A. Mishima, C. Yamamoto, Y. Fujiwara, M. Sakamoto, T. Kaji
{"title":"Interaction between Cadmium and Zinc on Cell Damage and Its Possible Mechanisms (Proceedings of the 21st Symposium on Toxicology and Environmental Health)","authors":"A. Mishima, C. Yamamoto, Y. Fujiwara, M. Sakamoto, T. Kaji","doi":"10.1248/JHS1956.42.P20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1248/JHS1956.42.P20","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14851,"journal":{"name":"Japanese journal of toxicology and environmental health","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88125621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the aim of revaluating short-time hygienic hand disinfection in general wards, the efficacy of chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) and povidone-iodine (PVI) was studied using the glove-juice procedure. In addition, the in vitro bactericidal activity of these antiseptics against 9 different bacterial strains was studied. Test groups of volunteers who disinfected their hands in a basin containing an aqueous solution of either 0.2% CHG or 0.2% PVI showed significantly inferior disinfection efficacy when compared to test groups which applied detergent solutions containing 4% CHG or 7.5% PVI directly onto their palms, scrubbed their hands, and washed the disinfectant away with running water, or to test groups which disinfected their hands by rubbing them with 0.2% CHG in 80% ethanol or 0.5% PVI in 80% ethanol. In addition, for the test groups which used CHG preparations (4% CHG in detergent, 0.2% CHG in 80% ethanol, or 0.2% aqueous CHG), the disinfection efficacy was maintained, even at 90 min after disinfection, as well as immediately after disinfection. However, for the test groups which used PVI preparations (7.5% PVI in detergent, 0.5% PVI in 80% ethanol, or 0.2% aqueous PVI), the disinfection efficacy at 90 min after disinfection was distinctly reduced. Furthermore, it became evident from the results of the in vitro bactericidal activity study that, compared to CHG, the bactericidal efficacy of PVI is reduced to a large extent in the presence of organic matter. These study results showed that the efficacy of CHG is superior to PVI, even in short-time hygienic hand disinfection.
{"title":"Evaluation of the Bactericidal Activity of Chlorhexidine Gluconate and Povidone-Iodine for Hygienic Hand Disinfection","authors":"T. Akamatsu, K. Tabata, M. Hironaga, M. Uyeda","doi":"10.1248/JHS1956.41.419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1248/JHS1956.41.419","url":null,"abstract":"With the aim of revaluating short-time hygienic hand disinfection in general wards, the efficacy of chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) and povidone-iodine (PVI) was studied using the glove-juice procedure. In addition, the in vitro bactericidal activity of these antiseptics against 9 different bacterial strains was studied. Test groups of volunteers who disinfected their hands in a basin containing an aqueous solution of either 0.2% CHG or 0.2% PVI showed significantly inferior disinfection efficacy when compared to test groups which applied detergent solutions containing 4% CHG or 7.5% PVI directly onto their palms, scrubbed their hands, and washed the disinfectant away with running water, or to test groups which disinfected their hands by rubbing them with 0.2% CHG in 80% ethanol or 0.5% PVI in 80% ethanol. In addition, for the test groups which used CHG preparations (4% CHG in detergent, 0.2% CHG in 80% ethanol, or 0.2% aqueous CHG), the disinfection efficacy was maintained, even at 90 min after disinfection, as well as immediately after disinfection. However, for the test groups which used PVI preparations (7.5% PVI in detergent, 0.5% PVI in 80% ethanol, or 0.2% aqueous PVI), the disinfection efficacy at 90 min after disinfection was distinctly reduced. Furthermore, it became evident from the results of the in vitro bactericidal activity study that, compared to CHG, the bactericidal efficacy of PVI is reduced to a large extent in the presence of organic matter. These study results showed that the efficacy of CHG is superior to PVI, even in short-time hygienic hand disinfection.","PeriodicalId":14851,"journal":{"name":"Japanese journal of toxicology and environmental health","volume":"53 1","pages":"419-425"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89207337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A simple method for the simultaneous determination of pantothenyl alcohol (PA) and pantothenyl ethyl ether (PE) in cosmetics by high performance liquid chromatography has been developed. Samples (cosmetics) containing PA and PE were dissolved with chloroform (CHCl3). The samples including PA and PE were passed through Bondelute SI[○!R] cartrige. After washing the cartrige with CHCl3, PA and PE were eluted with methanol (MeOH). The optimum condition for the separation of PA and PE in cosmetics were as follows : column, TSK gel ODS 80 Ts (4.6 mm i.d.×150 mm) ; mobile phase, CH3CN-MeOH-H2O (15 : 10 : 75), 0.5 ml/min ; column temperature, 40°C ; detection wavelength, 210 nm. Recoveries of PA and PE from 7 cosmetics were more than 90%. Determination limits of PA and PE were 10 μg/g and 5 μg/g, respectively.
