Pub Date : 2014-10-31DOI: 10.18357/AR.VERDUNZ.512014
Zoey Verdun
The obesity epidemic constitutes a large and growing share of public health spending. This paper investigates parental views on providing healthy food choices in school lunches in an attempt to contribute to a better understanding of the parents’ role in addressing childhood overweight. I created a survey that was circulated at an elementary school in Victoria, B.C. The results are discussed using a standard microeconomic framework in which parental choices of their children’s lunches depend on their views (“utility”) as well as the restrictions they face. My results suggest that parents perceive price not to be a major factor in the decision to include fruits or vegetables in their child(ren)’s school lunch. The reason provided most frequently by parents for not including fruits or vegetables every day is the expectation that their child(ren) would refuse to eat them, or have too little time at school to eat them. Some parents also mention preparation time as a reason for not including fruits and vegetables.
{"title":"Parental Views on School Lunches: Insights into Childhood Obesity","authors":"Zoey Verdun","doi":"10.18357/AR.VERDUNZ.512014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18357/AR.VERDUNZ.512014","url":null,"abstract":"The obesity epidemic constitutes a large and growing share of public health spending. This paper investigates parental views on providing healthy food choices in school lunches in an attempt to contribute to a better understanding of the parents’ role in addressing childhood overweight. I created a survey that was circulated at an elementary school in Victoria, B.C. The results are discussed using a standard microeconomic framework in which parental choices of their children’s lunches depend on their views (“utility”) as well as the restrictions they face. My results suggest that parents perceive price not to be a major factor in the decision to include fruits or vegetables in their child(ren)’s school lunch. The reason provided most frequently by parents for not including fruits or vegetables every day is the expectation that their child(ren) would refuse to eat them, or have too little time at school to eat them. Some parents also mention preparation time as a reason for not including fruits and vegetables.","PeriodicalId":143772,"journal":{"name":"The Arbutus Review","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130996633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-31DOI: 10.18357/AR.BAKERR.512014
R. Baker
A l’heure ou les roles de genre traditionnels sont invariablement reexamines, deconstruits et reecrits, les conceptions de la masculinite et de la feminite prennent une importance majeure. Cet article examine la multiplicite des identites de genre dans la litterature quebecoise contemporaine: Volkswagen Blues de Jacques Poulin et Le Gout des jeunes filles de Dany Laferriere. A partir d’un modele transidentitaire base sur des travaux theoriques d’Isabelle Boisclair et de Lori Saint-Martin, deux critiques litteraires quebecoises, on examine la maniere dont ces ecrivains evoquent la masculinite et la feminite. Poulin et Laferriere abordent les questions du sexe et de l’orientation sexuelle, et celles du genre, de son identite et de son expression, creant des espaces ou les corps oscillent souvent entre masculin et feminin et ont des qualites masculines et feminines qui apparaissent simultanement ou en alternance, ainsi rejetant un modele binaire traditionnel du genre. A travers les devises narratives, les textes presentent des personnages qui occupent le continuum du genre et effectuent leurs identites en fonctions des contextes dans lesquels ils se trouvent. Enfin, ces oeuvres encouragent le lecteur de s’interroger sur leur conception du genre, ce que veut dire etre homme et ce que veut dire etre femme.
