Pub Date : 2018-11-14DOI: 10.1504/IJSURFSE.2018.10017342
E. Medeiros, Ricardo Brandes, H. Al-Qureshi, D. Recouvreux
Polypropylene (PP) has poor superficial properties making a pre-treatment before coating the paint film necessary. The pre-treatment related to surface improvement most widely used in the industry is the flame treatment due to its capacity to achieve the necessary level of surface energy. This work is to study the effect of the flame treatment in the adhesion increase for painting films applied on polypropylene substrates. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dyne test inks, contact angle, resistance to adhesion by engraving and washing were employed to evaluate the flame treatment. The morphological, chemical and physical analysis presented superficial modification, the formation of new functional groups and improvements on adhesion between substrates and paint film, respectively. These results proved the efficacy of the flame treatment in the increase of the surface energy and in the adherence of the coatings applied to the PP substrates.
{"title":"Surface energy modification for coating adhesion improvement on polypropylene","authors":"E. Medeiros, Ricardo Brandes, H. Al-Qureshi, D. Recouvreux","doi":"10.1504/IJSURFSE.2018.10017342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSURFSE.2018.10017342","url":null,"abstract":"Polypropylene (PP) has poor superficial properties making a pre-treatment before coating the paint film necessary. The pre-treatment related to surface improvement most widely used in the industry is the flame treatment due to its capacity to achieve the necessary level of surface energy. This work is to study the effect of the flame treatment in the adhesion increase for painting films applied on polypropylene substrates. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dyne test inks, contact angle, resistance to adhesion by engraving and washing were employed to evaluate the flame treatment. The morphological, chemical and physical analysis presented superficial modification, the formation of new functional groups and improvements on adhesion between substrates and paint film, respectively. These results proved the efficacy of the flame treatment in the increase of the surface energy and in the adherence of the coatings applied to the PP substrates.","PeriodicalId":14460,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Surface Science and Engineering","volume":"12 1","pages":"277"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2018-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43526991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-14DOI: 10.1504/IJSURFSE.2018.10017347
Jiangwei Liu, Song Chen, Yan Wang, Hu Li
The hardness enhancement on the surface of the laser remelted NiCrBSi coating was observed and characterised by employing X-ray photoelectron microscopy and nanoindentation techniques. The result indicates that, under the line energy density of 80 J/mm, there is an agglomeration of the borides on the top 20 μm of the remelted coating that significantly enhanced the surface hardness as high as 1.5-fold stronger to 13 GPa than that of the main body of 8.5 GPa. Owing to the high concentration of the borides, the elemental distribution of the remelted surface has been modified significantly. In addition by varying the laser energy, the depth of the surface enhanced regions can be modified.
{"title":"Observation and characterisation of the surface hardness enhancement of the laser remelted NiCrBSi coating","authors":"Jiangwei Liu, Song Chen, Yan Wang, Hu Li","doi":"10.1504/IJSURFSE.2018.10017347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSURFSE.2018.10017347","url":null,"abstract":"The hardness enhancement on the surface of the laser remelted NiCrBSi coating was observed and characterised by employing X-ray photoelectron microscopy and nanoindentation techniques. The result indicates that, under the line energy density of 80 J/mm, there is an agglomeration of the borides on the top 20 μm of the remelted coating that significantly enhanced the surface hardness as high as 1.5-fold stronger to 13 GPa than that of the main body of 8.5 GPa. Owing to the high concentration of the borides, the elemental distribution of the remelted surface has been modified significantly. In addition by varying the laser energy, the depth of the surface enhanced regions can be modified.","PeriodicalId":14460,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Surface Science and Engineering","volume":"12 1","pages":"336-346"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2018-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47350289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-14DOI: 10.1504/IJSURFSE.2018.10017426
Vineet Shibe, V. Chawla
Erosion studies were performed in simulated coal-fired boiler conditions with a view to compare the erosion behaviour of two different types of detonation gun (D-gun) sprayed cermet coating powders, i.e., WC-12%Co and Cr3C2-25%NiCr on ASTM A36 steel and bare (uncoated) ASTM A36 steel. During the erosion studies weight loss, erosion rates in terms of volume loss (mm3/g) and measurement of erosion profiles were determined utilising optical profilometer. All the two different types of D-gun sprayed cermet coatings had successfully protected the ASTM A36 steel from erosive wear at impingement angles of 45o, 60o and 90o. In the case of bare ASTM A36 steel specimens the solid particle erosion rates were maximal at an impingement angle of 45o that was reduced at an impingement angle of 60o and minimal at an impingement angle of 90o that is the typical erosive wear behaviour of ductile materials. WC-12%Co coated specimens exhibited erosive wear behaviour that is closer to the behaviour of ductile materials. Cr3C2-25%NiCr coated specimens exhibited the maximum volume erosion rate at an impingement angle of 90o which was reduced at an impact angle of 60o and minimum at an impingement angle of 45o hence depicted the typical behaviour of brittle materials.
