be important properties to test the validity of liquid state model. The ultrasonic velocity (U) and density (ρ) of the binary liquid mixtures Chlorobenzene (polar)+Cyclopentyl methyl ether (nonpolar) [system I] and Methyl acrylate (polar) +Cyclopentyl methyl ether (nonpolar) [system II] are measured at 298.15 K temp. with pure components. With the help of these measured properties are calculated excess acoustic parameters using standard relations. Excess acoustic parameters are used as a qualitative and quantitative analysis in multicomponent liquid mixtures. The sign and magnitude of excess parameters provided information of different type interactions. Structural chemistry is related to the interactions involved in the liquid systems. structural effects also define nature and bonding of both liquid mixture system I and II.
{"title":"Comparative Study of Physicochemical and Acoustic Properties of Binary Liquid Mixtures of Cyclopentyl Methyl Ether with Chlorobenzene and Cyclopentyl Methyl Ether with Methyl Acrylate at 298.15 K Temperature","authors":"Sonu Dwivedi","doi":"10.9734/irjpac/2022/v23i330466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/irjpac/2022/v23i330466","url":null,"abstract":"Physicochemical and acoustic propertie of liquid mixtures give knowlegeble information behaviour and interactions studies of liquids. Ultrasonic studies in liquids and solutions provide some valuable information about the structure and interaction in such systems. Ultrasonic velocity and density have been proved to be important properties to test the validity of liquid state model. The ultrasonic velocity (U) and density (ρ) of the binary liquid mixtures Chlorobenzene (polar)+Cyclopentyl methyl ether (nonpolar) [system I] and Methyl acrylate (polar) +Cyclopentyl methyl ether (nonpolar) [system II] are measured at 298.15 K temp. with pure components. With the help of these measured properties are calculated excess acoustic parameters using standard relations. Excess acoustic parameters are used as a qualitative and quantitative analysis in multicomponent liquid mixtures. The sign and magnitude of excess parameters provided information of different type interactions. Structural chemistry is related to the interactions involved in the liquid systems. structural effects also define nature and bonding of both liquid mixture system I and II.","PeriodicalId":14371,"journal":{"name":"International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"190 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79151440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-18DOI: 10.9734/irjpac/2022/v23i330465
Virginia Wambui, H. Nyambaka, J. Kimiywe, C. Tanga
Aims: To assess the vitamin content of locusts, lake flies, grasshoppers, and termites when fresh, sun-dried, oven-dried, and defatted. Study Design: Whole insect samples were sun-dried and oven-dried. Due to their high-fat content, termites and grasshoppers were subjected to an additional defatting step after the sun-drying and oven-drying. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in Kenyatta University's food science lab from August to December 2020. Methodology: Prepared insect samples were ground and analyzed for vitamins using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Analysis was done in triplicates and results were expressed in mg/100g of dry insect sample. Results: Fresh insect samples had higher vitamin concentrations compared to the processed samples. For ascorbic acid, there was no significant difference between; a) sun-dried and defatted sun-dried termites (p=0.79), b) oven-dried and defatted oven-dried termites (p=0.51), c) defatted oven-dried and defatted sun-dried grasshoppers (p=0.22) and d) sun-dried, and defatted oven-dried grasshoppers (p=0.59). For thiamine, pyridoxine, riboflavin, and α-tocopherol there was a significant difference for all the samples in all the insects (p<0.0001). For niacin, fresh, sun-dried, oven-dried, and defatted oven-dried termites showed no significant difference in concentration (p=0.22). However, there was a significant difference for the other insects (p<0.0001). For beta-carotene, only oven-dried and sun-dried grasshoppers didn’t significantly differ (p=0.76). Degradation for water-soluble vitamins was highest in sun-dried samples, while fat-soluble vitamins were highest in oven-dried samples. Conclusion: Fresh insects contain vitamins that meet the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) values for children up to 36 months, except for beta-carotene. Processing significantly reduces the vitamin levels to below RDA values except for ascorbic acid, thiamine, and alpha-tocopherol in lake flies and termites, which can be used to formulate complementary foods to meet 100% of the RDA.
