Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1595/205651323x16691084445762
U. E. Klotz, Frank R. König
Additive manufacturing of jewellery alloys has been actively investigated during the last 10 years. Several, but limited studies have been conducted on gold and platinum jewellery alloys. Platinum is of increased interest due to the technological challenges in investment casting. In the present paper, typical platinum jewellery alloys have been tested by laser track experiments on sheet materials. The effect of alloy composition on width and depth of the laser tracks was studied by metallography. Optimum parameters of the LPBF process were determined for a typical 950Pt jewellery alloy by the preparation of dedicated test samples. Densities of >99.8% were reached for a wide range of processing parameters. However, in case of real jewellery parts the resulting density was found to depend significantly on the part geometry and on the chosen support structure. The supports have to take into account the geometrical orientation of the part relative to the laser build direction and the orientation on the build plate. Local overheating gives rise to porosity in these areas. Therefore, the supports play an important role in the thermal management and have to be optimized for each part. The design of suitable supports was successfully demonstrated for a typical jewellery ring sample.
{"title":"Additive Manufacturing of Platinum Alloys","authors":"U. E. Klotz, Frank R. König","doi":"10.1595/205651323x16691084445762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1595/205651323x16691084445762","url":null,"abstract":"Additive manufacturing of jewellery alloys has been actively investigated during the last 10 years. Several, but limited studies have been conducted on gold and platinum jewellery alloys. Platinum is of increased interest due to the technological challenges in investment casting. In the present paper, typical platinum jewellery alloys have been tested by laser track experiments on sheet materials. The effect of alloy composition on width and depth of the laser tracks was studied by metallography. Optimum parameters of the LPBF process were determined for a typical 950Pt jewellery alloy by the preparation of dedicated test samples. Densities of >99.8% were reached for a wide range of processing parameters. However, in case of real jewellery parts the resulting density was found to depend significantly on the part geometry and on the chosen support structure. The supports have to take into account the geometrical orientation of the part relative to the laser build direction and the orientation on the build plate. Local overheating gives rise to porosity in these areas. Therefore, the supports play an important role in the thermal management and have to be optimized for each part. The design of suitable supports was successfully demonstrated for a typical jewellery ring sample.","PeriodicalId":14807,"journal":{"name":"Johnson Matthey Technology Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67351593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1595/205651323x16650512926820
N. Molden
The hypothesised Euro 7 exhaust emissions regulation will be important both from the perspective of how it further improves air quality, but also of certain greenhouse gas emissions and the economics of the internal combustion engine. This paper sets out the on-going importance of ozone to urban air quality, and how tailpipe volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions contributes to that as well as having direct human health effects through inhalation. The paper then sets out a novel method for the measurement of speciated VOCs and nitrous oxide (N2O) at the tailpipe in real-world conditions, and presents initial results across a range of modern light-duty vehicles. Based on the results, may be the case that VOCs should be a higher priority for future regulation than N2O, although more research is required to achieve a consensus on typical real-world N2O emissions.
{"title":"Innovative Emissions Measurement and Perspective on Future Tailpipe Regulation","authors":"N. Molden","doi":"10.1595/205651323x16650512926820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1595/205651323x16650512926820","url":null,"abstract":"The hypothesised Euro 7 exhaust emissions regulation will be important both from the perspective of how it further improves air quality, but also of certain greenhouse gas emissions and the economics of the internal combustion engine. This paper sets out the on-going importance of ozone to urban air quality, and how tailpipe volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions contributes to that as well as having direct human health effects through inhalation. The paper then sets out a novel method for the measurement of speciated VOCs and nitrous oxide (N2O) at the tailpipe in real-world conditions, and presents initial results across a range of modern light-duty vehicles. Based on the results, may be the case that VOCs should be a higher priority for future regulation than N2O, although more research is required to achieve a consensus on typical real-world N2O emissions.","PeriodicalId":14807,"journal":{"name":"Johnson Matthey Technology Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67351613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1595/205651323x16672291226135
H. Macpherson, Toby Hodges, Moyahabo Hellen Chuma, Connor Sherwin, Urša Podbevšek, Katie Rigg, V. Celorrio, A. Russell, E. C. Corbos
This is a focused review of recent highlights in the literature in cathode development for low temperature electrochemical CO2 and CO reduction to multi-carbon (C2+) products. The major goals for the field are to increase Faradaic Efficiency for specific C2+ products, lower cell voltage for industrially relevant current densities and increase cell lifetime. A key to achieving these goals is the rational design of cathodes through increased understanding of structure-selectivity and structure-activity relationships for catalysts and the influence of catalyst binders and gas diffusion layers on the catalyst microenvironment and subsequent performance.
