Björn Lundquist, M. Anderssen, Terje Lohndal, Marit Westergaard
This paper investigates spontaneous production from 50 speakers of Norwegian heritage language in the Corpus of American Nordic Speech and studies the interplay between four linguistic properties: possessives and double definiteness, verb second word order, grammatical gender, and the amount of language mixing. It is shown that speakers cluster in the sense that some speakers produce more Norwegian-like structures across properties, whereas others produce more English-like structures across the same properties. Implications for the study of heritage grammars are also addressed.
{"title":"Variation across individuals and domains in Norwegian heritage language","authors":"Björn Lundquist, M. Anderssen, Terje Lohndal, Marit Westergaard","doi":"10.5617/OSLA.8502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5617/OSLA.8502","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates spontaneous production from 50 speakers of Norwegian heritage language in the Corpus of American Nordic Speech and studies the interplay between four linguistic properties: possessives and double definiteness, verb second word order, grammatical gender, and the amount of language mixing. It is shown that speakers cluster in the sense that some speakers produce more Norwegian-like structures across properties, whereas others produce more English-like structures across the same properties. Implications for the study of heritage grammars are also addressed.","PeriodicalId":143932,"journal":{"name":"Oslo Studies in Language","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116187075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigates the use of written dialect among adolescents from four different locations in Norway, each representing one of the main dialect areas of the country (north, central, west, and east). The data are drawn from the larger study Multilectal Practices in Social Media where a total of 1532 students from 42 different upper secondary schools in all regions of Norway have completed an online questionnaire about their language competence, use and attitudes and where they have also provided short text samples of how they would have written in four imagined situations: (i) a cinema invitation to a friend, (ii) a social media post about the family’s new pet, (iii) a message to the teacher informing him/her about absence due to illness, and (iv) a bio in a discussion forum. In our data we see that the cinema invitations contain a high degree of local/regional dialect features as well as other deviations from standard orthographical conventions whereas the messages to the teacher by and large are written in one of the two Norwegian written standards. Choice of platform also seems to influence the choice of features: messages to the teacher by SMS or Snapchat typically contain more dialect and other deviations from standard orthography than messages sent through the official learning management system of the school. For each of the four locations we evaluate the dialect writing against known features of the local/regional dialect, and we see that not all dialect features make their way into the students’ dialect writing, a fact which we take to reflect changes in progress. In conclusion, we see that the students are very flexible and adaptive in their choice of features and codes in different situations and for different purposes.
{"title":"Joina du kino imårgå? Ungdommars dialektskriving på sosiale medium","authors":"Unn Røyneland, Ø. Vangsnes","doi":"10.5617/OSLA.8508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5617/OSLA.8508","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the use of written dialect among adolescents from four different locations in Norway, each representing one of the main dialect areas of the country (north, central, west, and east). The data are drawn from the larger study Multilectal Practices in Social Media where a total of 1532 students from 42 different upper secondary schools in all regions of Norway have completed an online questionnaire about their language competence, use and attitudes and where they have also provided short text samples of how they would have written in four imagined situations: (i) a cinema invitation to a friend, (ii) a social media post about the family’s new pet, (iii) a message to the teacher informing him/her about absence due to illness, and (iv) a bio in a discussion forum. In our data we see that the cinema invitations contain a high degree of local/regional dialect features as well as other deviations from standard orthographical conventions whereas the messages to the teacher by and large are written in one of the two Norwegian written standards. Choice of platform also seems to influence the choice of features: messages to the teacher by SMS or Snapchat typically contain more dialect and other deviations from standard orthography than messages sent through the official learning management system of the school. For each of the four locations we evaluate the dialect writing against known features of the local/regional dialect, and we see that not all dialect features make their way into the students’ dialect writing, a fact which we take to reflect changes in progress. In conclusion, we see that the students are very flexible and adaptive in their choice of features and codes in different situations and for different purposes.","PeriodicalId":143932,"journal":{"name":"Oslo Studies in Language","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120874756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper summarizes recent research on heritage language anxiety (HLA) that three generations of the Turkish immigrant community in the Netherlands experience in their daily lives. Through an interdisciplinary perspective, it integrates an extended questionnaire (n=113), semi-structured interviews (n=30), and an experiment (n=30) in which physiological responses (i.e. electrodermal activity) are measured during a video-retelling task conducted in monolingual and bilingual modes. Findings illustrate the complex interplay of daily sociolinguistic and socio-emotional challenges, HLA and physiological reactions. In its application of interdisciplinary research, the paper provides a more integrative glimpse into the multifaceted dimensions that underpin heritage language anxiety, particularly in the immigrant context.