{"title":"Determination of Pantothenyl Alcohol, Pantothenyl Ethyl Ether in Cosmetics by High Performance Liquid Chromatography.","authors":"Michiko Haruyama, Eiko Kosugi, Y. Okaya","doi":"10.1248/JHS1956.41.458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1248/JHS1956.41.458","url":null,"abstract":"A simple method for the simultaneous determination of pantothenyl alcohol (PA) and pantothenyl ethyl ether (PE) in cosmetics by high performance liquid chromatography has been developed. Samples (cosmetics) containing PA and PE were dissolved with chloroform (CHCl3). The samples including PA and PE were passed through Bondelute SI[○!R] cartrige. After washing the cartrige with CHCl3, PA and PE were eluted with methanol (MeOH). The optimum condition for the separation of PA and PE in cosmetics were as follows : column, TSK gel ODS 80 Ts (4.6 mm i.d.×150 mm) ; mobile phase, CH3CN-MeOH-H2O (15 : 10 : 75), 0.5 ml/min ; column temperature, 40°C ; detection wavelength, 210 nm. Recoveries of PA and PE from 7 cosmetics were more than 90%. Determination limits of PA and PE were 10 μg/g and 5 μg/g, respectively.","PeriodicalId":14851,"journal":{"name":"Japanese journal of toxicology and environmental health","volume":"2 1","pages":"458-462"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89325795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Murahashi, M. Miyazaki, Ryuichi Kakizawa, Yoshihisa Yamagishi, M. Kitamura, K. Hayakawa
Direct-acting mutagenic 1, 3-dinitropyrene (1, 3-DNP), 1, 6-DNP, 1, 8-DNP and 1-nitropyrene (1-NP) and indirect-acting mutagenic benzo [a] pyrene (BaP) in airborne particulates collected by the side of a busy intersection in downtown Kanazawa were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with chemiluminescence and fluorescence detection. Time courses of their concentrations were high in the morning (8 : 00-10 : 00) and evening (16 : 00-20 : 00) and low from the midnight until early morning (0 : 00-6 : 00). Levels of each DNP (in the range of fmol/m3) and 1-NP (in the range of sub pmol/m3) were, respectively, more than three and about one order of magnitude lower than that of BaP. Large correlation coefficients (0.85-0.91) between their concentrations, traffic volume, and carbon monoxide and nitrogen monoxide concentrations suggested that the main source was vehicles. Utilizing the concentration ratios, ([1, 3-DNP]+[1, 6-DNP]+[1, 8-DNP])/[1-NP], in airborne particulates (0.014), gasoline particulates (0.56) and diesel particulates (0.013), contributions (%) of dieselengine vehicles to the three DNPs and 1-NP in the air were estimated to be 94.3% and 99.8%, respectively.