{"title":"Processing Techniques affects the Vitamin Quality of Edible Insects – Potential for Use in Complementary Foods","authors":"Virginia Wambui, H. Nyambaka, J. Kimiywe, C. Tanga","doi":"10.9734/irjpac/2022/v23i330465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/irjpac/2022/v23i330465","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: To assess the vitamin content of locusts, lake flies, grasshoppers, and termites when fresh, sun-dried, oven-dried, and defatted. \u0000Study Design: Whole insect samples were sun-dried and oven-dried. Due to their high-fat content, termites and grasshoppers were subjected to an additional defatting step after the sun-drying and oven-drying. \u0000Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in Kenyatta University's food science lab from August to December 2020. \u0000Methodology: Prepared insect samples were ground and analyzed for vitamins using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Analysis was done in triplicates and results were expressed in mg/100g of dry insect sample. \u0000Results: Fresh insect samples had higher vitamin concentrations compared to the processed samples. For ascorbic acid, there was no significant difference between; a) sun-dried and defatted sun-dried termites (p=0.79), b) oven-dried and defatted oven-dried termites (p=0.51), c) defatted oven-dried and defatted sun-dried grasshoppers (p=0.22) and d) sun-dried, and defatted oven-dried grasshoppers (p=0.59). For thiamine, pyridoxine, riboflavin, and α-tocopherol there was a significant difference for all the samples in all the insects (p<0.0001). For niacin, fresh, sun-dried, oven-dried, and defatted oven-dried termites showed no significant difference in concentration (p=0.22). However, there was a significant difference for the other insects (p<0.0001). For beta-carotene, only oven-dried and sun-dried grasshoppers didn’t significantly differ (p=0.76). Degradation for water-soluble vitamins was highest in sun-dried samples, while fat-soluble vitamins were highest in oven-dried samples. \u0000Conclusion: Fresh insects contain vitamins that meet the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) values for children up to 36 months, except for beta-carotene. Processing significantly reduces the vitamin levels to below RDA values except for ascorbic acid, thiamine, and alpha-tocopherol in lake flies and termites, which can be used to formulate complementary foods to meet 100% of the RDA.","PeriodicalId":14371,"journal":{"name":"International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80528793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-07DOI: 10.9734/irjpac/2022/v23i330464
V. Jha, Mohd Aslam Shaikh, Sakshi Devkar, R. Patel, S. Walunj, Diksha Rai, Joshua Koli, Vrushali Dhamapurkar, T. Jain, N. Jadhav, Arpita Marick, Divya Dhopeshwarkar
Background: Most of the plant natural flora contributes significantly to medicinal benefits. To address the shortcoming usage of synthetic drugs, natural products are in demand which offer a broad spectrum of activities with negligible side effects. Pinus succinefera is a fossilized resin from coniferous woods that belongs to the genus Pinus of the Pinaceae family and is widely known as Amber. The present study explores the physiochemical properties and broad spectrum of biological activities of the essential oil. Method: The essential oil obtained using the hydro-distillation process, and chemical composition was examined by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometric analysis as well as the functional groups present in the essential oil were determined using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry. Thermal characterisation was performed using the Thermo Gravimetric Analysis and Differential Scanning Calorimetry. The antimicrobial potential of the essential oil was evaluated against different microorganisms meanwhile antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum was examined. The free radical scavenging capability of the essential oil was assessed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) reagent. High-performance thin-layer chromatography was used to examine the qualitative components of the essential oil. Results: The Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometric analysis profile indicated 5 major compounds in the essential oil, which consisted of 99% of the total oil. The thermal analysis of the essential oil established thermal stability. The essential oil showed moderate antioxidant and a moderate to significant potential was observed against microbial species including Plasmodium falciparum. In High-performance thin-layer chromatography five bands of essential oil components with Retention factor ranging from 0.2 to 0.7 at 254nm were represented. Conclusion: The results indicated that the essential oil obtained from Pinus succinefera has the potential to be used in the pharmaceutical industry to manufacture medicinal substances, as well as it can show a significant capability in other domains.