{"title":"Transidentitaire : Sexe, Genre et Sexualité dans Volkswagen Blues de Jacques Poulin et Le Goût des Jeunes Filles de Dany Laferrière","authors":"R. Baker","doi":"10.18357/AR.BAKERR.512014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18357/AR.BAKERR.512014","url":null,"abstract":"A l’heure ou les roles de genre traditionnels sont invariablement reexamines, deconstruits et reecrits, les conceptions de la masculinite et de la feminite prennent une importance majeure. Cet article examine la multiplicite des identites de genre dans la litterature quebecoise contemporaine: Volkswagen Blues de Jacques Poulin et Le Gout des jeunes filles de Dany Laferriere. A partir d’un modele transidentitaire base sur des travaux theoriques d’Isabelle Boisclair et de Lori Saint-Martin, deux critiques litteraires quebecoises, on examine la maniere dont ces ecrivains evoquent la masculinite et la feminite. Poulin et Laferriere abordent les questions du sexe et de l’orientation sexuelle, et celles du genre, de son identite et de son expression, creant des espaces ou les corps oscillent souvent entre masculin et feminin et ont des qualites masculines et feminines qui apparaissent simultanement ou en alternance, ainsi rejetant un modele binaire traditionnel du genre. A travers les devises narratives, les textes presentent des personnages qui occupent le continuum du genre et effectuent leurs identites en fonctions des contextes dans lesquels ils se trouvent. Enfin, ces oeuvres encouragent le lecteur de s’interroger sur leur conception du genre, ce que veut dire etre homme et ce que veut dire etre femme.","PeriodicalId":143772,"journal":{"name":"The Arbutus Review","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128640773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-31DOI: 10.18357/AR.BEATRICES.512014
Sara B. Wickham, B. Proudfoot
American black bears (Ursus americanus) are highly opportunistic omnivores and tend to forage selectively depending on the seasonal abundance of food items. We collected and analyzed 22 scats from various beaches and forests near Bamfield B.C. and determined that in late summer, bears in the area rely heavily on Gaultheria shallon berries. Hemigrapsus spp., Talitrid amphipods and seaweeds were also fed on by black bears in the area in late August. Marine-derived organisms were found in scats collected in the forest, and terrestrial-derived organisms were found in scats collected on beaches, suggesting that there is a bi-directional transfer of marine and terrestrial nutrients and biomass.
{"title":"Black Bears (Ursus Americanus) as Possible Vectors of Bi-directional Nutrient Transfer in Marine and Terrestrial Systems Inferred from their Late Summer Diets","authors":"Sara B. Wickham, B. Proudfoot","doi":"10.18357/AR.BEATRICES.512014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18357/AR.BEATRICES.512014","url":null,"abstract":"American black bears (Ursus americanus) are highly opportunistic omnivores and tend to forage selectively depending on the seasonal abundance of food items. We collected and analyzed 22 scats from various beaches and forests near Bamfield B.C. and determined that in late summer, bears in the area rely heavily on Gaultheria shallon berries. Hemigrapsus spp., Talitrid amphipods and seaweeds were also fed on by black bears in the area in late August. Marine-derived organisms were found in scats collected in the forest, and terrestrial-derived organisms were found in scats collected on beaches, suggesting that there is a bi-directional transfer of marine and terrestrial nutrients and biomass.","PeriodicalId":143772,"journal":{"name":"The Arbutus Review","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123923068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-31DOI: 10.18357/AR.KENTAJM.512014
A. Kent
This paper investigates current health governance structures as a contributing factor to the disproportionate burden of ill-health and inequitable health service delivery experienced by First Nations communities. A review of the contemporary and historical context sets the stage for the analysis, outlining health status, social determinants of health and the policy framework within which health inequities are situated. The paper proceeds with a critical analysis of power imbalances perpetuated within Canada’s health care system in the form of barriers such as inadequate health services, fragmented governance, jurisdictional gaps and lack of government accountability. The discussion explores selfdetermination as a means of empowering First Nations communities to take control of the design, delivery and evaluation of health care services and ultimately, reclaim control of their health and wellbeing. Four models of self-government are evaluated to highlight several key features of a sustainable framework, including: recognition of autonomy, a voluntary process, an opt-in/opt-out provision, protection by legislation and the support of a fiduciary relationship with the State. Finally, a multilevel mosaic model of self-government is proposed as a pragmatic framework that is adaptable to the varying needs and capacities of First Nations communities.
