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Surface energy modification for coating adhesion improvement on polypropylene 表面能改性提高聚丙烯涂层附着力
IF 0.8 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2018-11-14 DOI: 10.1504/IJSURFSE.2018.10017342
E. Medeiros, Ricardo Brandes, H. Al-Qureshi, D. Recouvreux
Polypropylene (PP) has poor superficial properties making a pre-treatment before coating the paint film necessary. The pre-treatment related to surface improvement most widely used in the industry is the flame treatment due to its capacity to achieve the necessary level of surface energy. This work is to study the effect of the flame treatment in the adhesion increase for painting films applied on polypropylene substrates. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dyne test inks, contact angle, resistance to adhesion by engraving and washing were employed to evaluate the flame treatment. The morphological, chemical and physical analysis presented superficial modification, the formation of new functional groups and improvements on adhesion between substrates and paint film, respectively. These results proved the efficacy of the flame treatment in the increase of the surface energy and in the adherence of the coatings applied to the PP substrates.
聚丙烯(PP)具有较差的表面性能,因此在涂覆漆膜之前需要进行预处理。与表面改善相关的预处理在工业中使用最广泛的是火焰处理,因为它能够达到必要的表面能水平。本工作旨在研究火焰处理对聚丙烯基材上涂膜附着力增加的影响。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、达因测试油墨、接触角、通过雕刻和洗涤的附着力来评估火焰处理。形态、化学和物理分析分别介绍了表面改性、新官能团的形成以及基材和漆膜之间粘附性的改善。这些结果证明了火焰处理在提高表面能和涂层粘附于PP基材方面的有效性。
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引用次数: 4
Observation and characterisation of the surface hardness enhancement of the laser remelted NiCrBSi coating 激光重熔NiCrBSi涂层表面硬度增强的观察与表征
IF 0.8 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2018-11-14 DOI: 10.1504/IJSURFSE.2018.10017347
Jiangwei Liu, Song Chen, Yan Wang, Hu Li
The hardness enhancement on the surface of the laser remelted NiCrBSi coating was observed and characterised by employing X-ray photoelectron microscopy and nanoindentation techniques. The result indicates that, under the line energy density of 80 J/mm, there is an agglomeration of the borides on the top 20 μm of the remelted coating that significantly enhanced the surface hardness as high as 1.5-fold stronger to 13 GPa than that of the main body of 8.5 GPa. Owing to the high concentration of the borides, the elemental distribution of the remelted surface has been modified significantly. In addition by varying the laser energy, the depth of the surface enhanced regions can be modified.
利用X射线光电子显微镜和纳米压痕技术观察并表征了激光重熔NiCrBSi涂层表面的硬度增强。结果表明,在80J/mm的线能量密度下,硼化物在重熔涂层的顶部20μm处聚集,使表面硬度显著提高,比8.5GPa的主体硬度高1.5倍,达到13GPa。由于硼化物的高浓度,重熔表面的元素分布发生了显著的变化。此外,通过改变激光能量,可以改变表面增强区域的深度。
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引用次数: 0
Solid particle erosion studies of D-gun sprayed cermet coatings on ASTM A36 steel ASTM A36钢上d -枪喷涂陶瓷涂层的固体颗粒侵蚀研究
IF 0.8 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2018-11-14 DOI: 10.1504/IJSURFSE.2018.10017426
Vineet Shibe, V. Chawla
Erosion studies were performed in simulated coal-fired boiler conditions with a view to compare the erosion behaviour of two different types of detonation gun (D-gun) sprayed cermet coating powders, i.e., WC-12%Co and Cr3C2-25%NiCr on ASTM A36 steel and bare (uncoated) ASTM A36 steel. During the erosion studies weight loss, erosion rates in terms of volume loss (mm3/g) and measurement of erosion profiles were determined utilising optical profilometer. All the two different types of D-gun sprayed cermet coatings had successfully protected the ASTM A36 steel from erosive wear at impingement angles of 45o, 60o and 90o. In the case of bare ASTM A36 steel specimens the solid particle erosion rates were maximal at an impingement angle of 45o that was reduced at an impingement angle of 60o and minimal at an impingement angle of 90o that is the typical erosive wear behaviour of ductile materials. WC-12%Co coated specimens exhibited erosive wear behaviour that is closer to the behaviour of ductile materials. Cr3C2-25%NiCr coated specimens exhibited the maximum volume erosion rate at an impingement angle of 90o which was reduced at an impact angle of 60o and minimum at an impingement angle of 45o hence depicted the typical behaviour of brittle materials.
