Pub Date : 2014-10-31DOI: 10.15866/IREBIC.V5I5.5995
Luana Pereira de Moraes, R. Alegre, P. N. Brito
Poly (γ-glutamic acid), also known as γ-PGA, is an extracellular polymer produced by microbial fermentation. It is water-soluble, edible, biodegradable, non-toxic towards humans and the environment, and it has many available sites for drug conjugation and a powerful ability to solubilise hydrophobic molecules. This work reports the application of molasses, citric acid and ammonium sulphate in the fermentation by Bacillus velezensis NRRL-23189 to produce γ-PGA and the detection of molasses consumption without the use of glutamic acid as a nutrient. Different concentrations of molasses, citric acid and ammonium sulphate were studied. The fermentation was agitated at 200 rpm at 27oC for 72 h, with an initial pH of 6.5 (NaOH 2N and HCl 2N). Spectrophotometric analyses were used to measure concentrations of γ-PGA and the residual sugar from molasses degradation. The maximum production of γ-PGA was 4.82 g/l, in a medium with molasses (200g/l), citric acid (12.5g/l) and ammonium sulphate (8g/l) in a fermentation that also resulted in the maximum sugar consumption.
{"title":"Optimisation of Poly(γ-Glutamic Acid) Production by Bacillus velezensis NRRL B – 23189 in Liquid Fermentation with Molasses as the Carbon Source without Addition of Glutamic Acid","authors":"Luana Pereira de Moraes, R. Alegre, P. N. Brito","doi":"10.15866/IREBIC.V5I5.5995","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15866/IREBIC.V5I5.5995","url":null,"abstract":"Poly (γ-glutamic acid), also known as γ-PGA, is an extracellular polymer produced by microbial fermentation. It is water-soluble, edible, biodegradable, non-toxic towards humans and the environment, and it has many available sites for drug conjugation and a powerful ability to solubilise hydrophobic molecules. This work reports the application of molasses, citric acid and ammonium sulphate in the fermentation by Bacillus velezensis NRRL-23189 to produce γ-PGA and the detection of molasses consumption without the use of glutamic acid as a nutrient. Different concentrations of molasses, citric acid and ammonium sulphate were studied. The fermentation was agitated at 200 rpm at 27oC for 72 h, with an initial pH of 6.5 (NaOH 2N and HCl 2N). Spectrophotometric analyses were used to measure concentrations of γ-PGA and the residual sugar from molasses degradation. The maximum production of γ-PGA was 4.82 g/l, in a medium with molasses (200g/l), citric acid (12.5g/l) and ammonium sulphate (8g/l) in a fermentation that also resulted in the maximum sugar consumption.","PeriodicalId":14377,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Biophysical Chemistry","volume":"20 1","pages":"130-135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81916826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-31DOI: 10.15866/IREBIC.V5I5.5984
A. Jimoh, A. Abdulkareem, A. Afolabi, J. O. Odigure, F. Emanuel
This study focused on optimization of biodiesel yield from crude groundnut oil through a two-stage transesterification process by investigating the effect of reaction parameters on the yield using a 24 experimental factorial design. The crude groundnut oil was pretreated to remove water and reduce its FFA by esterification using sulphuric acid and ethanol followed by transesterification using sodium hydroxide and ethanol. The optimum ethyl ester (biodiesel) yield of 99% was obtained at optimum conditions of 1:6 wt/wt oil to ethanol molar ratio, reaction temperature of 60oC, catalyst concentration of 1.0 wt% and reaction time of 90 minutes. The biodiesel produced was characterized for fuel properties that include kinetic viscosity, cetane number, flash point etc. and the determined values were found to be within the acceptable standard as recommended by the ASTM D 6751. Statistical analysis of the 24 factorial experimental results was conducted using ANOVA, it was evidently proved that the four (4) reaction parameters i.e. molar ratio, catalyst concentration, reaction temperature and time had significant effects on the yield of the ethyl ester with their percentage contribution and effects being 29.6667% and 4.35, 6.27121% and -2, 38.2213% and 4.9375, 3.12801% and 3.12801 respectively. Also, it was proved that interaction between the reactions parameters had significant effect on the ethyl ester yield except the interaction between molar ratio-catalyst concentration-reaction time whose p-value was below the 95% confident level. A first degree linear mathematical model was developed and it was seen to completely describe the system and the model was further used to develop software that predicts biodiesel yield from crude groundnut oil using two-step transesterification process with ethanol and KOH as the catalyst.