{"title":"Restructuring First Nations Health Governance: A Multilevel Solution to a Multifaceted Problem","authors":"A. Kent","doi":"10.18357/AR.KENTAJM.512014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18357/AR.KENTAJM.512014","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates current health governance structures as a contributing factor to the disproportionate burden of ill-health and inequitable health service delivery experienced by First Nations communities. A review of the contemporary and historical context sets the stage for the analysis, outlining health status, social determinants of health and the policy framework within which health inequities are situated. The paper proceeds with a critical analysis of power imbalances perpetuated within Canada’s health care system in the form of barriers such as inadequate health services, fragmented governance, jurisdictional gaps and lack of government accountability. The discussion explores selfdetermination as a means of empowering First Nations communities to take control of the design, delivery and evaluation of health care services and ultimately, reclaim control of their health and wellbeing. Four models of self-government are evaluated to highlight several key features of a sustainable framework, including: recognition of autonomy, a voluntary process, an opt-in/opt-out provision, protection by legislation and the support of a fiduciary relationship with the State. Finally, a multilevel mosaic model of self-government is proposed as a pragmatic framework that is adaptable to the varying needs and capacities of First Nations communities.","PeriodicalId":143772,"journal":{"name":"The Arbutus Review","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129956546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-31DOI: 10.18357/AR.HOLDAWAYJC.512014
J. Holdaway
The disappearance of flight MH370 drew attention to some of the deficiencies of current surveillance technologies used to track aircraft. This article links these deficiencies to systemic controversies surrounding several aspects of aircraft surveillance that also includes the monitoring of pilots’ drug and alcohol use and the gathering of flight data from the cockpit. I argue that the debate around aircraft surveillance began over a decade earlier, after the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Prior to 9/11, regulators, management, and pilots worked together in a model where thorough investigations would take place after every incident. Measured changes in policy that were satisfactory to all three parties would subsequently be recommended and implemented. I conclude that pilot discontent over regulatory decisions has translated into a host of undesirable outcomes, including less trust in the procedures and lower morale. Only through transparent negotiation can the trust between pilots, management, and regulators be restored.
{"title":"Watching the Crew: Commercial Aircraft Operations and the Surveillance of Pilots before and after MH370","authors":"J. Holdaway","doi":"10.18357/AR.HOLDAWAYJC.512014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18357/AR.HOLDAWAYJC.512014","url":null,"abstract":"The disappearance of flight MH370 drew attention to some of the deficiencies of current surveillance technologies used to track aircraft. This article links these deficiencies to systemic controversies surrounding several aspects of aircraft surveillance that also includes the monitoring of pilots’ drug and alcohol use and the gathering of flight data from the cockpit. I argue that the debate around aircraft surveillance began over a decade earlier, after the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Prior to 9/11, regulators, management, and pilots worked together in a model where thorough investigations would take place after every incident. Measured changes in policy that were satisfactory to all three parties would subsequently be recommended and implemented. I conclude that pilot discontent over regulatory decisions has translated into a host of undesirable outcomes, including less trust in the procedures and lower morale. Only through transparent negotiation can the trust between pilots, management, and regulators be restored.","PeriodicalId":143772,"journal":{"name":"The Arbutus Review","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134569735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-31DOI: 10.18357/AR.SPANIERR.512014
Rachel Spanier
Knee injuries are a common nuisance in the lives of many active individuals. They can stem from tissue damage, ligament damage or bone and/or cartilage damage. Through the exploration of major knee injuries, prevention and more efficient rehabilitation can be attained. The most common knee injuries are analyzed and each of their main cause is examined in this paper. Orthopaedic surgery techniques are discussed, such as, ACL reconstruction, meniscal resection/meniscectomy and high tibial osteotomy. These surgical techniques have evolved immensely in response to the high occurrence of serious knee injuries in active individuals. Many of these injuries originate from too much torque and/or torsion on the knee joint occurring during sports. The faulty anatomy of the knee joint and the glacial pace of evolution play a much larger role than just prevalence of injuries. The economic cost of major knee injury repairs is far too high in private health care systems, which in turn results in a poorer quality of psychosocial health in those injured and unable to receive the corrective surgeries.
{"title":"The Evolution and Prevalence of Knee Injuries: Repair at What Cost?","authors":"Rachel Spanier","doi":"10.18357/AR.SPANIERR.512014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18357/AR.SPANIERR.512014","url":null,"abstract":"Knee injuries are a common nuisance in the lives of many active individuals. They can stem from tissue damage, ligament damage or bone and/or cartilage damage. Through the exploration of major knee injuries, prevention and more efficient rehabilitation can be attained. The most common knee injuries are analyzed and each of their main cause is examined in this paper. Orthopaedic surgery techniques are discussed, such as, ACL reconstruction, meniscal resection/meniscectomy and high tibial osteotomy. These surgical techniques have evolved immensely in response to the high occurrence of serious knee injuries in active individuals. Many of these injuries originate from too much torque and/or torsion on the knee joint occurring during sports. The faulty anatomy of the knee joint and the glacial pace of evolution play a much larger role than just prevalence of injuries. The economic cost of major knee injury repairs is far too high in private health care systems, which in turn results in a poorer quality of psychosocial health in those injured and unable to receive the corrective surgeries.","PeriodicalId":143772,"journal":{"name":"The Arbutus Review","volume":"540 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124086431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-31DOI: 10.18357/AR.SPECKERSK.512014
Sharonne K. Specker
This research investigates the social processes and effects of participation in two community-oriented choirs in Victoria, BC, and seeks to identify the way in which social cohesion is experienced during group singing practices. Interviews with ten choristers and two conductors reveal the feelings of community that can arise among participants and provide data for exploring how this phenomenon occurs. Results indicate that social bonding in the choral setting manifests itself in various ways. The key factors of a common goal, shared values, a safe environment, community interaction, and social infrastructure facilitate feelings of collective participation, lead to increased levels of trust, equality, connection, and mutual caring. Participant exceptions also emerge, evidence of the group’s heterogeneous approach to sociality. Analysis of both the processes and outcomes indicates that this example of social interconnection is consistent with Victor Turner’s anthropological definition of communitas, or intense communal bonding.