{"title":"Exploration of Chemical Composition and Unveiling the Phytopharmaceutical Potentials of Essential Oil from Fossilized Resin of Pinus succinefera","authors":"V. Jha, Mohd Aslam Shaikh, Sakshi Devkar, R. Patel, S. Walunj, Diksha Rai, Joshua Koli, Vrushali Dhamapurkar, T. Jain, N. Jadhav, Arpita Marick, Divya Dhopeshwarkar","doi":"10.9734/irjpac/2022/v23i330464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/irjpac/2022/v23i330464","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Most of the plant natural flora contributes significantly to medicinal benefits. To address the shortcoming usage of synthetic drugs, natural products are in demand which offer a broad spectrum of activities with negligible side effects. Pinus succinefera is a fossilized resin from coniferous woods that belongs to the genus Pinus of the Pinaceae family and is widely known as Amber. The present study explores the physiochemical properties and broad spectrum of biological activities of the essential oil. \u0000Method: The essential oil obtained using the hydro-distillation process, and chemical composition was examined by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometric analysis as well as the functional groups present in the essential oil were determined using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry. Thermal characterisation was performed using the Thermo Gravimetric Analysis and Differential Scanning Calorimetry. The antimicrobial potential of the essential oil was evaluated against different microorganisms meanwhile antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum was examined. The free radical scavenging capability of the essential oil was assessed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) reagent. High-performance thin-layer chromatography was used to examine the qualitative components of the essential oil. \u0000Results: The Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometric analysis profile indicated 5 major compounds in the essential oil, which consisted of 99% of the total oil. The thermal analysis of the essential oil established thermal stability. The essential oil showed moderate antioxidant and a moderate to significant potential was observed against microbial species including Plasmodium falciparum. In High-performance thin-layer chromatography five bands of essential oil components with Retention factor ranging from 0.2 to 0.7 at 254nm were represented. \u0000Conclusion: The results indicated that the essential oil obtained from Pinus succinefera has the potential to be used in the pharmaceutical industry to manufacture medicinal substances, as well as it can show a significant capability in other domains.","PeriodicalId":14371,"journal":{"name":"International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"38 2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90895277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-02DOI: 10.9734/irjpac/2022/v23i330462
Muyumba Nsomue Joachim, Bolangongo Mpandu Naomie, Mulula Arnold, Mbuyi Katshiatshia Haddy, K. T. Kashishi, T. Kalulu, Joséphine K. Ntumba
Aims: To extract the bitter content of Carapa procera oil and to evaluate the antimalarial activity of its bitter content. Study Design: Experimental research. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Chemistry (University of Kinshasa) and National Institute for Biomedical Research, between December 2016 and June 2018. Methodology: The seeds of C. procera were collected in the Kwilu region (Democratic Republic of Congo). A standardized method of Soxhlet was used for the extraction and determination of the oil content. The bitter content of C. procera oil was removed by liquid-liquid extraction. Organoleptic sensory analyzes have used a test of the effectiveness of debittering. The in vitro antimalarial activity of bitter content, extracts, crude oil and the debittered oil on Plasmodium falciparum were evaluated according to the method of maturation test of trophozoites into schizonts. Results: Quality indexes such as acid values (12.72 and 2.72 mg KOH/g), saponification values (190.36 and 193.12 mg KOH/g), peroxide values (5.26 and 19.66 meq O2/Kg), and iodine values (69.09 and 68.63 g I2/100 g) was determined for crude oil and debittered oil respective antimalarial activity was evaluated. Crude oil and bitter content showed respectively significant antimalarial activity with IC50 values of 3.44 and 0.30 µg/mL. Conclusion: The elimination of the bitter content does not affect the quality of C. procera oil. These results were, for the most part, in accordance with the codex alimentarius for edible oils. Concerning the antimalarial activity, according to RITAM, C. procera crude oil could present probable antimalarial activity against P. falciparum (3.44 μg/mL), low value compared to that of the bitter content.