{"title":"Solid particle erosion studies of D-gun sprayed cermet coatings on ASTM A36 steel","authors":"Vineet Shibe, V. Chawla","doi":"10.1504/IJSURFSE.2018.10017426","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSURFSE.2018.10017426","url":null,"abstract":"Erosion studies were performed in simulated coal-fired boiler conditions with a view to compare the erosion behaviour of two different types of detonation gun (D-gun) sprayed cermet coating powders, i.e., WC-12%Co and Cr3C2-25%NiCr on ASTM A36 steel and bare (uncoated) ASTM A36 steel. During the erosion studies weight loss, erosion rates in terms of volume loss (mm3/g) and measurement of erosion profiles were determined utilising optical profilometer. All the two different types of D-gun sprayed cermet coatings had successfully protected the ASTM A36 steel from erosive wear at impingement angles of 45o, 60o and 90o. In the case of bare ASTM A36 steel specimens the solid particle erosion rates were maximal at an impingement angle of 45o that was reduced at an impingement angle of 60o and minimal at an impingement angle of 90o that is the typical erosive wear behaviour of ductile materials. WC-12%Co coated specimens exhibited erosive wear behaviour that is closer to the behaviour of ductile materials. Cr3C2-25%NiCr coated specimens exhibited the maximum volume erosion rate at an impingement angle of 90o which was reduced at an impact angle of 60o and minimum at an impingement angle of 45o hence depicted the typical behaviour of brittle materials.","PeriodicalId":14460,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Surface Science and Engineering","volume":"12 1","pages":"317"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2018-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42256708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-14DOI: 10.1504/IJSURFSE.2018.10017346
Chao Liu, Z. Fang, Kun Shi, Li Song, Jinfu Du
This paper proposes a modelling method for nonlinear characteristic analysis of bolted joint considering the combined effect of contact surface and the interface interaction. First, the discontinuous contact region of the bolted structure is regarded as a flat continuous medium based on the hypothesis of equivalent virtual material. Second, two user-defined elements are respectively developed to simulate the contact surface and flexible interface. Then, a typical example of bolted structure is simulated using the proposed method. The comparison of the simulation results and the measurements indicates that the method is valid for the nonlinear characteristic analysis of the joint. Moreover, the method also presents advantage in computational efficiency according to the comparison with the conventional FE model. Hence, the proposed method provides a feasible solution for bolted problem in practical engineering applications, such as the precision instrument design, ultra-precision position control and multi-body dynamics simulation of complex mechanical system.
{"title":"An efficient method for nonlinear characteristic analysis of fixed contact surface and interface in bolted joint and its application","authors":"Chao Liu, Z. Fang, Kun Shi, Li Song, Jinfu Du","doi":"10.1504/IJSURFSE.2018.10017346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSURFSE.2018.10017346","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a modelling method for nonlinear characteristic analysis of bolted joint considering the combined effect of contact surface and the interface interaction. First, the discontinuous contact region of the bolted structure is regarded as a flat continuous medium based on the hypothesis of equivalent virtual material. Second, two user-defined elements are respectively developed to simulate the contact surface and flexible interface. Then, a typical example of bolted structure is simulated using the proposed method. The comparison of the simulation results and the measurements indicates that the method is valid for the nonlinear characteristic analysis of the joint. Moreover, the method also presents advantage in computational efficiency according to the comparison with the conventional FE model. Hence, the proposed method provides a feasible solution for bolted problem in practical engineering applications, such as the precision instrument design, ultra-precision position control and multi-body dynamics simulation of complex mechanical system.","PeriodicalId":14460,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Surface Science and Engineering","volume":"12 1","pages":"293"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2018-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49166642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-16DOI: 10.1504/IJSURFSE.2018.10016053
O. Fayomi, A. A. Daniyan, L. E. Umoru, A. Popoola
In this study, the effect of systematic homogenising annealing heat treatment on the morphology and hardness property of modified Zn-TiO2 nano-composite coatings, coated via electrocodeposition process was investigated. The morphological characteristics of the composite coatings were characterised by scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and the hardness examination was carried out using Dura-scan hardness tester. The result showed that the coatings systems were homogenised with refined microstructure after annealing at 250°C and 500°C. Three different inter-metallic structures; zeta, delta and gamma phase were observed after systematic homogenising annealing at 500°C. The hardness performance of the nano-composite coatings was better after the annealing at 250°C for five hours and showed outstanding improvement after systematically annealed at 500°C.
