Irrigation and Drainage最新文献

This paper synthesizes the key discussions and insights from a special session held during the 25th International Congress on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID) in Vishakhapatnam, focusing on the integration of farmers' knowledge with technology through participatory approaches in Indian irrigation.

Countries such as Egypt, which are situated in semi-arid regions and have water constraints, primarily aim to repurpose unconventional water resources for irrigation. The aim of this research was to examine the feasibility and advantages of irrigating barley with fish farm drainage water (DWFF) rather than fresh irrigation water (IW). Four degrees of deficit irrigation [100% FI (full irrigation), 80% FI, 60% FI and 40% FI] were studied for the irrigation of barley via two types of water (DWFF and IW). The response of crops to a deficit irrigation approach involving the use of IW in the two seasons of 2020–2021 and 2021–2022 was demonstrated by the results. The yield of the barley produced with DWFF irrigation was greater than that produced with IW irrigation, ranging from 9% to 12% in 2020–2021 and from 9% to 13% in 2021–2022. This resulted from the higher concentration of dissolved biological nitrogen and other nutrients in DWFFs. There was a strong correlation between the observed and simulated crop yield values for both growing seasons, with R² values of 0.963 and 0.960, respectively, for all the treatments. The SALTMED model was used to simulate the soil moisture content, water application efficiency, barley dry matter, yield and water productivity for all the treatments. The study concluded that DWFF is a useful irrigation substitute for IW. Higher yields were also attained with the use of less IW and chemical fertilisers because of the DWFF. In addition, there are other advantages, such as increasing farmer income and lowering discharge to the drainage network.

Accurate forecasting of rice yield using contemporary data is a paramount management tool. To achieve this objective, the AquaCrop, in conjunction with remote sensing (RS) data, was employed to predict yield in the paddy fields of SANRU. The required AquaCrop data, including ground (200 locations) and RS (Sentinel-2, MODIS) data, were collected in two seasons, namely, 2020 and 2021. Leveraging Sentinel-2 imagery, various vegetation indices (VIs) were computed, encompassing the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), rice growth vegetation index (RGVI) and soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI). Additionally, MODIS and spatio-temporal fusion algorithms (Spatial and Temporal Adaptive Reflectance Fusion Model [STARFM] and Enhanced Spatial and Temporal Adaptive Reflectance Fusion Model [ESTARFM]) were used to create a regular time pattern in satellite images taken on cloudy days. The results revealed that the yields observed for 2020 and 2021, on the basis of field data, were 4450 and 4370 kg/ha, respectively. Moreover, by leveraging the AquaCrop, the forecasted yield was ascertained both with and without the assimilation of RS data. Notably, the findings underscored that the incorporation of RS data significantly enhanced the model's predictive precision, particularly in estimating yield. The model's efficacy was demonstrated by its ability to forecast the end-of-season yield for the years 2020 and 2021, which yielded maximum RMSEs of 400 and 470 kg/ha, respectively.

RésuméLa prévision précise du rendement du riz à l'aide de données contemporaines est un outil de gestion primordial. Pour atteindre cet objectif, l'AquaCrop, en collaboration avec les données de télédétection (RS), a été utilisé pour prédire le rendement dans les rizières du SANRU. Les données AquaCrop requises, y compris les données au sol (200 emplacements) et les données de télédétection (Sentinel-2, MODIS), ont été recueillies en deux saisons, soit 2020 et 2021. À partir de l'imagerie Sentinel-2, divers indices de végétation (VI) ont été calculés, comprenant l'indice de végétation par différence normalisée (NDVI), l'indice de végétation de croissance du riz (RGVI) et l'indice de végétation ajusté au sol (SAVI). De plus, les algorithmes MODIS et de fusion spatio-temporelle (STARFM et ESTARFM) ont été utilisés pour créer un schéma temporel régulier des images satellites prises par temps nuageux. Les résultats ont révélé que les rendements observés pour 2020 et 2021, sur la base des données recueillies sur le terrain, étaient respectivement de 4,450 et 4,370 kg/ha. De plus, en tirant parti de l'AquaCrop, le rendement prévu a été déterminé à la fois avec et sans l'assimilation des données de télédétection. Les résultats ont notamment souligné que l'intégration des données issues de la télédétection a considérablement amélioré la précision prédictive du modèle, en particulier pour l'estimation du rendement. L'efficacité du modèle a été démontrée par sa capacité à prévoir