{"title":"Valorization of Carapa procera Oil and Evaluation in vitro of Antimalarial Activity of Its Bitter Content","authors":"Muyumba Nsomue Joachim, Bolangongo Mpandu Naomie, Mulula Arnold, Mbuyi Katshiatshia Haddy, K. T. Kashishi, T. Kalulu, Joséphine K. Ntumba","doi":"10.9734/irjpac/2022/v23i330462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/irjpac/2022/v23i330462","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: To extract the bitter content of Carapa procera oil and to evaluate the antimalarial activity of its bitter content. \u0000Study Design: Experimental research. \u0000Place and Duration of Study: Department of Chemistry (University of Kinshasa) and National Institute for Biomedical Research, between December 2016 and June 2018. \u0000Methodology: The seeds of C. procera were collected in the Kwilu region (Democratic Republic of Congo). A standardized method of Soxhlet was used for the extraction and determination of the oil content. The bitter content of C. procera oil was removed by liquid-liquid extraction. Organoleptic sensory analyzes have used a test of the effectiveness of debittering. \u0000The in vitro antimalarial activity of bitter content, extracts, crude oil and the debittered oil on Plasmodium falciparum were evaluated according to the method of maturation test of trophozoites into schizonts. \u0000Results: Quality indexes such as acid values (12.72 and 2.72 mg KOH/g), saponification values (190.36 and 193.12 mg KOH/g), peroxide values (5.26 and 19.66 meq O2/Kg), and iodine values (69.09 and 68.63 g I2/100 g) was determined for crude oil and debittered oil respective antimalarial activity was evaluated. Crude oil and bitter content showed respectively significant antimalarial activity with IC50 values of 3.44 and 0.30 µg/mL. \u0000Conclusion: The elimination of the bitter content does not affect the quality of C. procera oil. These results were, for the most part, in accordance with the codex alimentarius for edible oils. Concerning the antimalarial activity, according to RITAM, C. procera crude oil could present probable antimalarial activity against P. falciparum (3.44 μg/mL), low value compared to that of the bitter content.","PeriodicalId":14371,"journal":{"name":"International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74346653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-01DOI: 10.9734/irjpac/2022/v23i330461
O. J. Okechukwu, Okeke Abuchi Princewill
This work investigates the level of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) residues in soil and rice samples collected from Otukpo farmland area of Benue State. Ten soil samples and five different species of rice samples were collected from the farmlands to determine the concentration of DDT residues. Standard analytical methods were employed for the determination of some physicochemical parameters (pH, total organic carbon, moisture content and cation exchange capacity) of the samples. Collected samples were analyzed for residues of total dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after careful extraction and cleanup. Risk assessment was carried out by determining the hazard indices. The results of the physicochemical analysis showed that the mean pH value of soil samples is 6.2 indicating slight acidity as compared to rice 7.34 which is approximately neutral and within WHO acceptable limits. The mean total organic carbon (TOC) value is 14.57% while the mean cation exchange capacity is 7.85 meq/100g in soil. DDT was detected with average concentration of 10.5 mg/kg in soil and 3.41 mg/kg in rice which is above the EU/WHO and MRL recommended rate of 0.1 mg/kg and 0.05 mg/kg. Harzard indices employed in this research shows that rice species are fit for consumption with the exception of those with Hazard Index level greater than one in children. The contamination levels of DDT in the analyzed soil based on national standards are considered toxic for crop production but analysis shows that the uptake level of DDT from soil to crop is very low which makes the rice cultivaled fit for consumption.