{"title":"Study of rapid thermal treatment on the microstructural evolution and surface characteristics of the electrodeposited modify Zn/TiO2 composite coatings on AISI 1015 steel","authors":"O. Fayomi, A. A. Daniyan, L. E. Umoru, A. Popoola","doi":"10.1504/IJSURFSE.2018.10016053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSURFSE.2018.10016053","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the effect of systematic homogenising annealing heat treatment on the morphology and hardness property of modified Zn-TiO2 nano-composite coatings, coated via electrocodeposition process was investigated. The morphological characteristics of the composite coatings were characterised by scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and the hardness examination was carried out using Dura-scan hardness tester. The result showed that the coatings systems were homogenised with refined microstructure after annealing at 250°C and 500°C. Three different inter-metallic structures; zeta, delta and gamma phase were observed after systematic homogenising annealing at 500°C. The hardness performance of the nano-composite coatings was better after the annealing at 250°C for five hours and showed outstanding improvement after systematically annealed at 500°C.","PeriodicalId":14460,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Surface Science and Engineering","volume":"12 1","pages":"247"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2018-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44366316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-16DOI: 10.1504/IJSURFSE.2018.10016050
P. Nallasamy, N. Saravanakumar, G. Rajaram, R. Kumar
Bio-lubricants are biodegradable and non-toxic. Bio-based lubricants are an attractive alternative to conventional mineral oil-based lubricants. This study deals with the tribological investigation of biodegradable nanolubricants which could be applied in machine tool slideways. The nanoparticle used was copper oxide (CuO) and the biodegradable oils used were coconut oil, sesame oil, olive oil, sunflower oil and soybean oil. The nanolubricants were prepared by adding 0.1% wt. of CuO nanoparticles in each biodegradable base oil. Experiments were conducted on a pin on block type reciprocating friction monitor and four ball tester. Friction, stick-slip and wear characteristics were analysed. The test results showed that the addition of CuO nanoparticles in biodegradable oils improve friction reduction and antiwear properties. The mechanism of friction reduction is found to be the formation of tribofilm through deposition of CuO nanoparticles on the wear surfaces. Field testing was conducted for the best nanolubricants.
{"title":"Experimental study on the tribological properties of CuO-based biodegradable nanolubricants for machine tool slideways","authors":"P. Nallasamy, N. Saravanakumar, G. Rajaram, R. Kumar","doi":"10.1504/IJSURFSE.2018.10016050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSURFSE.2018.10016050","url":null,"abstract":"Bio-lubricants are biodegradable and non-toxic. Bio-based lubricants are an attractive alternative to conventional mineral oil-based lubricants. This study deals with the tribological investigation of biodegradable nanolubricants which could be applied in machine tool slideways. The nanoparticle used was copper oxide (CuO) and the biodegradable oils used were coconut oil, sesame oil, olive oil, sunflower oil and soybean oil. The nanolubricants were prepared by adding 0.1% wt. of CuO nanoparticles in each biodegradable base oil. Experiments were conducted on a pin on block type reciprocating friction monitor and four ball tester. Friction, stick-slip and wear characteristics were analysed. The test results showed that the addition of CuO nanoparticles in biodegradable oils improve friction reduction and antiwear properties. The mechanism of friction reduction is found to be the formation of tribofilm through deposition of CuO nanoparticles on the wear surfaces. Field testing was conducted for the best nanolubricants.","PeriodicalId":14460,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Surface Science and Engineering","volume":"12 1","pages":"194"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2018-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46699421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-16DOI: 10.1504/IJSURFSE.2018.10016049
A. N. Sung, M. Ratnam, W. P. Loh
New analytical four-parameter models for surface roughness are proposed based on the feed rate, nose radius as well as the inclination and rake angles. These models were derived to determine the maximum peak-to-valley roughness Rt and arithmetic average roughness Ra using homogeneous transformation matrices and are verified by digital simulation. The model for Rt was used to study two sequential effects of introducing the inclination and rake angles. The Rt and Ra values obtained from the four-parameter models and the existing two-parameter models, based on nose radius and feed rate, were compared. The comparison shows maximum percentage differences of 8.18% and 10.98% in Rt and Ra, respectively. The results demonstrate that the inclination and rake angles can influence the surface roughness by affecting the tool-workpiece contact geometry. The proposed four-parameter model can be employed for a more accurate theoretical surface roughness evaluation compared to the existing two-parameter models.