本研究通过24个试验因子设计，考察了反应参数对两阶段花生油酯交换反应产率的影响，重点研究了花生油酯交换反应产率的优化。对花生油进行预处理，先用硫酸和乙醇酯化，再用氢氧化钠和乙醇酯交换，去除水分，降低游离脂肪酸。在油与乙醇摩尔比为1:6、反应温度为60℃、催化剂浓度为1.0 wt%、反应时间为90 min的条件下，可得乙酯(生物柴油)的最佳收率为99%。所生产的生物柴油的燃料特性包括动力学粘度、十六烷值、闪点等，测定值均在ASTM D 6751推荐的可接受标准范围内。对24因子实验结果进行方差分析，结果表明，摩尔比、催化剂浓度、反应温度和反应时间4个参数对乙酯的收率有显著影响，其贡献率和影响分别为29.6667%和4.35、6.27121%和-2、38.2213%和4.9375、3.12801%和3.12801。结果表明，除摩尔比-催化剂浓度-反应时间的相互作用p值低于95%置信水平外，各反应参数之间的相互作用对乙酯收率有显著影响。建立了一个一级线性数学模型，该模型被认为可以完全描述该系统，并进一步用于开发以乙醇和KOH为催化剂的两步酯交换工艺为原料的花生油生物柴油产量预测软件。
{"title":"Effects of Transesterification Parameters on the Biodiesel Produced from Crude Groundnut Oil","authors":"A. Jimoh, A. Abdulkareem, A. Afolabi, J. O. Odigure, F. Emanuel","doi":"10.15866/IREBIC.V5I5.5984","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15866/IREBIC.V5I5.5984","url":null,"abstract":"This study focused on optimization of biodiesel yield from crude groundnut oil through a two-stage transesterification process by investigating the effect of reaction parameters on the yield using a 24 experimental factorial design. The crude groundnut oil was pretreated to remove water and reduce its FFA by esterification using sulphuric acid and ethanol followed by transesterification using sodium hydroxide and ethanol. The optimum ethyl ester (biodiesel) yield of 99% was obtained at optimum conditions of 1:6 wt/wt oil to ethanol molar ratio, reaction temperature of 60oC, catalyst concentration of 1.0 wt% and reaction time of 90 minutes. The biodiesel produced was characterized for fuel properties that include kinetic viscosity, cetane number, flash point etc. and the determined values were found to be within the acceptable standard as recommended by the ASTM D 6751. Statistical analysis of the 24 factorial experimental results was conducted using ANOVA, it was evidently proved that the four (4) reaction parameters i.e. molar ratio, catalyst concentration, reaction temperature and time had significant effects on the yield of the ethyl ester with their percentage contribution and effects being 29.6667% and 4.35, 6.27121% and -2, 38.2213% and 4.9375, 3.12801% and 3.12801 respectively. Also, it was proved that interaction between the reactions parameters had significant effect on the ethyl ester yield except the interaction between molar ratio-catalyst concentration-reaction time whose p-value was below the 95% confident level. A first degree linear mathematical model was developed and it was seen to completely describe the system and the model was further used to develop software that predicts biodiesel yield from crude groundnut oil using two-step transesterification process with ethanol and KOH as the catalyst.","PeriodicalId":14377,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Biophysical Chemistry","volume":"12 1","pages":"114-124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86927038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-31DOI: 10.15866/IREBIC.V5I5.5994
A. Yousuf, M. Hoque, M. Jahan, D. Pirozzi
Microbial lipids are considered as a promising and sustainable feedstock for biodiesel production due to their fatty acid composition similar to that of vegetable oils. So far, microalgae have attracted more attention as a lipid producer in comparison to other non-photosynthetic oleaginous microbes. Nevertheless, recent studies showed the efficiency of other microorganisms, including bacteria, yeasts, molds which are able to accumulate lipids over 20 % of their dry biomass. Competence of lipid production by those photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic microbes are highly depend on the cost of reactor design, wide range of nutritional substrates, scalability, parasitic energy demand, metabolic function etc. Therefore, integration of biology and engineering is essential for a cost-effective production of microbial lipids. This paper compares microalgae and non-photosynthetic microbes as regards the factors affecting the techno-economical feasibility of the microbial oil production.