{"title":"Risk Assessment of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane Residues in Soil and Rice Samples Harvested in Selected Rice Farms of Benue State, Nigeria","authors":"O. J. Okechukwu, Okeke Abuchi Princewill","doi":"10.9734/irjpac/2022/v23i330461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/irjpac/2022/v23i330461","url":null,"abstract":"This work investigates the level of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) residues in soil and rice samples collected from Otukpo farmland area of Benue State. Ten soil samples and five different species of rice samples were collected from the farmlands to determine the concentration of DDT residues. Standard analytical methods were employed for the determination of some physicochemical parameters (pH, total organic carbon, moisture content and cation exchange capacity) of the samples. Collected samples were analyzed for residues of total dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after careful extraction and cleanup. Risk assessment was carried out by determining the hazard indices. The results of the physicochemical analysis showed that the mean pH value of soil samples is 6.2 indicating slight acidity as compared to rice 7.34 which is approximately neutral and within WHO acceptable limits. The mean total organic carbon (TOC) value is 14.57% while the mean cation exchange capacity is 7.85 meq/100g in soil. DDT was detected with average concentration of 10.5 mg/kg in soil and 3.41 mg/kg in rice which is above the EU/WHO and MRL recommended rate of 0.1 mg/kg and 0.05 mg/kg. Harzard indices employed in this research shows that rice species are fit for consumption with the exception of those with Hazard Index level greater than one in children. The contamination levels of DDT in the analyzed soil based on national standards are considered toxic for crop production but analysis shows that the uptake level of DDT from soil to crop is very low which makes the rice cultivaled fit for consumption.","PeriodicalId":14371,"journal":{"name":"International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"91 2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73060159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-23DOI: 10.9734/irjpac/2022/v23i230460
P. Adie, J. Yande, S. Malu
This study aimed to estimate deoxynivalenol (DON) and total aflatoxin in two varieties of millet, sorghum and maize, in some markets of Makurdi metropolis, North-Central, Nigeria using direct competitive Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method. Moisture content, total aerobic microbial count, mould count, Coliform and Escherichia coli were determined using standard analytical methods. Moisture content profile of 9.5032 to 12.9940% (sorghum), 9.5932 to 12.3604% (maize) and 9.0279 to 12.4108% (millet) was considered relatively high. Proliferation of total aerobic microbial count was observed in the samples across the sampling points. Mycotoxins under study were detected in all samples across the sampling points. Whereas total aflatoxins were within permissible limits, DON exceeded thresholds. It was also observed that, these grains were more susceptible to the fungus Fusarium species producer of DON than the producer of aflatoxin, thus susceptibility of the grains to fungus producer of DON was in the order: sorghum > maize > millet, whereas the susceptibility against the fungus producer or producers of total aflatoxin level was in the order: sorghum > millet > maize respectively. This in general, indicated microbial contamination of these cereals in the study location indicting farmers and marketers of poor hygienic handling and processing of the grains. Pearson’s 2-tailed correlation at 0.05 level of significance revealed strong correlation of deoxynivalenol with moisture content of grains across locations.
{"title":"Levels of Deoxynivalenol and Aflatoxin Mycotoxins in Grains in Some Markets of Makurdi Metropolis, Nigeria","authors":"P. Adie, J. Yande, S. Malu","doi":"10.9734/irjpac/2022/v23i230460","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/irjpac/2022/v23i230460","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to estimate deoxynivalenol (DON) and total aflatoxin in two varieties of millet, sorghum and maize, in some markets of Makurdi metropolis, North-Central, Nigeria using direct competitive Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method. Moisture content, total aerobic microbial count, mould count, Coliform and Escherichia coli were determined using standard analytical methods. Moisture content profile of 9.5032 to 12.9940% (sorghum), 9.5932 to 12.3604% (maize) and 9.0279 to 12.4108% (millet) was considered relatively high. Proliferation of total aerobic microbial count was observed in the samples across the sampling points. Mycotoxins under study were detected in all samples across the sampling points. Whereas total aflatoxins were within permissible limits, DON exceeded thresholds. It was also observed that, these grains were more susceptible to the fungus Fusarium species producer of DON than the producer of aflatoxin, thus susceptibility of the grains to fungus producer of DON was in the order: sorghum > maize > millet, whereas the