{"title":"Toward an interdisciplinary understanding of heritage language anxiety","authors":"Yeşim Sevinç","doi":"10.5617/OSLA.8510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5617/OSLA.8510","url":null,"abstract":"This paper summarizes recent research on heritage language anxiety (HLA) that three generations of the Turkish immigrant community in the Netherlands experience in their daily lives. Through an interdisciplinary perspective, it integrates an extended questionnaire (n=113), semi-structured interviews (n=30), and an experiment (n=30) in which physiological responses (i.e. electrodermal activity) are measured during a video-retelling task conducted in monolingual and bilingual modes. Findings illustrate the complex interplay of daily sociolinguistic and socio-emotional challenges, HLA and physiological reactions. In its application of interdisciplinary research, the paper provides a more integrative glimpse into the multifaceted dimensions that underpin heritage language anxiety, particularly in the immigrant context.","PeriodicalId":143932,"journal":{"name":"Oslo Studies in Language","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130267128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper provides a first picture of discourse marking in American Norwegian, drawing on word order data and native speaker judgments. Like many others since Salmons (1990), we see convergence between the systems of bilinguals, increasing similarities at the expense of differences. Matras (1988) and Fuller (2001) argue that more ‘pragmatically detachable’ material is more easily borrowed, like well / vel vs. you know / vet du. Our results partially align with this expectation, but with a wrinkle: less pragmatically detachable material appears to be borrowed where the two languages have similar pre-existing markers (namely vet du / you know). We find more convergence, regardless of detachability, at points of similarity than of difference (e.g. English anyhow, which has no close Norwegian parallel.) This suggests that convergence may play the bigger role here, so that less detachable forms may be more borrowable in converging systems.
本文利用语序数据和本族语使用者的判断，提供了美国挪威语语篇标记的初步图景。像Salmons(1990)以来的许多人一样，我们看到了双语者系统之间的趋同，以牺牲差异为代价增加了相似性。Matras(1988)和Fuller(2001)认为，更多“实用上可分离”的材料更容易被借用，比如well / vel和you know / vet du。我们的结果部分符合这一预期，但有一个问题:在两种语言具有相似的预先存在标记(即vet du / you know)的地方，似乎借用了不太实用的可分离材料。不管可分离性如何，我们发现在相似点上的趋同多于在差异点上的趋同(无论如何，英语与挪威语没有密切的相似之处)。这表明收敛可能在这里发挥更大的作用，因此在收敛系统中，较少可分离的形式可能更容易被借用。
{"title":"American Norwegian discourse marking: Convergence, detachability, pragmatic change","authors":"L. Moquin, J. Salmons","doi":"10.5617/OSLA.8505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5617/OSLA.8505","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides a first picture of discourse marking in American Norwegian, drawing on word order data and native speaker judgments. Like many others since Salmons (1990), we see convergence between the systems of bilinguals, increasing similarities at the expense of differences. Matras (1988) and Fuller (2001) argue that more ‘pragmatically detachable’ material is more easily borrowed, like well / vel vs. you know / vet du. Our results partially align with this expectation, but with a wrinkle: less pragmatically detachable material appears to be borrowed where the two languages have similar pre-existing markers (namely vet du / you know). We find more convergence, regardless of detachability, at points of similarity than of difference (e.g. English anyhow, which has no close Norwegian parallel.) This suggests that convergence may play the bigger role here, so that less detachable forms may be more borrowable in converging systems.","PeriodicalId":143932,"journal":{"name":"Oslo Studies in Language","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113948187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Artikkelen presenterer et regelbasert maskinoversettingssystem fra nordsamisk til norsk. Den grammatiske analysen blir gjort med Giellatekno og Divvuns nordsamiske analyseprogram. Vi har skrevet transfer-komponenten (transferleksikon og grammatiske regler) innafor ramme-verket til det apne maskinoversettingssystemet Apertium. Artikkelen inneholder ei evaluering av oversatt tekst for to ulike domener. Tekstene skarer bedre pa gjengiving av innholdet enn pa godt sprak. Ved a systematisere feilene i leksikalske, grammatiske og pragmatiske feil, viser vi at leksikalske feil gar mest ut over forstaelsen. De andre to feiltypene gir darlig sprak, men har liten innvirkning pa forstaelsen. Feiltypen det er lettest a forbedre, er den leksikalske, noe som er en lovende konklusjon for utviklinga av et maskinovsersettingssystem for tekstforstaing.