{"title":"Technology and Engineering of Biodiesel Production: a Comparative Study between Microalgae and Other Non-Photosynthetic Oleaginous Microbes","authors":"A. Yousuf, M. Hoque, M. Jahan, D. Pirozzi","doi":"10.15866/IREBIC.V5I5.5994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15866/IREBIC.V5I5.5994","url":null,"abstract":"Microbial lipids are considered as a promising and sustainable feedstock for biodiesel production due to their fatty acid composition similar to that of vegetable oils. So far, microalgae have attracted more attention as a lipid producer in comparison to other non-photosynthetic oleaginous microbes. Nevertheless, recent studies showed the efficiency of other microorganisms, including bacteria, yeasts, molds which are able to accumulate lipids over 20 % of their dry biomass. Competence of lipid production by those photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic microbes are highly depend on the cost of reactor design, wide range of nutritional substrates, scalability, parasitic energy demand, metabolic function etc. Therefore, integration of biology and engineering is essential for a cost-effective production of microbial lipids. This paper compares microalgae and non-photosynthetic microbes as regards the factors affecting the techno-economical feasibility of the microbial oil production.","PeriodicalId":14377,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Biophysical Chemistry","volume":"61 1","pages":"125-129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90887219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-31DOI: 10.15866/IREBIC.V5I5.5996
Mauro de Paula Moreira, V. Perez, R. M. Sampaio, R. Alegre
The biological treatment of an industrial poultry wastewater was studied in a jacketed cylindrical Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR), in order to verify the effect of the filling step in the process performance. The experiments were carried out in a reactor with 7 L total capacity, starting with 2 L initial volume (activated sludge plus raw wastewater). Thus, the equation of the biomass concentration balance during filling step was solved. This solution allows us to understand the filling kinetic and determining the specific growth rate through the biomass concentration curve, that is a pseudo specific growth rate. Nevertheless, the real specific growth rate was determined from the biomass curve and consequently, the difference between these rates resulted in the dilution rate. Similar interpretation was carried out when the substrate balance was solved but, assuming that the substrate consumption followed a first order kinetic. The results showed the complexity and importance of the filling phase during the SBR operation applied to industrial wastewater.
{"title":"Effect of Filling Kinetic of Sequencing Batch Reactor on the Poultry Wastewater Treatment","authors":"Mauro de Paula Moreira, V. Perez, R. M. Sampaio, R. Alegre","doi":"10.15866/IREBIC.V5I5.5996","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15866/IREBIC.V5I5.5996","url":null,"abstract":"The biological treatment of an industrial poultry wastewater was studied in a jacketed cylindrical Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR), in order to verify the effect of the filling step in the process performance. The experiments were carried out in a reactor with 7 L total capacity, starting with 2 L initial volume (activated sludge plus raw wastewater). Thus, the equation of the biomass concentration balance during filling step was solved. This solution allows us to understand the filling kinetic and determining the specific growth rate through the biomass concentration curve, that is a pseudo specific growth rate. Nevertheless, the real specific growth rate was determined from the biomass curve and consequently, the difference between these rates resulted in the dilution rate. Similar interpretation was carried out when the substrate balance was solved but, assuming that the substrate consumption followed a first order kinetic. The results showed the complexity and importance of the filling phase during the SBR operation applied to industrial wastewater.","PeriodicalId":14377,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Biophysical Chemistry","volume":"13 1","pages":"136-143"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89764725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-08-31DOI: 10.15866/IREBIC.V5I4.5980
Aitor Pablos, J. Saldarriaga, M. Amutio, R. Aguado, M. Olazar
Equations are proposed for an easy estimation of elemental composition and gross calorific value (GCV) of residual biomasses from their proximate analysis. Four kinds of biomasses have been analyzed and a literature survey has been carried out to gather enough information for different types of biomasess, as well as a set of equations proposed for data estimation. Equation fitting has been performed by a standard algorithm, which has provided four equations for accurate estimation of GCV and carbon, oxygen and hydrogen composition.