{"title":"Cathodes for electrochemical CO2 reduction to C2+ products","authors":"H. Macpherson, Toby Hodges, Moyahabo Hellen Chuma, Connor Sherwin, Urša Podbevšek, Katie Rigg, V. Celorrio, A. Russell, E. C. Corbos","doi":"10.1595/205651323x16672291226135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1595/205651323x16672291226135","url":null,"abstract":"This is a focused review of recent highlights in the literature in cathode development for low temperature electrochemical CO2 and CO reduction to multi-carbon (C2+) products. The major goals for the field are to increase Faradaic Efficiency for specific C2+ products, lower cell voltage for industrially relevant current densities and increase cell lifetime. A key to achieving these goals is the rational design of cathodes through increased understanding of structure-selectivity and structure-activity relationships for catalysts and the influence of catalyst binders and gas diffusion layers on the catalyst microenvironment and subsequent performance.","PeriodicalId":14807,"journal":{"name":"Johnson Matthey Technology Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67351806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1595/205651322x16415717819428
Emma Southall, L. Lukashuk
Reliable storage and transportation of hydrogen at scale is a challenge which needs to be tackled to allow a robust and on-demand hydrogen supply when moving towards a global low carbon hydrogen economy with the aim of meeting net-zero climate goals. Numerous technologies and options are currently being explored for effective hydrogen storage and transportation to facilitate a smooth transition to the hydrogen economy. This paper provides an overview of different hydrogen storage and transportation technologies, focusing in more detail on liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHCs), its advantages and disadvantages, and future considerations for the optimisation of the LOHC technology.
{"title":"Hydrogen Storage and Transportation Technologies to Enable the Hydrogen Economy: Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers","authors":"Emma Southall, L. Lukashuk","doi":"10.1595/205651322x16415717819428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1595/205651322x16415717819428","url":null,"abstract":"Reliable storage and transportation of hydrogen at scale is a challenge which needs to be tackled to allow a robust and on-demand hydrogen supply when moving towards a global low carbon hydrogen economy with the aim of meeting net-zero climate goals. Numerous technologies and options are currently being explored for effective hydrogen storage and transportation to facilitate a smooth transition to the hydrogen economy. This paper provides an overview of different hydrogen storage and transportation technologies, focusing in more detail on liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHCs), its advantages and disadvantages, and future considerations for the optimisation of the LOHC technology.","PeriodicalId":14807,"journal":{"name":"Johnson Matthey Technology Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67350368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1595/205651322x16445719154043
Pilar Gómez Jiménez, A. Fish, Cristina Estruch Bosch
The value of using statistical tools in the scientific world is not new, although the application of statistics to disciplines such as chemistry creates multiple challenges that are identified and addressed in this article. The benefits, explained here with real examples, far outweigh any short-term barriers in the initial application, overall saving resources and obtaining better products and solutions for customers and the world. The accessibility of data in current times combined with user-friendly statistical packages, such as JMP®, makes statistics available for everyone. The aim of this article is to motivate and enable both scientists and engineers (referred to subsequently in this article as scientists) to apply these techniques within their projects.