在模拟燃煤锅炉条件下进行了侵蚀研究,以比较两种不同类型的爆轰枪(D-gun)喷涂的金属陶瓷涂层粉末(即WC-12%Co和Cr3C2-25%NiCr)对ASTM A36钢和裸(未涂层)ASTM A36钢的侵蚀行为。在侵蚀研究过程中,利用光学剖面仪测定了以体积损失(mm3/g)为单位的侵蚀速率和侵蚀剖面的测量值。两种不同类型的D-gun喷射金属陶瓷涂层都能成功地保护ASTM A36钢在45度、600度和90度的冲击角下免受侵蚀磨损。在裸露的ASTM A36钢试样中,固体颗粒的侵蚀速率在45°的冲击角时最大,在600°的冲击角时减小,在90°的冲击角时最小,这是韧性材料的典型侵蚀磨损行为。WC-12%Co涂层试样表现出更接近延性材料的侵蚀磨损行为。Cr3C2-25%NiCr涂层试样在冲击角为90°时体积侵蚀速率最大,在冲击角为600°时体积侵蚀速率减小,在冲击角为45°时体积侵蚀速率最小,呈现出典型的脆性材料行为。
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引用次数: 3
An efficient method for nonlinear characteristic analysis of fixed contact surface and interface in bolted joint and its application 螺栓连接固定接触面和界面非线性特性分析的一种有效方法及其应用
IF 0.8 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2018-11-14 DOI: 10.1504/IJSURFSE.2018.10017346
Chao Liu, Z. Fang, Kun Shi, Li Song, Jinfu Du
This paper proposes a modelling method for nonlinear characteristic analysis of bolted joint considering the combined effect of contact surface and the interface interaction. First, the discontinuous contact region of the bolted structure is regarded as a flat continuous medium based on the hypothesis of equivalent virtual material. Second, two user-defined elements are respectively developed to simulate the contact surface and flexible interface. Then, a typical example of bolted structure is simulated using the proposed method. The comparison of the simulation results and the measurements indicates that the method is valid for the nonlinear characteristic analysis of the joint. Moreover, the method also presents advantage in computational efficiency according to the comparison with the conventional FE model. Hence, the proposed method provides a feasible solution for bolted problem in practical engineering applications, such as the precision instrument design, ultra-precision position control and multi-body dynamics simulation of complex mechanical system.
本文提出了一种考虑接触面和界面相互作用共同作用的螺栓连接非线性特性分析建模方法。首先,基于等效虚拟材料的假设,将螺栓结构的不连续接触区域视为一个平面连续介质。其次,分别开发了两个用户定义的元素来模拟接触面和柔性界面。然后,利用该方法对螺栓连接结构的一个典型实例进行了仿真。仿真结果与实测结果的比较表明,该方法适用于关节的非线性特性分析。此外,通过与传统有限元模型的比较,该方法在计算效率方面也具有优势。因此,该方法为实际工程应用中的螺栓问题提供了可行的解决方案,如精密仪器设计、超精密位置控制和复杂机械系统的多体动力学仿真。
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引用次数: 0
Study of rapid thermal treatment on the microstructural evolution and surface characteristics of the electrodeposited modify Zn/TiO2 composite coatings on AISI 1015 steel 快速热处理对aisi1015钢电沉积改性Zn/TiO2复合镀层组织演变及表面特征的研究
IF 0.8 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2018-09-16 DOI: 10.1504/IJSURFSE.2018.10016053
O. Fayomi, A. A. Daniyan, L. E. Umoru, A. Popoola
In this study, the effect of systematic homogenising annealing heat treatment on the morphology and hardness property of modified Zn-TiO2 nano-composite coatings, coated via electrocodeposition process was investigated. The morphological characteristics of the composite coatings were characterised by scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and the hardness examination was carried out using Dura-scan hardness tester. The result showed that the coatings systems were homogenised with refined microstructure after annealing at 250°C and 500°C. Three different inter-metallic structures; zeta, delta and gamma phase were observed after systematic homogenising annealing at 500°C. The hardness performance of the nano-composite coatings was better after the annealing at 250°C for five hours and showed outstanding improvement after systematically annealed at 500°C.