{"title":"Validation of Experimental Correlations for Estimating Solid Biofuel Properties from Proximate and Ultimate Analysis","authors":"Aitor Pablos, J. Saldarriaga, M. Amutio, R. Aguado, M. Olazar","doi":"10.15866/IREBIC.V5I4.5980","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15866/IREBIC.V5I4.5980","url":null,"abstract":"Equations are proposed for an easy estimation of elemental composition and gross calorific value (GCV) of residual biomasses from their proximate analysis. Four kinds of biomasses have been analyzed and a literature survey has been carried out to gather enough information for different types of biomasess, as well as a set of equations proposed for data estimation. Equation fitting has been performed by a standard algorithm, which has provided four equations for accurate estimation of GCV and carbon, oxygen and hydrogen composition.","PeriodicalId":14377,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Biophysical Chemistry","volume":"55 1","pages":"99-102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86613132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-08-31DOI: 10.15866/IREBIC.V5I4.5979
J. Saldarriaga, Aitor Pablos, R. Aguado, M. Amutio, M. Olazar
Four types of biomass for use as biofuels were selected (pellets, shelled pine sawdust, rice and Rumex tianschanicus) and analyzed with a TA Instrument TGA Q500IF to define the three main components content (hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin). Runs were carried out under pyrolysis conditions and by means an algorithm implemented with Scilab tool. Therefore, the main objective was to develop a tool to determine parameters such as ash content, moisture content, amount of char, and content of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin for combustion reactor from thermogravimetric analysis. This tool will be later integrated into a rigorous model that allows predicting the behavior of alternative biomass combustion plant residues.
{"title":"Characterization of Lignocellulosic Biofuels by TGA","authors":"J. Saldarriaga, Aitor Pablos, R. Aguado, M. Amutio, M. Olazar","doi":"10.15866/IREBIC.V5I4.5979","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15866/IREBIC.V5I4.5979","url":null,"abstract":"Four types of biomass for use as biofuels were selected (pellets, shelled pine sawdust, rice and Rumex tianschanicus) and analyzed with a TA Instrument TGA Q500IF to define the three main components content (hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin). Runs were carried out under pyrolysis conditions and by means an algorithm implemented with Scilab tool. Therefore, the main objective was to develop a tool to determine parameters such as ash content, moisture content, amount of char, and content of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin for combustion reactor from thermogravimetric analysis. This tool will be later integrated into a rigorous model that allows predicting the behavior of alternative biomass combustion plant residues.","PeriodicalId":14377,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Biophysical Chemistry","volume":"1 1","pages":"95-98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89336472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-06-30DOI: 10.15866/IREBIC.V5I3.5974
M. Aasim, Poondi Rajesh Gavara, R. Vennapusa, M. F. Lahore
Protein separation behavior during adsorption chromatography is governed by system thermodynamics and kinetic factors. Hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) is widely utilized since many important biological products present a quite hydrophobic character. In this work, the interaction between a set of model proteins (n = 9) and a commercial adsorbent (Phenyl Sepharose FF, high substitution, GE Healthcare) was studied via extended DLVO (XDLVO) calculations. Psychochemical properties of both separand and adsorbent were gathered by contact angle determination and zeta potential measurements. Proteins were subjected to the mentioned measurements in the hydrated and the dehydrated state, so as to simulate protein properties in a low vs. high salt concentration milieu, respectively. In HIC, protein adsorption usually take place at high concentrations of ammonium sulphate (up to 1.7M) and protein desorption occurs by decreasing salt concentration in the mobile phase. The mentioned XDLVO approach allowed the calculation of the free energy of interaction vs. distance profiles between the interacting surfaces, in the aqueous environment provided by the operating mobile phase. XDLVO calculations were correlated with the actual chromatography behavior of the studied model proteins. This correlation revealed that these proteins can be segregated in two main groups, according to surface energy calculations and elution position during chromatography: i) strong binding showing a deeper secondary minimum energy >|0.20| kT ii) and weak binding having a small secondary minimum energy <|0.12| kT, thus calculations were able to predict early or late elution from a gradient chromatography experiment; the more the calculated interaction energy, the stronger will be protein binding and the later will be the elution time. The knowledge generated from these studies will generate a better understanding of real downstream bioprocess behavior which could, in turn, facilitate process design and optimization.