{"title":"Diurnal Concentrations of 1, 3-, 1, 6-, 1, 8-Dinitropyrenes, 1-Nitropyrene and Benzo [a] pyrene in Air in Downtown Kanazawa and the Contribution of Diesel-Engine Vehicles","authors":"T. Murahashi, M. Miyazaki, Ryuichi Kakizawa, Yoshihisa Yamagishi, M. Kitamura, K. Hayakawa","doi":"10.1248/JHS1956.41.328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1248/JHS1956.41.328","url":null,"abstract":"Direct-acting mutagenic 1, 3-dinitropyrene (1, 3-DNP), 1, 6-DNP, 1, 8-DNP and 1-nitropyrene (1-NP) and indirect-acting mutagenic benzo [a] pyrene (BaP) in airborne particulates collected by the side of a busy intersection in downtown Kanazawa were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with chemiluminescence and fluorescence detection. Time courses of their concentrations were high in the morning (8 : 00-10 : 00) and evening (16 : 00-20 : 00) and low from the midnight until early morning (0 : 00-6 : 00). Levels of each DNP (in the range of fmol/m3) and 1-NP (in the range of sub pmol/m3) were, respectively, more than three and about one order of magnitude lower than that of BaP. Large correlation coefficients (0.85-0.91) between their concentrations, traffic volume, and carbon monoxide and nitrogen monoxide concentrations suggested that the main source was vehicles. Utilizing the concentration ratios, ([1, 3-DNP]+[1, 6-DNP]+[1, 8-DNP])/[1-NP], in airborne particulates (0.014), gasoline particulates (0.56) and diesel particulates (0.013), contributions (%) of dieselengine vehicles to the three DNPs and 1-NP in the air were estimated to be 94.3% and 99.8%, respectively.","PeriodicalId":14851,"journal":{"name":"Japanese journal of toxicology and environmental health","volume":"86 1","pages":"328-333"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80916819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Risk assessment is a scientific endeavour to evaluate and estimate the exposure to a substance and its consequent adverse health effects by the use of the available scientific information. The four phases of the risk assessment include hazard identification, exposure estimation, doseresponse assessment and risk characterization. Recently, risk management and risk communication have been added as its final components. At present, however, methods for identifying toxicants and exposed individuals and populations, models for inferring human health effects from animal studies, techniques for estimating risks and predicting health effects with few data are all in need of improvement or development. Fortunately, remarkable advances in biotoxicology and molecular biology have promoted new understandings in the mechanism of disease. Incorporation of these new data moved the evaluation closer to the goal of estimating actual human risks. Recently developed physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models for the estimation of active chemical levels at critical organs and their conjugation with biologically-based pharmacodynamic models of the process of carcinogenesis seem to be not only an essential part of a rational approach to quantitative cancer risk assessment, but also raise fundamental questions about the nature of the events leading to malignancy. These scientific progress will develop sound risk assessment, dissolve the wide divergency in regulatory decisions of agencies in different countries, and lead to better health protection.
{"title":"Risk Assessment : Present and Future","authors":"O. Wada, N. Kurihara, Gao Qiang","doi":"10.1248/JHS1956.41.256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1248/JHS1956.41.256","url":null,"abstract":"Risk assessment is a scientific endeavour to evaluate and estimate the exposure to a substance and its consequent adverse health effects by the use of the available scientific information. The four phases of the risk assessment include hazard identification, exposure estimation, doseresponse assessment and risk characterization. Recently, risk management and risk communication have been added as its final components. At present, however, methods for identifying toxicants and exposed individuals and populations, models for inferring human health effects from animal studies, techniques for estimating risks and predicting health effects with few data are all in need of improvement or development. Fortunately, remarkable advances in biotoxicology and molecular biology have promoted new understandings in the mechanism of disease. Incorporation of these new data moved the evaluation closer to the goal of estimating actual human risks. Recently developed physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models for the estimation of active chemical levels at critical organs and their conjugation with biologically-based pharmacodynamic models of the process of carcinogenesis seem to be not only an essential part of a rational approach to quantitative cancer risk assessment, but also raise fundamental questions about the nature of the events leading to malignancy. These