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This research work demonstrates the engineering of rGO/Fe₃O₄ based heterojunction as cost-effective, highly efficient, and robust photocatalyst with readily recoverable and reusable characteristics. Herein, the Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles have been synthesized from the waste toner powder collected from used cartridges for advancing a magnetically separable photocatalyst. The Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles have been decorated on rGO sheets for enhancing the conductivity and retarding the recombination rate of photogenerated electron–hole pairs, as reflected by the decrease in photoluminescence intensity for rGO/Fe₃O₄ relative to pure rGO and Fe₃O₄. Additionally, the specific surface area has also improved from 12.93 m² g⁻¹ for Fe₃O₄ to 115.58 m² g⁻¹ in the case of rGO/Fe₃O₄. Henceforth, the rGO/Fe₃O₄ nanocomposite showcases remarkable performance for the removal of various pollutants like, rhodamine B (RhB) (98.5%), methylene orange (93.8%), methylene blue (99.99%), and tetracycline hydrochloride (95.4%) after 30, 40, 20, and 40 min of simulated solar light exposure, respectively, by utilizing 0.2 mg ml⁻¹ of photocatalyst. Furthermore, it degrades 74.3% of RhB pollutant with very high concentration of 30 mg L⁻¹ within 80 min of light irradiation. Additionally, this work also manifests the impact of different parameters, like dosage of photocatalyst and initial concentration of the pollutants and mixing of diverse pollutants on the photodegradation efficiency of nanocomposite. The scavenger's study is performed to investigate the active species involved in the photodegradation process. Furthermore, the role of built-in potential at the interface of heterojunction is thoroughly discussed to understand the mechanistic intricacies of the charge transfer process during the photodegradation process.

Nitrosoarenes exhibit a variety of biological and pharmacological activities. This review uncovers their utility as therapeutic agents, which extends to oxidative stress regulation, DNA damage and repair interaction, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, anticancer, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory, and other miscellaneous effects. The synthesis of the most relevant targets is also reviewed.

To enhance the operating voltage window of supercapacitors (central part), electrolyte engineering (bottom part) is implemented. Ethylene carbonate (EC, white balls) with superior electrochemical stability preferentially absorbs onto the activated carbon electrode (gray, left part). Meanwhile, EC restricts the molecular mobility of fragile acetonitrile (AN, green rugby-ball) through strong interactions（right part). The AN decomposition is effectively avoided and the systematic stability is enhanced. More information can be found in the Research Article by Huachao Yang and co-workers (DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202500367).

The electrochemical characterization of DNA films with different base mismatches or with Cu^II- or Ag^I-mediated pairs was carried out to assess possible immobilization and interaction effects. Toward this end, 3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridin-4(1H)-one (H), imidazole-4-carboxylate (K), purine-6-carboxylate (P), and 7-deaza-6-pyrazolylpurine (D) were used as artificial metal-binding nucleobases. Cyclic voltammetry and square-wave voltammetry confirmed the immobilization of suitably modified oligonucleotides on Au electrodes. The incorporation of the metal ions into the base mismatches to form metal-mediated base pairs showed a negligible effect on the peak potentials. Ambiguous electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results were obtained for DNA with metal-mediated base pairs, as some duplexes showed no effect of metal ion addition, while others showed variable charge transfer resistance (R_CT) with no discernible pattern. Notably, the formation of Ag^I-mediated base pairs induced larger relative changes in R_CT compared to Cu^II-mediated base pairs. Amongst the latter, only strands containing the artificial nucleobase H showed statistically relevant sequence- and distance-dependent charge transfer changes upon metalation. The data indicate that neither nucleobase charge nor nucleobase size directly correlates with the charge transfer resistance, but suggest that changes in DNA film stiffness and hence permeability outweigh other effects.

Developing technologies to capture, purify, and reuse potent greenhouse gases such as sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆) is crucial because of their high global warming potential. Porous solid matrices are promising candidates for this purpose, due to their high surface areas and pore volumes. Herein, two coconut shell–derived activated carbons (AC) (CS-CO₂ and CS-ZnCl₂), obtained through physical and chemical activation, are evaluated and compared with two commercial adsorbents: an AC monolith (ACM) and a metal-organic framework. The adsorption capacities for SF₆ and nitrogen (N₂) are measured gravimetrically at three temperatures: 283.15, 303.15, and 323.15 K. The experimental data are fitted using the Toth model, and the impact of temperature and pressure on the adsorption performance is analyzed. The order of SF₆ adsorption capacity is: ACM > CS-ZnCl₂ > Fe-BTC > CS-CO₂, reflecting dependence on surface area. Selectivity for SF₆/N₂ separation is evaluated using Ideal Adsorbed Solution Theory, with ACM exhibiting the highest adsorption capacity due to its selective separation properties. These findings contribute to the understanding and selection of efficient adsorbent materials for SF₆ separation and recovery, providing valuable insights for their future implementation in industrial gas treatment and environmental management applications.