{"title":"Surface Energetics of Protein Adsorption on to Chromatographic Supports","authors":"M. Aasim, Poondi Rajesh Gavara, R. Vennapusa, M. F. Lahore","doi":"10.15866/IREBIC.V5I3.5974","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15866/IREBIC.V5I3.5974","url":null,"abstract":"Protein separation behavior during adsorption chromatography is governed by system thermodynamics and kinetic factors. Hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) is widely utilized since many important biological products present a quite hydrophobic character. In this work, the interaction between a set of model proteins (n = 9) and a commercial adsorbent (Phenyl Sepharose FF, high substitution, GE Healthcare) was studied via extended DLVO (XDLVO) calculations. Psychochemical properties of both separand and adsorbent were gathered by contact angle determination and zeta potential measurements. Proteins were subjected to the mentioned measurements in the hydrated and the dehydrated state, so as to simulate protein properties in a low vs. high salt concentration milieu, respectively. In HIC, protein adsorption usually take place at high concentrations of ammonium sulphate (up to 1.7M) and protein desorption occurs by decreasing salt concentration in the mobile phase. The mentioned XDLVO approach allowed the calculation of the free energy of interaction vs. distance profiles between the interacting surfaces, in the aqueous environment provided by the operating mobile phase. XDLVO calculations were correlated with the actual chromatography behavior of the studied model proteins. This correlation revealed that these proteins can be segregated in two main groups, according to surface energy calculations and elution position during chromatography: i) strong binding showing a deeper secondary minimum energy >|0.20| kT ii) and weak binding having a small secondary minimum energy <|0.12| kT, thus calculations were able to predict early or late elution from a gradient chromatography experiment; the more the calculated interaction energy, the stronger will be protein binding and the later will be the elution time. The knowledge generated from these studies will generate a better understanding of real downstream bioprocess behavior which could, in turn, facilitate process design and optimization.","PeriodicalId":14377,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Biophysical Chemistry","volume":"1 1","pages":"61-69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86431959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-06-30DOI: 10.15866/IREBIC.V5I3.5975
M. Mehrdad, B. Bonakdarpour, B. Nasernejad
The declorization of the acid azo dye, Orange G (Acid Orange 10) in an anaerobic phase of the anaerobic-aerobic sequencing batch reactor feed by synthetic wastewater was investigated. Moreover, the impact of a redox mediator (AQS) on the color removal was studied. it is for the first time that the decolorization of Orange G is investigated in SBR system with activated sludge. The redox mediator was really effective for cleavage the azo band and increased the efficiency of the reactor. When 20 mg/l of Orange G was added to the sysnthetic wastewater, the decolorization efficiency was 50 % without the addition of AQS. The decolorization efficiency increased up to 75% when the small quantity of AQS, 0.05nM, was added to the wastewater. The high COD removal of synthetic dye wastewater was observed during the operation. The COD removal was always in the range of 80-90 %.
{"title":"The Use of Redox Mediators for Enhancing the Decolourisation of Orange G in a Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR)","authors":"M. Mehrdad, B. Bonakdarpour, B. Nasernejad","doi":"10.15866/IREBIC.V5I3.5975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15866/IREBIC.V5I3.5975","url":null,"abstract":"The declorization of the acid azo dye, Orange G (Acid Orange 10) in an anaerobic phase of the anaerobic-aerobic sequencing batch reactor feed by synthetic wastewater was investigated. Moreover, the impact of a redox mediator (AQS) on the color removal was studied. it is for the first time that the decolorization of Orange G is investigated in SBR system with activated sludge. The redox mediator was really effective for cleavage the azo band and increased the efficiency of the reactor. When 20 mg/l of Orange G was added to the sysnthetic wastewater, the decolorization efficiency was 50 % without the addition of AQS. The decolorization efficiency increased up to 75% when the small quantity of AQS, 0.05nM, was added to the wastewater. The high COD removal of synthetic dye wastewater was observed during the operation. The COD removal was always in the range of 80-90 %.","PeriodicalId":14377,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Biophysical Chemistry","volume":"73 1","pages":"70-73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83102962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-04-30DOI: 10.15866/IREBIC.V5I2.4356
Mahima Kaushik, S. kaushik, S. Kukreti
Genomes contain a large number of putative guanine-rich sequences, specifically on promoter regions, untranslated regions (UTR’s) and telomeres etc. that could form guanine-quadruplexes, and may serve as important structural and regulatory elements. They can also be the source of genomic instability which may lead to cancer, aging and human genetic diseases. Four guanines in the same plane, joined together with Hoogsteen hydrogen bonding, and stacked over one another resulting in guanine tetrads, give rise to an incredible class of G-quadruplexes. An extensive range of G-quadruplex structures is well documented, where they differ in number of strands (uni, bi, or tetramolecular), conformations (parallel, antiparallel or mixed), shapes (chair or basket form), or types of loops (edgewise/ lateral, diagonal, double chain reversal/ propeller, or V-shaped loops) etc. With advancements in the techniques, various new multistranded G-rich DNA structures are enriching the DNA structural databases. The most recent ones are (3+1) G-quadruplex, Tri-G-quadruplex, G-triplex DNA etc. which actually add to the diversity of G-quadruplex structures. Exploring their polymorphism with various biophysical and biochemical techniques has hence become extremely important. This review mainly focuses on the discussion of these unusual and comparatively new polymorphic G-quadruplex DNA structures. The robustness of these unique (3+1) G-quadruplex or G-triplex or tri-G-quadruplex structures actually can be exploited for providing a strong foundation for the designing of structure-specific drugs. Recently, G-quadruplex structures have been quantitatively visualized in human cells by engineering structure-specific antibody. Considering these developments, the mapping of G-quadruplex structures in genome may now be possible, with a goal of controlling the gene functions or other cellular processes, which might be involved in diseases like cancer.