{"title":"Unlocking Scientific Knowledge with Statistical Tools in JMP®","authors":"Pilar Gómez Jiménez, A. Fish, Cristina Estruch Bosch","doi":"10.1595/205651322x16445719154043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1595/205651322x16445719154043","url":null,"abstract":"The value of using statistical tools in the scientific world is not new, although the application of statistics to disciplines such as chemistry creates multiple challenges that are identified and addressed in this article. The benefits, explained here with real examples, far outweigh any short-term barriers in the initial application, overall saving resources and obtaining better products and solutions for customers and the world. The accessibility of data in current times combined with user-friendly statistical packages, such as JMP®, makes statistics available for everyone. The aim of this article is to motivate and enable both scientists and engineers (referred to subsequently in this article as scientists) to apply these techniques within their projects.","PeriodicalId":14807,"journal":{"name":"Johnson Matthey Technology Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67351182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1595/205651322x16548607638938
Benjamin Myers, P. Hill, F. Rawson, K. Kovács
Traditional microbial synthesis of chemicals and fuels often rely on energy-rich feedstocks such as glucose, raising ethical concerns as they are directly competing with the food supply. Therefore, it is imperative to develop novel processes that rely on cheap, sustainable, and abundant resources whilst providing carbon circularity. Microbial Electrochemical Technologies (MET) offer unique opportunities to facilitate the conversion of chemicals to electrical energy or vice-versa, by harnessing the metabolic processes of bacteria to valorise a range of waste products, including greenhouse gases (GHS). However, the strict growth and nutrient requirements of industrially relevant bacteria, combined with low efficiencies of native extracellular electron transfer mechanisms (EET) reduce the potential for industrial scalability. In this work, we review the most significant advancements in techniques aimed at improving and modulating the efficiency of microbial EET, giving an objective and balanced view of current controversies surrounding the physiology of microbial electron transfer, alongside the methods used to wire microbial redox centres with the electrodes of bioelectrochemical systems via conductive nanomaterials. The EET rates achieved via biological and biohybrid approaches will be compared and the limitations of the two approaches described below.
{"title":"Enhancing Microbial Electron Transfer Through Synthetic Biology and Biohybrid Approaches","authors":"Benjamin Myers, P. Hill, F. Rawson, K. Kovács","doi":"10.1595/205651322x16548607638938","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1595/205651322x16548607638938","url":null,"abstract":"Traditional microbial synthesis of chemicals and fuels often rely on energy-rich feedstocks such as glucose, raising ethical concerns as they are directly competing with the food supply. Therefore, it is imperative to develop novel processes that rely on cheap, sustainable, and abundant resources whilst providing carbon circularity. Microbial Electrochemical Technologies (MET) offer unique opportunities to facilitate the conversion of chemicals to electrical energy or vice-versa, by harnessing the metabolic processes of bacteria to valorise a range of waste products, including greenhouse gases (GHS). However, the strict growth and nutrient requirements of industrially relevant bacteria, combined with low efficiencies of native extracellular electron transfer mechanisms (EET) reduce the potential for industrial scalability. In this work, we review the most significant advancements in techniques aimed at improving and modulating the efficiency of microbial EET, giving an objective and balanced view of current controversies surrounding the physiology of microbial electron transfer, alongside the methods used to wire microbial redox centres with the electrodes of bioelectrochemical systems via conductive nanomaterials. The EET rates achieved via biological and biohybrid approaches will be compared and the limitations of the two approaches described below.","PeriodicalId":14807,"journal":{"name":"Johnson Matthey Technology Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67351292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1595/205651323x16558250232509
Jarle Holt, K. Atkins, S. Shapcott
This work explores some of the key factors to consider in design and implementation of corrosion testing at a laboratory scale for the development of new chemical technologies in order that process technology scale up risks, not least those of safety can be minimised. This is to ensure safe and reliable introduction of new process technologies, while also pursuing the minimum capital cost of often expensive plant MoC. Laboratory-based corrosion testing should never be used exclusively to replace inspection and monitoring of corrosion in operating process plants, as real-world conditions are rarely possible to be wholly replicated in the laboratory. However, testing as initial screening, or to provide deeper mechanistic insights is often an essential part of the development and design of first-of-a-kind process technologies. Several methodologies to assess corrosion under highly aggressive conditions have been developed and applied in the development of new chemical processes and is demonstrated in two case studies outlined in this article. This work focuses on testing of materials in contact with corrosive liquids or vapours.