scientific progress will develop sound risk assessment, dissolve the wide divergency in regulatory decisions of agencies in different countries, and lead to better health protection.","PeriodicalId":14851,"journal":{"name":"Japanese journal of toxicology and environmental health","volume":"11 1","pages":"256-273"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84337495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Specificity and Mechanism of the Color Reaction of Cocaine with Cobaltous Thiocyanate","authors":"K. Oguri, S. Wada, S. Eto, H. Yamada","doi":"10.1248/JHS1956.41.274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1248/JHS1956.41.274","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14851,"journal":{"name":"Japanese journal of toxicology and environmental health","volume":"42 1","pages":"274-279"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87649626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The decade of the 1990s is witnessing a resurgence of cholera on a global scale. Cholera entered Latin America after almost 100 years and for the first time in the 20th century in an explosive fashion beginning with concurrent outbreaks in several coastal cities in Peru in late January 1991. The origin of the strains of Vibrio cholerae responsible for the initial outbreaks in Peru remains an enigma. Across the globe, in October 1992 a series of outbreaks of cholera-like illness in Southern India was found to be caused by a non-O1 serogroup which was subsequently classified as Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal. As with the Latin American epidemic, the O139 serogroup spread with amazing speed and in the matter of a year affected all the cholera endemic areas in India and several neighbouring countries in south-east Asia. Imported cases of O139 V. cholerae has now been reported from several countries across the globe. These two events have dominated the global cholera scenario in the 1990s and both these events are reviewed.
{"title":"Cholera in the 1990s : a disease on the rampage","authors":"G. Nair, S. Shinoda","doi":"10.1248/JHS1956.41.239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1248/JHS1956.41.239","url":null,"abstract":"The decade of the 1990s is witnessing a resurgence of cholera on a global scale. Cholera entered Latin America after almost 100 years and for the first time in the 20th century in an explosive fashion beginning with concurrent outbreaks in several coastal cities in Peru in late January 1991. The origin of the strains of Vibrio cholerae responsible for the initial outbreaks in Peru remains an enigma. Across the globe, in October 1992 a series of outbreaks of cholera-like illness in Southern India was found to be caused by a non-O1 serogroup which was subsequently classified as Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal. As with the Latin American epidemic, the O139 serogroup spread with amazing speed and in the matter of a year affected all the cholera endemic areas in India and several neighbouring countries in south-east Asia. Imported cases of O139 V. cholerae has now been reported from several countries across the globe. These two events have dominated the global cholera scenario in the 1990s and both these events are reviewed.","PeriodicalId":14851,"journal":{"name":"Japanese journal of toxicology and environmental health","volume":"41 1","pages":"239-249"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74972424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Takako Yamaguchi, Hiroyasu Yamazaki, A. Yamauchi, Y. Kakiuchi
Rubber particles emitted by abrasion of automobile tire tread have caused environmental pollution, and may be hazardous to our health. In this study, airborne particulate samples were collected on the glass fiber filter using high-volume air sampler at the roadside of the 2-nd Shinmei highway in Kobe. Rubber particles in the roadside atmosphere were analyzed by pyrolysis gas chromatography. The concentration of rubber particles was estimated from the total amount of styrene and isoprene, because these two compounds are pyrolysates of styrene butadiene rubber and natural rubber which are main materials for tires. These concentrations were 0.5-10.5 μg/m3, which corresponded to 0.4-6.3% of total airborne particulates. These concentrations were higher than those in other reports, because the sampling point was the roadside of the highway in this experiment. Furthermore quantitative and qualitative analyses of rubber additives (Zn-DMDTC and IPPD) in airborne particulates were carried out by HPLC, GC and MS. Zn-DMDTC, after converted into Co-DMDTC, in airborne particulates was analyzed by HPLC. The concentrations of Zn-DMDTC were 0-5.1 pg/m3. The detected amount of Zn-DMDTC did not show mutagenic activity. However, in the case of long term exposure to these tire tread particles, we must take a hazardous effect by Zn-DMDTC into consideration. On the other hand, IPPD was confirmed in none of samples by GC and MS.