{"title":"Hva er viktig for forståelse? Om maskinoversetting fra nordsamisk","authors":"Trond Trosterud, Lene Antonsen","doi":"10.5617/OSLA.8514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5617/OSLA.8514","url":null,"abstract":"Artikkelen presenterer et regelbasert maskinoversettingssystem fra nordsamisk til norsk. Den grammatiske analysen blir gjort med Giellatekno og Divvuns nordsamiske analyseprogram. Vi har skrevet transfer-komponenten (transferleksikon og grammatiske regler) innafor ramme-verket til det apne maskinoversettingssystemet Apertium. Artikkelen inneholder ei evaluering av oversatt tekst for to ulike domener. Tekstene skarer bedre pa gjengiving av innholdet enn pa godt sprak. Ved a systematisere feilene i leksikalske, grammatiske og pragmatiske feil, viser vi at leksikalske feil gar mest ut over forstaelsen. De andre to feiltypene gir darlig sprak, men har liten innvirkning pa forstaelsen. Feiltypen det er lettest a forbedre, er den leksikalske, noe som er en lovende konklusjon for utviklinga av et maskinovsersettingssystem for tekstforstaing.","PeriodicalId":143932,"journal":{"name":"Oslo Studies in Language","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129893327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this article, we analyze the use of the term ‘morsmål’ (‘mother tongue’) in official Norwegian documents and in media texts to identify if and how its conceptualization has changed in the era of increasing globalization. Our point of view is explorative. When examining our data, we highlight the importance of reflecting openly about the instability of powerful concepts. We highlight two partly conflicting conceptualizations that we name the ‘traditional use’ and the ‘novel use’, respectively. Building on critical discourse analysis and conceptual metaphor theory we explore how the conceptualizations reveal certain aspects of ideologies and the potential management of multilingualism in society. A broader understanding of how conceptualizations of mother tongue(s) are played out in the Norwegian context may contribute to the dialogue about multilingualism as it is understood and recognized across diverse contexts.
{"title":"“One, Two, Many = One too many?” Conceptualizations of mother tongue","authors":"A. Golden, T. Opsahl, I. Tonne","doi":"10.5617/OSLA.8494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5617/OSLA.8494","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we analyze the use of the term ‘morsmål’ (‘mother tongue’) in official Norwegian documents and in media texts to identify if and how its conceptualization has changed in the era of increasing globalization. Our point of view is explorative. When examining our data, we highlight the importance of reflecting openly about the instability of powerful concepts. We highlight two partly conflicting conceptualizations that we name the ‘traditional use’ and the ‘novel use’, respectively. Building on critical discourse analysis and conceptual metaphor theory we explore how the conceptualizations reveal certain aspects of ideologies and the potential management of multilingualism in society. A broader understanding of how conceptualizations of mother tongue(s) are played out in the Norwegian context may contribute to the dialogue about multilingualism as it is understood and recognized across diverse contexts.","PeriodicalId":143932,"journal":{"name":"Oslo Studies in Language","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117208267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper provides an overview of Germanic languages as heritage languages, i.e. languages acquired naturalistically by children in parts of the world where these languages are not the majority language. Summarizing research on different types of heritage speakers of Danish, German, Icelandic, Norwegian, and Swedish, we identify certain stable and vulnerable domains. We focus on the so far best studied areas, word order and grammatical gender, adding evidence from other lesser studied domains, such as definiteness and phonology. We propose that in addition to the linguistic make-up of the phenomena in question, the size of the heritage community and, relatedly, opportunities to use the language need to be taken into account. The latter may explain, for example, why moribund varieties of German and the Scandinavian languages in North America appear to be less stable than the language of second-generation heritage speakers in Europe.
{"title":"Stable and vulnerable domains in Germanic heritage languages","authors":"Marit Westergaard, T. Kupisch","doi":"10.5617/OSLA.8515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5617/OSLA.8515","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides an overview of Germanic languages as heritage languages, i.e. languages acquired naturalistically by children in parts of the world where these languages are not the majority language. Summarizing research on different types of heritage speakers of Danish, German, Icelandic, Norwegian, and Swedish, we identify certain stable and vulnerable domains. We focus on the so far best studied areas, word order and grammatical gender, adding evidence from other lesser studied domains, such as definiteness and phonology. We propose that in addition to the linguistic make-up of the phenomena in question, the size of the heritage community and, relatedly, opportunities to use the language need to be taken into account. The latter may explain, for example, why moribund varieties of German and the Scandinavian languages in North America appear to be less stable than the language of second-generation heritage speakers in Europe.","PeriodicalId":143932,"journal":{"name":"Oslo Studies in Language","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125741445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article presents a method for automatic assignment of syntactic dependency relations to the corpus of American Norwegian speech (CANS). Different machine learning techniques and corpora are used. Finally, an accuracy measure is computed and compared with a relatively new treebank for spoken Norwegian.
{"title":"Mot en trebank for amerikanorsk","authors":"Andre Kåsen","doi":"10.5617/OSLA.8501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5617/OSLA.8501","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a method for automatic assignment of syntactic dependency relations to the corpus of American Norwegian speech (CANS). Different machine learning techniques and corpora are used. Finally, an accuracy measure is computed and compared with a relatively new treebank for spoken Norwegian.","PeriodicalId":143932,"journal":{"name":"Oslo Studies in Language","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134517949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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