{"title":"Communities of Song: Collective Musical Participation and Group Singing Experiences In Victoria, BC","authors":"Sharonne K. Specker","doi":"10.18357/AR.SPECKERSK.512014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18357/AR.SPECKERSK.512014","url":null,"abstract":"This research investigates the social processes and effects of participation in two community-oriented choirs in Victoria, BC, and seeks to identify the way in which social cohesion is experienced during group singing practices. Interviews with ten choristers and two conductors reveal the feelings of community that can arise among participants and provide data for exploring how this phenomenon occurs. Results indicate that social bonding in the choral setting manifests itself in various ways. The key factors of a common goal, shared values, a safe environment, community interaction, and social infrastructure facilitate feelings of collective participation, lead to increased levels of trust, equality, connection, and mutual caring. Participant exceptions also emerge, evidence of the group’s heterogeneous approach to sociality. Analysis of both the processes and outcomes indicates that this example of social interconnection is consistent with Victor Turner’s anthropological definition of communitas, or intense communal bonding.","PeriodicalId":143772,"journal":{"name":"The Arbutus Review","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124495416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This literature review was conducted to explore what elements contribute to the success and disruption of children with special needs who are adopted into prospective families. Five prevailing themes emerged as important considerations when placing children and youth who are waiting to be adopted. These themes include: the characteristics of the child, the characteristics of the adoptive family, sibling placements, agency practices, and most importantly access to pre- and post-adoption supports and services. A general consensus among the voices of professionals and adoptive families in this area of practice concerns the significance of supporting families before, during, and after the placement of children and youth with special needs to ensure permanency of placements. Identifying service needs and gaps in service delivery are therefore essential to ensuring safe, healthy, and successful adoptive experiences for children and youth with special needs. The findings of this report pose important implications for the adoption sector the Ministry of Children and Family Development in the service provision of special needs adoptions.
{"title":"Enhancing Ministry Service Provision: Adoptive Families' Capacity to Care for Children and Youth with Special Needs","authors":"Christina Yee","doi":"10.18357/AR.YEEC.512014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18357/AR.YEEC.512014","url":null,"abstract":"This literature review was conducted to explore what elements contribute to the success and disruption of children with special needs who are adopted into prospective families. Five prevailing themes emerged as important considerations when placing children and youth who are waiting to be adopted. These themes include: the characteristics of the child, the characteristics of the adoptive family, sibling placements, agency practices, and most importantly access to pre- and post-adoption supports and services. A general consensus among the voices of professionals and adoptive families in this area of practice concerns the significance of supporting families before, during, and after the placement of children and youth with special needs to ensure permanency of placements. Identifying service needs and gaps in service delivery are therefore essential to ensuring safe, healthy, and successful adoptive experiences for children and youth with special needs. The findings of this report pose important implications for the adoption sector the Ministry of Children and Family Development in the service provision of special needs adoptions.","PeriodicalId":143772,"journal":{"name":"The Arbutus Review","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125757257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-30DOI: 10.18357/AR.BARSKIJ.512014
Justin Barski
There is a popular perception that Canadian art is largely reactionary and without real innovation, however the Winnipeg-based artist Tony Tascona is a demonstrable example of a Canadian artist as primary innovator. Because of his technical training in the aerospace industry, Tascona was able to introduce a whole body of knowledge unfamiliar to the fine art world. Artistic experimentation with non-traditional industrial materials had been explored for several decades prior to the appearance of his mature work, however Tascona possessed an intimate knowledge and sensitivity to his materials that lead to a style uniquely appropriate to his content; his content being the materials themselves and the forms of the mechanised world. Through archival research at the University of Manitoba and an interview with the artist’s nephew, this paper explores Tascona’s artistic genealogy, working milieu and unique situation within modern art history. Its ultimate purpose is to make a case for why his work deserves critical attention and why he should be remembered as a great artist with a contribution unique not just to Canada, but to the world.