{"title":"Analysis of Tire Tread Rubber Particles and Rubber Additives in Airborne Particulates at a Roadside","authors":"Takako Yamaguchi, Hiroyasu Yamazaki, A. Yamauchi, Y. Kakiuchi","doi":"10.1248/JHS1956.41.155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1248/JHS1956.41.155","url":null,"abstract":"Rubber particles emitted by abrasion of automobile tire tread have caused environmental pollution, and may be hazardous to our health. In this study, airborne particulate samples were collected on the glass fiber filter using high-volume air sampler at the roadside of the 2-nd Shinmei highway in Kobe. Rubber particles in the roadside atmosphere were analyzed by pyrolysis gas chromatography. The concentration of rubber particles was estimated from the total amount of styrene and isoprene, because these two compounds are pyrolysates of styrene butadiene rubber and natural rubber which are main materials for tires. These concentrations were 0.5-10.5 μg/m3, which corresponded to 0.4-6.3% of total airborne particulates. These concentrations were higher than those in other reports, because the sampling point was the roadside of the highway in this experiment. Furthermore quantitative and qualitative analyses of rubber additives (Zn-DMDTC and IPPD) in airborne particulates were carried out by HPLC, GC and MS. Zn-DMDTC, after converted into Co-DMDTC, in airborne particulates was analyzed by HPLC. The concentrations of Zn-DMDTC were 0-5.1 pg/m3. The detected amount of Zn-DMDTC did not show mutagenic activity. However, in the case of long term exposure to these tire tread particles, we must take a hazardous effect by Zn-DMDTC into consideration. On the other hand, IPPD was confirmed in none of samples by GC and MS.","PeriodicalId":14851,"journal":{"name":"Japanese journal of toxicology and environmental health","volume":"80 1","pages":"155-162"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83843712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Brain Uptake of the Trace Metals, Zinc and Manganese, in Rats (Proceedings of the 20th Symposium on Toxicology and Environmental Health)","authors":"A. Takeda, J. Sawashita, S. Okada","doi":"10.1248/JHS1956.41.P49","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1248/JHS1956.41.P49","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14851,"journal":{"name":"Japanese journal of toxicology and environmental health","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81030656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Heme oxygenase (HO : EC 1.14.99.3) is a key enzyme for heme catabolism and catalyzes the oxidative degradation of heme to form biliverdin IXa, an immediate precursor of bilirubin. The HO activity can be induced by treatment with hemin, the substrate itself, as well as with various other non-heme stress inducers. Recently, it has been shown that HO is a major 32 kDa stress protein inducible by treatments with heavy metals, heat shock, or acute phase inducers. The induction of HO is considered to be a member of the defense system against environmental hazards, because bilirubin is one of the antioxidants. Among two isozymes of HO, i.e., HO-1 and HO-2, only HO-1 is inducible. In the present article, therefore, we described the molecular mechanisms of HO-1 gene activation by environmental hazards. We also discussed the HO-1 gene regulation during differentiation of erythrocytes and monocytes.
{"title":"Heme Oxygenase as a Shock Protein","authors":"H. Fujita, K. Takeda, N. Ihara, K. Mitani","doi":"10.1248/JHS1956.41.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1248/JHS1956.41.14","url":null,"abstract":"Heme oxygenase (HO : EC 1.14.99.3) is a key enzyme for heme catabolism and catalyzes the oxidative degradation of heme to form biliverdin IXa, an immediate precursor of bilirubin. The HO activity can be induced by treatment with hemin, the substrate itself, as well as with various other non-heme stress inducers. Recently, it has been shown that HO is a major 32 kDa stress protein inducible by treatments with heavy metals, heat shock, or acute phase inducers. The induction of HO is considered to be a member of the defense system against environmental hazards, because bilirubin is one of the antioxidants. Among two isozymes of HO, i.e., HO-1 and HO-2, only HO-1 is inducible. In the present article, therefore, we described the molecular mechanisms of HO-1 gene activation by environmental hazards. We also discussed the HO-1 gene regulation during differentiation of erythrocytes and monocytes.","PeriodicalId":14851,"journal":{"name":"Japanese journal of toxicology and environmental health","volume":"113 1","pages":"14-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80565435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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