susceptibility against the fungus producer or producers of total aflatoxin level was in the order: sorghum > millet > maize respectively. This in general, indicated microbial contamination of these cereals in the study location indicting farmers and marketers of poor hygienic handling and processing of the grains. Pearson’s 2-tailed correlation at 0.05 level of significance revealed strong correlation of deoxynivalenol with moisture content of grains across locations.","PeriodicalId":14371,"journal":{"name":"International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81532001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ATR-FTIR analysis is a robust method that is used to analyse solids and liquid samples with minimal sample preparation. The samples are usually placed on the ATR crystals and pressure applied to obtain a clear spectrum. Essential oils from O. kenyense were extracted through hydro distillation using the Clavenger apparatus for 8 hours. The essential oils were dried by passing through anhydrous sodium sulphate after which they were placed in brown viols and refrigerated at 4℃. The sample of oils was latter analysed at the government chemist in Nairobi County in Kenya. Compounds that recorded a high hit quality of 600 and above had the highest probability of being present in the oil. Eucalyptus oil had a hit quality of 673 and 1, 8-cionele had a hit quality of 655 respectively. Therefore, the two were presumed to be present in O. kenyense essential oils
{"title":"Attenuated Total Reflectance –Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) Analysis of Ocimum kenyense Essential Oils","authors":"Mwaura J. Njuguna, Mary Muriuki, S. Karenga","doi":"10.37284/ijpac.1.1.722","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37284/ijpac.1.1.722","url":null,"abstract":"ATR-FTIR analysis is a robust method that is used to analyse solids and liquid samples with minimal sample preparation. The samples are usually placed on the ATR crystals and pressure applied to obtain a clear spectrum. Essential oils from O. kenyense were extracted through hydro distillation using the Clavenger apparatus for 8 hours. The essential oils were dried by passing through anhydrous sodium sulphate after which they were placed in brown viols and refrigerated at 4℃. The sample of oils was latter analysed at the government chemist in Nairobi County in Kenya. Compounds that recorded a high hit quality of 600 and above had the highest probability of being present in the oil. Eucalyptus oil had a hit quality of 673 and 1, 8-cionele had a hit quality of 655 respectively. Therefore, the two were presumed to be present in O. kenyense essential oils","PeriodicalId":14371,"journal":{"name":"International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"116 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73055286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-26DOI: 10.9734/irjpac/2022/v23i230459
Ouattara Yè Nicaise, Trokourey Albert, Tuo Adama Diarrassouba
Sediment contamination with trace metals remains a current problem for aquatic ecosystems management worldwide. Surface sediments from Fresco Lagoon (Côte d'Ivoire) were analyzed to assess the contamination degree of the area. Concentrations of five selected trace metals (Pb, As, Mn, Zn, and Fe) and organic matter content were determined in samples collected from ten (10) stations, from June 2019 to March 2020. Trace metals concentrations were determined using an ICP-OES Instrument, while the organic matter contents were determined by the mass loss on ignition. The results revealed organic matter contents ranged from 5.28 to 28.31% and concentrations of trace metal (in mg.kg-1 dry weight) in the following ranges: 3.68 to 38.2 for Pb, 0.98 to 19.1 for As, 19.79 to 325 for Mn, 13.78 to 461.18 for Zn, and 1269.21 to 59862.37 for Fe. Organic matter showed a positive and significant correlation with Pb and Fe. To assess the metal pollution status in the studied area, four pollution indices were also calculated: Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo), Enrichment Factor (EF), Degree of Contamination (DC), and Pollution Load Index (PLI). Based on Igeo values, the sediments of Fresco Lagoon were in the range of unpolluted to moderately polluted with As, but unpolluted with Zn, Pb, Mn, Fe. The Enrichment factors of Pb, Zn, As, Mn, and Fe were: 64.22±52.32, 107.04±111.88, 227.29±203.06, 10.25±8.76, and 52.04±47.44 respectively, suggesting that the source of those metals was more likely to be anthropogenic. The falling trend of enrichment factors was as follows: As > Zn > Pb > Fe > Mn. Moreover, the PLI values (PLI>1) showed higher values at the stations closed to the urban area, due to the influence of direct external sources such as agricultural runoff, and other anthropogenic inputs. The comparison of trace metals concentrations in sediments from Fresco Lagoon with the sediment quality guidelines showed that there was no toxic risk for benthic organisms regarding arsenic, lead, and zinc. In conclusion, the results obtained for the present work have revealed the need for the best management of anthropogenic activities regarding trace metals in general, and more particularly Pb and As.