基因组中含有大量假定的富含鸟嘌呤的序列，特别是在启动子区、非翻译区和端粒等可以形成鸟嘌呤四联体，可能是重要的结构和调控元件。它们也可能是导致癌症、衰老和人类遗传疾病的基因组不稳定的根源。同一平面上的四个鸟嘌呤，通过胡斯汀氢键连接在一起，相互堆叠形成鸟嘌呤四聚体，形成了一种令人难以置信的g -四聚体。广泛的g -四重结构被很好地记录了，它们在链数(单分子，双分子或四分子)，构象(平行，反平行或混合)，形状(椅子或篮形)或环类型(边/横向，对角线，双链反转/螺旋桨或v形环)等方面有所不同。随着技术的进步，各种新的多链富g DNA结构正在丰富DNA结构数据库。最近出现的是(3+1)g -四重体、三- g -四重体、g -三重体DNA等，它们实际上增加了g -四重体结构的多样性。因此，利用各种生物物理和生物化学技术来探索它们的多态性变得非常重要。本文主要对这些不常见的和相对较新的多态g -四重体DNA结构进行了综述。这些独特的(3+1)g -四联体或g -三联体或三- g -四联体结构的稳健性实际上可以为设计结构特异性药物提供坚实的基础。近年来，g -四重体结构已通过工程结构特异性抗体在人细胞中定量可视化。考虑到这些进展，基因组中g -四重体结构的绘制现在可能成为可能，其目标是控制基因功能或其他可能与癌症等疾病有关的细胞过程。
{"title":"Advancement in the Structural Polymorphism of G-Quadruplexes","authors":"Mahima Kaushik, S. kaushik, S. Kukreti","doi":"10.15866/IREBIC.V5I2.4356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15866/IREBIC.V5I2.4356","url":null,"abstract":"Genomes contain a large number of putative guanine-rich sequences, specifically on promoter regions, untranslated regions (UTR’s) and telomeres etc. that could form guanine-quadruplexes, and may serve as important structural and regulatory elements. They can also be the source of genomic instability which may lead to cancer, aging and human genetic diseases. Four guanines in the same plane, joined together with Hoogsteen hydrogen bonding, and stacked over one another resulting in guanine tetrads, give rise to an incredible class of G-quadruplexes. An extensive range of G-quadruplex structures is well documented, where they differ in number of strands (uni, bi, or tetramolecular), conformations (parallel, antiparallel or mixed), shapes (chair or basket form), or types of loops (edgewise/ lateral, diagonal, double chain reversal/ propeller, or V-shaped loops) etc. With advancements in the techniques, various new multistranded G-rich DNA structures are enriching the DNA structural databases. The most recent ones are (3+1) G-quadruplex, Tri-G-quadruplex, G-triplex DNA etc. which actually add to the diversity of G-quadruplex structures. Exploring their polymorphism with various biophysical and biochemical techniques has hence become extremely important. This review mainly focuses on the discussion of these unusual and comparatively new polymorphic G-quadruplex DNA structures. The robustness of these unique (3+1) G-quadruplex or G-triplex or tri-G-quadruplex structures actually can be exploited for providing a strong foundation for the designing of structure-specific drugs. Recently, G-quadruplex structures have been quantitatively visualized in human cells by engineering structure-specific antibody. Considering these developments, the mapping of G-quadruplex structures in genome may now be possible, with a goal of controlling the gene functions or other cellular processes, which might be involved in diseases like cancer.","PeriodicalId":14377,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Biophysical Chemistry","volume":"13 1","pages":"37-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91255677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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