在本研究中,研究了系统均质退火热处理对电共沉积改性Zn-TiO2纳米复合涂层形貌和硬度的影响。采用扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDS)对复合涂层的形貌特征进行了表征,并用Dura-scan硬度计对复合涂层进行了硬度测试。结果表明,在250℃和500℃退火后,涂层体系均质化,组织细化。三种不同的金属间结构;在500℃系统均质退火后观察到zeta, delta和gamma相。在250℃退火5 h后,纳米复合涂层的硬度性能较好,在500℃系统退火后,涂层的硬度有明显提高。
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引用次数: 1
Experimental study on the tribological properties of CuO-based biodegradable nanolubricants for machine tool slideways 机床导轨用cuo基可生物降解纳米润滑剂摩擦学性能实验研究
IF 0.8 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2018-09-16 DOI: 10.1504/IJSURFSE.2018.10016050
P. Nallasamy, N. Saravanakumar, G. Rajaram, R. Kumar
Bio-lubricants are biodegradable and non-toxic. Bio-based lubricants are an attractive alternative to conventional mineral oil-based lubricants. This study deals with the tribological investigation of biodegradable nanolubricants which could be applied in machine tool slideways. The nanoparticle used was copper oxide (CuO) and the biodegradable oils used were coconut oil, sesame oil, olive oil, sunflower oil and soybean oil. The nanolubricants were prepared by adding 0.1% wt. of CuO nanoparticles in each biodegradable base oil. Experiments were conducted on a pin on block type reciprocating friction monitor and four ball tester. Friction, stick-slip and wear characteristics were analysed. The test results showed that the addition of CuO nanoparticles in biodegradable oils improve friction reduction and antiwear properties. The mechanism of friction reduction is found to be the formation of tribofilm through deposition of CuO nanoparticles on the wear surfaces. Field testing was conducted for the best nanolubricants.
生物润滑剂可生物降解且无毒。生物基润滑剂是传统矿物油基润滑剂的一种有吸引力的替代品。本研究对可应用于机床导轨的生物可降解纳米润滑剂进行了摩擦学研究。使用的纳米颗粒是氧化铜(CuO),使用的可生物降解的油是椰子油、芝麻油、橄榄油、葵花油和大豆油。纳米润滑剂是通过在每种可生物降解的基础油中添加0.1wt%的CuO纳米颗粒来制备的。在销块式往复摩擦监测仪和四球试验机上进行了试验。分析了摩擦、粘滑和磨损特性。试验结果表明,在可生物降解的润滑油中加入纳米CuO可以提高减摩抗磨性能。研究发现,减摩机理是通过在磨损表面沉积CuO纳米颗粒形成摩擦膜。对最佳纳米润滑剂进行了现场测试。
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引用次数: 5
Theoretical models for surface roughness in turning considering inclination and rake angles 考虑倾角和前倾角的车削表面粗糙度理论模型
IF 0.8 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2018-09-16 DOI: 10.1504/IJSURFSE.2018.10016049
A. N. Sung, M. Ratnam, W. P. Loh
New analytical four-parameter models for surface roughness are proposed based on the feed rate, nose radius as well as the inclination and rake angles. These models were derived to determine the maximum peak-to-valley roughness Rt and arithmetic average roughness Ra using homogeneous transformation matrices and are verified by digital simulation. The model for Rt was used to study two sequential effects of introducing the inclination and rake angles. The Rt and Ra values obtained from the four-parameter models and the existing two-parameter models, based on nose radius and feed rate, were compared. The comparison shows maximum percentage differences of 8.18% and 10.98% in Rt and Ra, respectively. The results demonstrate that the inclination and rake angles can influence the surface roughness by affecting the tool-workpiece contact geometry. The proposed four-parameter model can be employed for a more accurate theoretical surface roughness evaluation compared to the existing two-parameter models.
基于进给速度、机头半径以及倾斜角和前角,提出了新的表面粗糙度四参数分析模型。这些模型是为了使用齐次变换矩阵来确定最大峰谷粗糙度Rt和算术平均粗糙度Ra而导出的,并通过数字模拟进行了验证。Rt模型用于研究引入倾角和前倾角的两个顺序效应。比较了从四个参数模型和现有的两个参数模型中获得的基于机头半径和进给速率的Rt和Ra值。比较显示Rt和Ra的最大百分比差异分别为8.18%和10.98%。结果表明,倾斜角和前角会通过影响刀具-工件接触几何形状来影响表面粗糙度。与现有的两参数模型相比,所提出的四参数模型可以用于更准确的理论表面粗糙度评估。
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引用次数: 1
Influence of graphene and multi-walled carbon nanotube additives on tribological behaviour of lubricants 石墨烯和多壁碳纳米管添加剂对润滑剂摩擦学性能的影响
IF 0.8 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2018-09-16 DOI: 10.1504/IJSURFSE.2018.094773
R. Singh, A. Dixit, A. Sharma, A. Tiwari, V. Mandal, A. Pramanik
In the present study, the tribological performance of water-based emulsion (lubricant) was investigated by blending carbon fillers such as graphene nanoplatelets and multiwall carbon nanotubes using pin-on-disc tribometer. It was noticed that addition of GnP and MWCNT in water-based emulsion (conventional lubricant) increases the thermal conductivity and viscosity as compared to conventional lubricants. The nanolubricants were supplied with minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) technique at a constant flow rate and pressure in the sliding zone. The addition of 0.8 wt.% concentration of GnP showed 58.39% reduction in coefficient of friction and 61.80% reduction in wear depth compared to the conventional lubricant. Similarly, for 0.8 wt.% concentration of MWCNT showed 26.27% reduction in coefficient of friction and 47.35% reduction in wear depth compared to the conventional lubricant. The sliding surface micrographs were also investigated to explain the synergistic effect of nanoparticles.