{"title":"Ecological Risk Link to Trace Metals Levels in Surface Sediments from Fresco Lagoon, Côte d’Ivoire, West Africa","authors":"Ouattara Yè Nicaise, Trokourey Albert, Tuo Adama Diarrassouba","doi":"10.9734/irjpac/2022/v23i230459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/irjpac/2022/v23i230459","url":null,"abstract":"Sediment contamination with trace metals remains a current problem for aquatic ecosystems management worldwide. Surface sediments from Fresco Lagoon (Côte d'Ivoire) were analyzed to assess the contamination degree of the area. Concentrations of five selected trace metals (Pb, As, Mn, Zn, and Fe) and organic matter content were determined in samples collected from ten (10) stations, from June 2019 to March 2020. Trace metals concentrations were determined using an ICP-OES Instrument, while the organic matter contents were determined by the mass loss on ignition. The results revealed organic matter contents ranged from 5.28 to 28.31% and concentrations of trace metal (in mg.kg-1 dry weight) in the following ranges: 3.68 to 38.2 for Pb, 0.98 to 19.1 for As, 19.79 to 325 for Mn, 13.78 to 461.18 for Zn, and 1269.21 to 59862.37 for Fe. Organic matter showed a positive and significant correlation with Pb and Fe. To assess the metal pollution status in the studied area, four pollution indices were also calculated: Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo), Enrichment Factor (EF), Degree of Contamination (DC), and Pollution Load Index (PLI). Based on Igeo values, the sediments of Fresco Lagoon were in the range of unpolluted to moderately polluted with As, but unpolluted with Zn, Pb, Mn, Fe. The Enrichment factors of Pb, Zn, As, Mn, and Fe were: 64.22±52.32, 107.04±111.88, 227.29±203.06, 10.25±8.76, and 52.04±47.44 respectively, suggesting that the source of those metals was more likely to be anthropogenic. The falling trend of enrichment factors was as follows: As > Zn > Pb > Fe > Mn. Moreover, the PLI values (PLI>1) showed higher values at the stations closed to the urban area, due to the influence of direct external sources such as agricultural runoff, and other anthropogenic inputs. The comparison of trace metals concentrations in sediments from Fresco Lagoon with the sediment quality guidelines showed that there was no toxic risk for benthic organisms regarding arsenic, lead, and zinc. In conclusion, the results obtained for the present work have revealed the need for the best management of anthropogenic activities regarding trace metals in general, and more particularly Pb and As.","PeriodicalId":14371,"journal":{"name":"International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83519972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-14DOI: 10.9734/irjpac/2022/v23i230458
Ikram K. Othman, Theia’a N. Al-Sabha
A non-extractive, simple and sensitive spectrofluorimetric method with good selectivity has been described for the determination of the proton pump inhibitors namely; Omeprazole, Esomeprazole magnesium and Pantoprazole sodium that are used for the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. The method is based on the quenching the fluorescence intensity of the eosin Y dye, as the result of the ion-pair complex formation of the studied drugs with the dye in the presence of acetate buffer solution of pH 3.5. The quenching of the eosin Y fluorescence intensity was measured spectrofluorimetrically at 540 nm after excitation at 352 nm. At the optimum reaction conditions, the quenching values of fluorescence (∆F) and concentrations were rectilinear over the concentration ranges of 0.5–13.0, 0.7-15 and 0.3-15 µg/mL for Omeprazole, Esomeprazole magnesium and Pantoprazole sodium respectively. The recovery % values were in the range 99.92-100.56% and relative standard deviation values range was0.430-2.521 for all the studied drugs. The method was applied successfully for determination of above drugs in their pharmaceutical formulations as capsule, tablet and injectables. The method was free from interferences of common excipients.