{"title":"Constructing New Horizons: the art of Winnipeg modernist Tony Tascona","authors":"Justin Barski","doi":"10.18357/AR.BARSKIJ.512014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18357/AR.BARSKIJ.512014","url":null,"abstract":"There is a popular perception that Canadian art is largely reactionary and without real innovation, however the Winnipeg-based artist Tony Tascona is a demonstrable example of a Canadian artist as primary innovator. Because of his technical training in the aerospace industry, Tascona was able to introduce a whole body of knowledge unfamiliar to the fine art world. Artistic experimentation with non-traditional industrial materials had been explored for several decades prior to the appearance of his mature work, however Tascona possessed an intimate knowledge and sensitivity to his materials that lead to a style uniquely appropriate to his content; his content being the materials themselves and the forms of the mechanised world. Through archival research at the University of Manitoba and an interview with the artist’s nephew, this paper explores Tascona’s artistic genealogy, working milieu and unique situation within modern art history. Its ultimate purpose is to make a case for why his work deserves critical attention and why he should be remembered as a great artist with a contribution unique not just to Canada, but to the world.","PeriodicalId":143772,"journal":{"name":"The Arbutus Review","volume":"155 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125659376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Though an ever-increasing mode of communication, computer-mediated communication (CMC) faces challenges in its lack of paralinguistic cues, such as vocal tone and facial expression. Researchers suggest that emoticons fill the gap left by facial expression (Rezabek & Cochenour, 1998; Thompson & Foulger, 1996). The fMRI research of Yuasa, Saito, and Mukawa (2011b), in contrast, finds that viewing ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) emoticons (e.g., :), :( ) does not activate the same parts of the brain as does viewing facial expressions. In the current study, an online survey was conducted to investigate the effects of emoticons on perception of ambiguous sentences and users’ beliefs about the effects of and reasons for emoticon use. In the second stage of the study, eleven undergraduate students participated in an experiment to reveal facial mimicry responses to both faces and emoticons. Overall, the students produced more smiling than frowning gestures. Emoticons were found to elicit facial mimicry to a somewhat lesser degree than photographs of faces, while male and female participants differed in response to both ASCII emoticons and distractor images (photos of non-human, non-facial subjects used to prevent participants from immediately grasping the specific goal of the study). This pilot study suggests that emoticons, though not analogous to faces, affect viewers in ways similar to facial expression whilst also triggering other unique effects.
{"title":"Mirror, Mirror on the Screen, What Does All this ASCII Mean?: A Pilot Study of Spontaneous Facial Mirroring of Emotions","authors":"Brittney O'Neill","doi":"10.18357/TAR41201312681","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18357/TAR41201312681","url":null,"abstract":"Though an ever-increasing mode of communication, computer-mediated communication (CMC) faces challenges in its lack of paralinguistic cues, such as vocal tone and facial expression. Researchers suggest that emoticons fill the gap left by facial expression (Rezabek & Cochenour, 1998; Thompson & Foulger, 1996). The fMRI research of Yuasa, Saito, and Mukawa (2011b), in contrast, finds that viewing ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) emoticons (e.g., :), :( ) does not activate the same parts of the brain as does viewing facial expressions. In the current study, an online survey was conducted to investigate the effects of emoticons on perception of ambiguous sentences and users’ beliefs about the effects of and reasons for emoticon use. In the second stage of the study, eleven undergraduate students participated in an experiment to reveal facial mimicry responses to both faces and emoticons. Overall, the students produced more smiling than frowning gestures. Emoticons were found to elicit facial mimicry to a somewhat lesser degree than photographs of faces, while male and female participants differed in response to both ASCII emoticons and distractor images (photos of non-human, non-facial subjects used to prevent participants from immediately grasping the specific goal of the study). This pilot study suggests that emoticons, though not analogous to faces, affect viewers in ways similar to facial expression whilst also triggering other unique effects.","PeriodicalId":143772,"journal":{"name":"The Arbutus Review","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114585681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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