Cyclodextrin is a typical macrocyclic molecule that can recognize and bind numerous guest molecules with specific structure and functional groups. The cyclodextrin-based supramolecular nanostructures, characterized by well-defined, ordered, compact, and regular molecular arrangements, are widely utilized in drug delivery, sensing, and light-harvesting systems. Their unique physicochemical properties have further expanded the scope of research in both biophysics and chemistry. In this review, we provide an overview of the concepts and applications of cyclodextrin-based supramolecular nanostructures, with a focus on their relevance to biochemistry and chemistry.

Developing systems that facilitate the conversion of solar energy into fuel by reducing carbon dioxide and producing hydrogen could bridge the gap between production and consumption. In this work, a new method to study the reaction intermediates of carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO₂RR) and hydrogen elimination reaction (HER) catalyzed by Cobalt(III) catalysts with high photocatalytic activity in a water/acetonitrile solvent system is proposed. The optimization of the cobalt catalysts ([Co(acac)(bpy)(N₃)₂].H₂O 1, [Co(acac)(en)(N₃)₂] 2 and [Co(acac)(2-pic)(N₃)₂] 3) for photocatalytic activities in visible light irradiation (>420 nm) is performed by varying solvents systems (v/v) (CH₃COCH₃/H₂O, CH₃CN/H₂O, DMF/H₂O, EtOH/H₂O and H₂O), sacrificial electron donors (1-benzyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide (BNAH), diethanolamine (DEOA), triethylamine (TEA), and triethanolamine (TEOA), photosensitizers (Eosin Y, Erythrosin B, Fluorescein (Fl), Rose Bengal, Rhodamine-B, and Ru(bpy)₃ (Ru)), pH (7–12.5) and different catalyst concentrations (0–2 mM). The arrangement around the Cobalt(III) ion is an octahedral coordination geometry. A combination of experimental characterization and density functional theory (DFT) is used to identify the mechanism of the photocatalytic CO₂ reduction reaction. DFT calculations and experimental results for the photocatalytic activity of the catalysts 1–3 reveal the involvement of multi-electron metal-ligand exchange coupling in promoting CO₂RR and HER, and provide a starting point for the integration of these strategies into catalyst design.

Cyanines comprise a diverse group of small-molecule polymethine dyes combining tunable optical properties with high molar absorptivity and fluorescence emission quantum yield, enabling various applications in bioimaging, diagnostics, molecular electronics, photonics, and nonlinear optics. These applications can be facilitated by adjusting the length of their polymethine chain and their functionalization through their end groups or the polymethine chain. Yet, the latter approach remains largely unexplored, with limited information scattered throughout literature. This review focuses on cyanines substituted on their chain, covering their synthesis, properties, and applications and providing an overview of how substituents on their polymethine chain influences their spectroscopic properties, akin to other factors, such as polymethine length and end groups. Lastly, this review illustrates how substituents on the polymethine chain facilitate the application of cyanine dyes in promising research areas.

Multifunctional materials that exhibit both photoluminescence (PL) and liquid-crystalline (LC) properties, referred to as photoluminescent liquid crystals (PLLCs), have garnered considerable interest for applications in fluorescent thermometers and thermosensors. This interest is attributable to their reversible fluorescence switching behavior, driven by aggregated structural changes associated with phase transitions upon heating and cooling. The research group has developed various PLLCs by incorporating fluorescent π-conjugated mesogens into donor–π–acceptor (D–π–A)-type fluorinated tolanes, functionalized with a range of electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups (EWGs) at the molecular terminal positions. This article introduces a novel class of D–π–A-type fluorinated tolanes featuring an imidazole ring, which functions as an EWG with both steric and electronic effects. These compounds exhibit distinct phase transition behaviors and photophysical properties depending on the chain length of the flexible alkoxy units. Furthermore, for compounds exhibiting any LC phase, the PL behavior in the mesophase is evaluated. The results reveal that phase transitions lead to changes in both the fluorescence wavelength and intensity. These findings demonstrate that nitrogen-containing heterocycles, such as imidazole, are effective EWG units with both steric and electronic contributions. As such, they hold promise for the design of PLLCs for use in PL sensing materials.

This work is devoted to the synthesis, the characterization, and the evaluation of hydroxyapatite-supported ruthenium catalysts, with or without Ba and/or Cs promotion. Thus, a series of catalysts containing Ru, Cs, and Ba was synthesized by the incipient wetness impregnation method. Such catalysts are characterized by different physicochemical methods, providing insights into their properties. These catalysts are evaluated in the ammonia synthesis reaction at 350–500 °C and 10–25 bar. Sample 1Ru/hydroxiapatite (HAP), without promoter, shows a negligible catalytic activity, due to the formation of large Ru nanoparticles, which are not favorable for the formation of ammonia. On the other hand, the addition of Cs and Ba improves the catalytic performance, and Ba is found to be better than Cs. The pretreatment of the barium-containing catalysts under Ar flow at 600 °C is also found to be crucial for the decomposition of barium nitrate into barium oxide, thereby enhancing catalytic activity.