在本研究中,利用针盘式摩擦计,通过混合碳填料如石墨烯纳米片和多壁碳纳米管,研究了水基乳液(润滑剂)的摩擦学性能。我们注意到,在水基乳液(常规润滑剂)中加入GnP和MWCNT比常规润滑剂增加了导热性和粘度。在滑动区以恒定的流量和压力对纳米润滑剂进行最小量润滑(MQL)。与常规润滑油相比,添加浓度为0.8 wt.%的GnP可使摩擦系数降低58.39%,磨损深度降低61.80%。同样,当MWCNT浓度为0.8 wt.%时,与传统润滑油相比,摩擦系数降低26.27%,磨损深度降低47.35%。我们还研究了滑动表面显微图来解释纳米颗粒的协同作用。
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引用次数: 19
Friction properties and lubrication mechanism of self-lubricating composite solid lubricant on laser textured AISI 52100 surface in sliding contact 自润滑复合固体润滑剂在激光织构AISI 52100表面滑动接触摩擦性能及润滑机理
IF 0.8 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2018-09-16 DOI: 10.1504/IJSURFSE.2018.10016052
X. Hua, J. Puoza, Peiyun Zhang, Jianguo Sun
The frictional behaviour and lubrication mechanism of self-lubricating Gr-MoS2-PI-CNT composite were investigated experimentally, characterised by surface preparation method and texture density. The results indicate that the dimples filled with composite solid lubricant (sample TPL) exhibited the best lubrication mechanism with the lowest friction as compared to the smooth surface without lubrication (sample S), textured surface without lubrication (sample T), textured surface burnished with solid lubricant (sample TSL) and textured surface coated with solid lubricant block (sample TBL). The texture density of 41.7% exhibited good friction properties under both higher loads and speeds. The composite solid lubricant formed stable lubricant-peaks on each dimple the by 'slide extrusion accumulation' mechanism with a gradient phenomenon along the sliding direction which improved the self-lubricating effect of the lubricant. The energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis indicates that the solid lubricant has been transferred from the micro-dimples to the space between dimples which improved lubrication.
实验研究了自润滑Gr-MoS2-PI-CNT复合材料的摩擦行为和润滑机理,并通过表面制备方法和织构密度对其进行了表征。结果表明,与未润滑的光滑表面(样品S)、未润滑的纹理表面(样品T)和未润滑的粗糙表面(样品D)相比,填充复合固体润滑剂的凹坑(样品TPL)表现出具有最低摩擦的最佳润滑机制,用固体润滑剂抛光的有纹理的表面(样品TSL)和用固体润滑剂块涂覆的有纹理表面(样品TBL)。41.7%的织构密度在较高的载荷和速度下都表现出良好的摩擦性能。复合固体润滑剂通过“滑动-挤压-堆积”机制在每个凹坑上形成稳定的润滑剂峰,并沿滑动方向出现梯度现象,提高了润滑剂的自润滑效果。能量色散X射线光谱(EDS)分析表明,固体润滑剂已从微凹坑转移到凹坑之间的空间,从而改善了润滑。
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引用次数: 8
Copper electrodeposition on silicon electrodes 硅电极上的铜电沉积
IF 0.8 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2018-04-18 DOI: 10.1504/IJSURFSE.2018.10012324
F. Lima, U. Mescheder, C. Müller, H. Reinecke
A two-step process is reported for the electrochemical deposition of copper layers on n-type silicon substrates using an acidic copper sulphate solution without addition of additives and no light assistance. Metal layers were generated on electrodes with different crystal orientations. The process consists of a combination of two very common techniques: chronoamperometry and pulse plating. The former technique is applied to obtain an instantaneous nucleation on the working electrode. Therefore, a large amount of metal nuclei is formed on the substrate before the pulse technique starts. The latter is, then, used to grow the particles previously generated and form a homogeneous metal layer with full coverage onto the semiconductor electrodes. The potential magnitudes are carefully chosen in line with energy levels observed at the semiconductor-electrolyte interface and were also calculated in this work.
本文报道了一种两步法在n型硅衬底上电化学沉积铜层的方法,该方法使用酸性硫酸铜溶液,无需添加添加剂和光辅助。在不同晶体取向的电极上生成金属层。该工艺由两种非常常见的技术组成:计时电流测定和脉冲电镀。前一种技术用于在工作电极上获得瞬时成核。因此,在脉冲技术开始之前,基底上形成了大量的金属核。然后,后者用于生长先前生成的颗粒,并在半导体电极上形成完全覆盖的均匀金属层。电位的大小是根据在半导体-电解质界面观察到的能级精心选择的,并在本工作中进行了计算。
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引用次数: 3
期刊
International Journal of Surface Science and Engineering
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