{"title":"Theoretical models for surface roughness in turning considering inclination and rake angles","authors":"A. N. Sung, M. Ratnam, W. P. Loh","doi":"10.1504/IJSURFSE.2018.10016049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSURFSE.2018.10016049","url":null,"abstract":"New analytical four-parameter models for surface roughness are proposed based on the feed rate, nose radius as well as the inclination and rake angles. These models were derived to determine the maximum peak-to-valley roughness Rt and arithmetic average roughness Ra using homogeneous transformation matrices and are verified by digital simulation. The model for Rt was used to study two sequential effects of introducing the inclination and rake angles. The Rt and Ra values obtained from the four-parameter models and the existing two-parameter models, based on nose radius and feed rate, were compared. The comparison shows maximum percentage differences of 8.18% and 10.98% in Rt and Ra, respectively. The results demonstrate that the inclination and rake angles can influence the surface roughness by affecting the tool-workpiece contact geometry. The proposed four-parameter model can be employed for a more accurate theoretical surface roughness evaluation compared to the existing two-parameter models.","PeriodicalId":14460,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Surface Science and Engineering","volume":"12 1","pages":"171"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2018-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48680790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-16DOI: 10.1504/IJSURFSE.2018.094773
R. Singh, A. Dixit, A. Sharma, A. Tiwari, V. Mandal, A. Pramanik
In the present study, the tribological performance of water-based emulsion (lubricant) was investigated by blending carbon fillers such as graphene nanoplatelets and multiwall carbon nanotubes using pin-on-disc tribometer. It was noticed that addition of GnP and MWCNT in water-based emulsion (conventional lubricant) increases the thermal conductivity and viscosity as compared to conventional lubricants. The nanolubricants were supplied with minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) technique at a constant flow rate and pressure in the sliding zone. The addition of 0.8 wt.% concentration of GnP showed 58.39% reduction in coefficient of friction and 61.80% reduction in wear depth compared to the conventional lubricant. Similarly, for 0.8 wt.% concentration of MWCNT showed 26.27% reduction in coefficient of friction and 47.35% reduction in wear depth compared to the conventional lubricant. The sliding surface micrographs were also investigated to explain the synergistic effect of nanoparticles.
{"title":"Influence of graphene and multi-walled carbon nanotube additives on tribological behaviour of lubricants","authors":"R. Singh, A. Dixit, A. Sharma, A. Tiwari, V. Mandal, A. Pramanik","doi":"10.1504/IJSURFSE.2018.094773","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSURFSE.2018.094773","url":null,"abstract":"In the present study, the tribological performance of water-based emulsion (lubricant) was investigated by blending carbon fillers such as graphene nanoplatelets and multiwall carbon nanotubes using pin-on-disc tribometer. It was noticed that addition of GnP and MWCNT in water-based emulsion (conventional lubricant) increases the thermal conductivity and viscosity as compared to conventional lubricants. The nanolubricants were supplied with minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) technique at a constant flow rate and pressure in the sliding zone. The addition of 0.8 wt.% concentration of GnP showed 58.39% reduction in coefficient of friction and 61.80% reduction in wear depth compared to the conventional lubricant. Similarly, for 0.8 wt.% concentration of MWCNT showed 26.27% reduction in coefficient of friction and 47.35% reduction in wear depth compared to the conventional lubricant. The sliding surface micrographs were also investigated to explain the synergistic effect of nanoparticles.","PeriodicalId":14460,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Surface Science and Engineering","volume":"12 1","pages":"207-227"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2018-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJSURFSE.2018.094773","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43555612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-16DOI: 10.1504/IJSURFSE.2018.10016052
X. Hua, J. Puoza, Peiyun Zhang, Jianguo Sun
The frictional behaviour and lubrication mechanism of self-lubricating Gr-MoS2-PI-CNT composite were investigated experimentally, characterised by surface preparation method and texture density. The results indicate that the dimples filled with composite solid lubricant (sample TPL) exhibited the best lubrication mechanism with the lowest friction as compared to the smooth surface without lubrication (sample S), textured surface without lubrication (sample T), textured surface burnished with solid lubricant (sample TSL) and textured surface coated with solid lubricant block (sample TBL). The texture density of 41.7% exhibited good friction properties under both higher loads and speeds. The composite solid lubricant formed stable lubricant-peaks on each dimple the by 'slide extrusion accumulation' mechanism with a gradient phenomenon along the sliding direction which improved the self-lubricating effect of the lubricant. The energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis indicates that the solid lubricant has been transferred from the micro-dimples to the space between dimples which improved lubrication.