{"title":"Determination of Omeprazole, Esomeprazole and Pantoprazole by Quenching the fluorescence of Eosin Y","authors":"Ikram K. Othman, Theia’a N. Al-Sabha","doi":"10.9734/irjpac/2022/v23i230458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/irjpac/2022/v23i230458","url":null,"abstract":"A non-extractive, simple and sensitive spectrofluorimetric method with good selectivity has been described for the determination of the proton pump inhibitors namely; Omeprazole, Esomeprazole magnesium and Pantoprazole sodium that are used for the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. The method is based on the quenching the fluorescence intensity of the eosin Y dye, as the result of the ion-pair complex formation of the studied drugs with the dye in the presence of acetate buffer solution of pH 3.5. The quenching of the eosin Y fluorescence intensity was measured spectrofluorimetrically at 540 nm after excitation at 352 nm. At the optimum reaction conditions, the quenching values of fluorescence (∆F) and concentrations were rectilinear over the concentration ranges of 0.5–13.0, 0.7-15 and 0.3-15 µg/mL for Omeprazole, Esomeprazole magnesium and Pantoprazole sodium respectively. The recovery % values were in the range 99.92-100.56% and relative standard deviation values range was0.430-2.521 for all the studied drugs. The method was applied successfully for determination of above drugs in their pharmaceutical formulations as capsule, tablet and injectables. The method was free from interferences of common excipients.","PeriodicalId":14371,"journal":{"name":"International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"71 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80006639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-09DOI: 10.9734/irjpac/2022/v23i230457
K. Kthiri, Mohamed Mehnaoui, M. Hidouri, K. Boughzala
Industrial phosphoric acid is an omnipresent product in the food industry and in the production of fertilisers and detergents. The presence of impurities in the raw material results in a relatively charged acid with various chemical species at the expense of its quality and use. These impurities include sulfate ions that precipitate into phosphoric acid during its manufacture. A desulfation is thus necessary. This study focuses on the reduction of free sulfates in phosphoric acid as impurities. This resulted in the use of three different adjuvants: lime, limestone, and barium carbonate. Three initial sulfate levels mainly contained in phosphoric acid were investigated: 2%, 4% and 6%. After experimentation, the comparison between the resulting yields allows considering barium carbonate as the most effective adjuvant. The desulfation efficiency was 95% in a very short stirring time of 15 min, independently of the initial sulphate content of phosphoric acid. The tests carried out with lime and limestone also lead to very interesting desulfation rates for phosphoric acid with an initial sulfate content of 2 or 4%.
{"title":"Comparative Evaluation of Industrial Phosphoric Acids Desulfation Capabilities of Limes and Barium Carbonate","authors":"K. Kthiri, Mohamed Mehnaoui, M. Hidouri, K. Boughzala","doi":"10.9734/irjpac/2022/v23i230457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/irjpac/2022/v23i230457","url":null,"abstract":"Industrial phosphoric acid is an omnipresent product in the food industry and in the production of fertilisers and detergents. The presence of impurities in the raw material results in a relatively charged acid with various chemical species at the expense of its quality and use. These impurities include sulfate ions that precipitate into phosphoric acid during its manufacture. A desulfation is thus necessary. This study focuses on the reduction of free sulfates in phosphoric acid as impurities. This resulted in the use of three different adjuvants: lime, limestone, and barium carbonate. Three initial sulfate levels mainly contained in phosphoric acid were investigated: 2%, 4% and 6%. After experimentation, the comparison between the resulting yields allows considering barium carbonate as the most effective adjuvant. The desulfation efficiency was 95% in a very short stirring time of 15 min, independently of the initial sulphate content of phosphoric acid. The tests carried out with lime and limestone also lead to very interesting desulfation rates for phosphoric acid with an initial sulfate content of 2 or 4%.","PeriodicalId":14371,"journal":{"name":"International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82157170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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