One of the most fascinating aspects of irrigation is the close connection between settlement networks and agricultural activities, with water infrastructure serving as the conduit. In particular, irrigation engineering serves as a testament to the evolution and development of local vernacular landscapes, exerting a profound influence on their formation. However, the contribution of irrigation to the development of the vernacular landscape and its internal interactions are poorly understood. This study aims to highlight the relationship between historical hydraulic systems and local landscapes, with a focus on the Chatan Weir Water Conservancy Project, an ancient irrigation engineering system in China. On the basis of archival records, historical materials and observations, this study constructed an analytical framework to analyse how the local landscape changed from 943 to the present. Specifically, this study delved into the evolution of water conservancy, farmland, settlement landscapes and their interactions in the Chatan weir irrigation area. The findings revealed that the local landscape of the Chatan weir irrigation area consists of a collection of landscapes created by residents through a bottom-up approach. Furthermore, the water conservancy system has provided a stable water supply for both agricultural production and residential livelihoods, which has also shaped the spatial patterns of farmland and settlement landscapes. Finally, clan relations and rural management have played a vital role in the sustainability of the analysed irrigation system. The results of this study can provide insights into the sustainable coexistence of political and local landscapes.

In this study, the approximate three-term (3 T) one-dimensional (1D) vertical infiltration equation by Valiantzas (3 T-V) and the 3 T approximate infiltration equation of the quasi-exact implicit (QEI) Haverkamp equation (3T-R) by Rahmati et al. for both direct and inverse modelling of water infiltration into soils were evaluated. The 3 T-V equation is simpler and involves only two physically meaningful parameters, sorptivity (S) and saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_s), unlike 3 T-R, which includes an additional parameter, β. The coefficients of the second and third terms of 3 T-V acquire the same values as those of 3 T-R for values of the parameter β equal to 0.6 and 1.1, respectively. Both 3 T equations yielded similar cumulative infiltration results except at longer times. The inverse solution of 3 T-V showed better accuracy in predicting S and K_s, with relative error (RE) values generally below 6% and 11%, respectively. The reliability of the S and K_s predictions via the 3 T equations improved over time, and both methods yielded nearly identical results across the studied soils at all infiltration times. However, longer times are needed to accurately predict K_s. Analysing the contribution of each term reveals that the third term (t^3/2), though minor in total infiltration, extends the validity time of the 3 T equations.

Magnetized ionized water and Bacillus subtilis are essential for enhancing soil salinity leaching and improving soil structure. To explore the combined effects of magnetized ionized water and B. subtilis on water–salt transport in saline soil, a one-dimensional vertical infiltration experiment was conducted. This study evaluated the soil water and salt distributions, infiltration model parameters and composition of exchangeable base ions with magnetized ionized water (M) and nonmagnetized-ionized water, alongside varying amounts of B. subtilis [B₀ (0%), B₁ (1.5%), B₂ (3.0%), B₃ (4.5%), B₄ (6.0%)]. The results showed that magnetized ionized water increased the infiltration volume and wetting front depth. As the application amount of B. subtilis increased, the changes in these two indicators initially increased but then decreased. The sorptivity parameter (S) mirrored this trend, whereas the shape coefficient (α) showed the opposite pattern. Compared with the B₀ treatment, the MB₁ treatment increased the 0–20 cm soil water content by 14%, decreased the salt content by 13% and improved the desalination rate by 98%, with the efficiency increasing by 62%. Moreover, the total exchangeable base ions increased, with the highest (Ca²⁺+ Mg²⁺) and lowest Na⁺ contents observed under B₁. MB₁ notably enhanced infiltration and water–salt transport, demonstrating significant desalination effects.

Tunisia is characterized by water scarcity, growing water demand and considerable waste of this resource especially in the agricultural sector. To cope with this situation and enhance water productivity, appropriate utilization of advanced irrigation methods such as drip irrigation is highly needed. Hence, this research aims to evaluate the profitability of drip irrigation systems compared with surface irrigation systems at the perimeter of Echraf, which is located in the northeastern of Tunisia. Primary data were collected from 25 adopters of the Drip Irrigation System and 13 non-adopters. The results of the partial budget analysis revealed that the average total cost for adopters was higher than that for non-adopters. However, the net margin was higher for adopters than for non-adopters. This is due to the greater increase in gross revenue for adopters than for non-adopters. Additionally, drip irrigation resulted in more efficient water use and water values than did the surface irrigation system. Economic profitability analysis via the benefit cost ratio and net present value tools revealed that the drip irrigation system is profitable. The benefit cost ratio is equal to 1.65, and the net present value is approximately 2938 Tunisian National Dinar. Finally, the sensitivity analysis reveals the extent to which profitability is sensitive to the scenarios of subsidy levels.