{"title":"Corrosion Testing for Risk Reduction in Chemical Process Development","authors":"Jarle Holt, K. Atkins, S. Shapcott","doi":"10.1595/205651323x16558250232509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1595/205651323x16558250232509","url":null,"abstract":"This work explores some of the key factors to consider in design and implementation of corrosion testing at a laboratory scale for the development of new chemical technologies in order that process technology scale up risks, not least those of safety can be minimised. This is to ensure safe and reliable introduction of new process technologies, while also pursuing the minimum capital cost of often expensive plant MoC. Laboratory-based corrosion testing should never be used exclusively to replace inspection and monitoring of corrosion in operating process plants, as real-world conditions are rarely possible to be wholly replicated in the laboratory. However, testing as initial screening, or to provide deeper mechanistic insights is often an essential part of the development and design of first-of-a-kind process technologies. Several methodologies to assess corrosion under highly aggressive conditions have been developed and applied in the development of new chemical processes and is demonstrated in two case studies outlined in this article. This work focuses on testing of materials in contact with corrosive liquids or vapours.","PeriodicalId":14807,"journal":{"name":"Johnson Matthey Technology Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67351325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1595/205651323x16601466421853
J. Pearce, D. Tucker, R. Veltcheva, G. Machin
Measurement and control of process temperature is key to maximising product quality, optimising efficiency, reducing waste, safety, and minimising CO2 and other harmful emissions. Drift of temperature sensor calibration due to environmental factors such as high temperature, vibration, contamination and ionizing radiation results in a progressively worsening temperature measurement error, which in turn results in sub-optimal processes. Here we outline some new developments to overcome sensor calibration drift and so provide assured temperature measurement in process, including self-validating thermocouples, embedded temperature reference standards, and practical primary Johnson noise thermometry where the temperature is measured directly without the need for any calibration. These new developments will give measurement assurance by either providing measurements which are inherently stable, or by providing an in-situ calibration facility to enable the detection and correction of calibration drift.
{"title":"Step-Change Improvements in Traceable Process Control Thermometry","authors":"J. Pearce, D. Tucker, R. Veltcheva, G. Machin","doi":"10.1595/205651323x16601466421853","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1595/205651323x16601466421853","url":null,"abstract":"Measurement and control of process temperature is key to maximising product quality, optimising efficiency, reducing waste, safety, and minimising CO2 and other harmful emissions. Drift of temperature sensor calibration due to environmental factors such as high temperature, vibration, contamination and ionizing radiation results in a progressively worsening temperature measurement error, which in turn results in sub-optimal processes. Here we outline some new developments to overcome sensor calibration drift and so provide assured temperature measurement in process, including self-validating thermocouples, embedded temperature reference standards, and practical primary Johnson noise thermometry where the temperature is measured directly without the need for any calibration. These new developments will give measurement assurance by either providing measurements which are inherently stable, or by providing an in-situ calibration facility to enable the detection and correction of calibration drift.","PeriodicalId":14807,"journal":{"name":"Johnson Matthey Technology Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67351463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1595/205651323x16686913816837
Xiaodong Wang
Dr. Wang is a Senior Lecturer in Chemical Engineering at Lancaster University. Prior to this, he was a Lecturer in Chemical Engineering at the University of Aberdeen, Postdoctoral Research Associate at Heriot-Watt University, where he also obtained his PhD (2014). He completed both MSc and BEng studies at Tianjin University. Wang has been the author of over 50 peer-reviewed publications, an editorial board member of Chinese Chemical Letters and his research has mainly been funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), Royal Society, UK Catalysis Hub and industry. Wang’s research interest ranges from reaction engineering, green energy and materials to chemicals, where heterogeneous catalysis is the core discipline. His recent work has focused on the innovative use of heterogeneous catalysts (e.g., supported metals) in enzymatic transformations via cofactor regeneration,1,2 paving the way to a potential new regeneration technology.
{"title":"In the Lab: Heterogeneous Catalysis Mediated Interconversion between NAD(P)+ and NAD(P)H Accompanied by Consumption and Generation of Hydrogen","authors":"Xiaodong Wang","doi":"10.1595/205651323x16686913816837","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1595/205651323x16686913816837","url":null,"abstract":"Dr. Wang is a Senior Lecturer in Chemical Engineering at Lancaster University. Prior to this, he was a Lecturer in Chemical Engineering at the University of Aberdeen, Postdoctoral Research Associate at Heriot-Watt University, where he also obtained his PhD (2014). He completed both MSc and BEng studies at Tianjin University. Wang has been the author of over 50 peer-reviewed publications, an editorial board member of Chinese Chemical Letters and his research has mainly been funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), Royal Society, UK Catalysis Hub and industry. Wang’s research interest ranges from reaction engineering, green energy and materials to chemicals, where heterogeneous catalysis is the core discipline. His recent work has focused on the innovative use of heterogeneous catalysts (e.g., supported metals) in enzymatic transformations via cofactor regeneration,1,2 paving the way to a potential new regeneration technology.","PeriodicalId":14807,"journal":{"name":"Johnson Matthey Technology Review","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67351545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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