{"title":"Friction properties and lubrication mechanism of self-lubricating composite solid lubricant on laser textured AISI 52100 surface in sliding contact","authors":"X. Hua, J. Puoza, Peiyun Zhang, Jianguo Sun","doi":"10.1504/IJSURFSE.2018.10016052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSURFSE.2018.10016052","url":null,"abstract":"The frictional behaviour and lubrication mechanism of self-lubricating Gr-MoS2-PI-CNT composite were investigated experimentally, characterised by surface preparation method and texture density. The results indicate that the dimples filled with composite solid lubricant (sample TPL) exhibited the best lubrication mechanism with the lowest friction as compared to the smooth surface without lubrication (sample S), textured surface without lubrication (sample T), textured surface burnished with solid lubricant (sample TSL) and textured surface coated with solid lubricant block (sample TBL). The texture density of 41.7% exhibited good friction properties under both higher loads and speeds. The composite solid lubricant formed stable lubricant-peaks on each dimple the by 'slide extrusion accumulation' mechanism with a gradient phenomenon along the sliding direction which improved the self-lubricating effect of the lubricant. The energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis indicates that the solid lubricant has been transferred from the micro-dimples to the space between dimples which improved lubrication.","PeriodicalId":14460,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Surface Science and Engineering","volume":"12 1","pages":"228"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2018-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49212011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-18DOI: 10.1504/IJSURFSE.2018.10012324
F. Lima, U. Mescheder, C. Müller, H. Reinecke
A two-step process is reported for the electrochemical deposition of copper layers on n-type silicon substrates using an acidic copper sulphate solution without addition of additives and no light assistance. Metal layers were generated on electrodes with different crystal orientations. The process consists of a combination of two very common techniques: chronoamperometry and pulse plating. The former technique is applied to obtain an instantaneous nucleation on the working electrode. Therefore, a large amount of metal nuclei is formed on the substrate before the pulse technique starts. The latter is, then, used to grow the particles previously generated and form a homogeneous metal layer with full coverage onto the semiconductor electrodes. The potential magnitudes are carefully chosen in line with energy levels observed at the semiconductor-electrolyte interface and were also calculated in this work.
{"title":"Copper electrodeposition on silicon electrodes","authors":"F. Lima, U. Mescheder, C. Müller, H. Reinecke","doi":"10.1504/IJSURFSE.2018.10012324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSURFSE.2018.10012324","url":null,"abstract":"A two-step process is reported for the electrochemical deposition of copper layers on n-type silicon substrates using an acidic copper sulphate solution without addition of additives and no light assistance. Metal layers were generated on electrodes with different crystal orientations. The process consists of a combination of two very common techniques: chronoamperometry and pulse plating. The former technique is applied to obtain an instantaneous nucleation on the working electrode. Therefore, a large amount of metal nuclei is formed on the substrate before the pulse technique starts. The latter is, then, used to grow the particles previously generated and form a homogeneous metal layer with full coverage onto the semiconductor electrodes. The potential magnitudes are carefully chosen in line with energy levels observed at the semiconductor-electrolyte interface and were also calculated in this work.","PeriodicalId":14460,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Surface Science and Engineering","volume":"12 1","pages":"99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2018-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45982176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}