Pub Date : 2026-05-15Epub Date: 2026-01-30DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2026.121235
Yu-Tien Hsu , Zhiqian Song , Ester Villalogna-Olives , Bridgette M. Rice , Tamara Taggart , David R. Williams , Yusuf Ransome
Purpose
We examined how multiple dimensions of social connectedness are associated with psychological distress among Black American adults in Milwaukee, WI, USA.
Methods
The sample included 897 Black adults from (MIDUS 3, 2016–2017: n = 389; and MIDUS Refresher, 2012–2013: n = 508). Social connectedness measures included neighborhood cohesion, family/friend support and strain, contribution to community, social contribution (beliefs about one's value to society), and social integration (sense of belonging). Psychological distress was measured using the Kessler-6 Scale (range 0–24) as a continuous outcome. Three serial multiple linear regression models tested associations: Model 1 (unadjusted; included only social connectedness measures), Model 2 (adjusted for demographics and health), and Model 3 (fully adjusted for demographics, health, socioeconomic factors, and spirituality).
Results
After adjusting for all covariates in the fully adjusted model, three dimensions of social connectedness were significantly associated with lower psychological distress scores: neighborhood social cohesion (β = −0.74, 95% CI = -1.09 to − 0.39, p < 0.001), support from family (β = −0.62, 95% CI = -1.17 to − 0.07, p = 0.028), and social contribution (β = −0.68, 95% CI = -1.23 to − 0.12, p = 0.018). These associations remained significant across all three progressive models. Other social connectedness dimensions were not significantly associated with psychological distress.
Conclusions
Neighborhood social cohesion, family support, and beliefs about contributing meaningfully to society were associated with lower psychological distress among Black adults in Milwaukee. These findings highlight the multifaceted nature of social connectedness and suggest that interventions targeting these specific dimensions may help reduce psychological distress in this population.
目的：我们研究了在美国密尔沃基的美国黑人成年人中，社会联系的多个维度是如何与心理困扰相关的。方法：样本包括来自MIDUS 3, 2016-2017: n = 389;MIDUS Refresher, 2012-2013: n = 508)的897名黑人成人。社会连通性的衡量标准包括邻里凝聚力、家庭/朋友的支持和压力、对社区的贡献、社会贡献（个人对社会价值的信念）和社会融合（归属感）。使用Kessler-6量表（范围0-24）作为连续结果来测量心理困扰。三个系列多元线性回归模型检验了相关性：模型1（未经调整；仅包括社会联系措施），模型2（调整了人口统计学和健康），模型3（完全调整了人口统计学，健康，社会经济因素和精神）。结果：在完全调整模型中调整所有协变量后，社会联系的三个维度与较低的心理困扰得分显著相关：社区社会凝聚力（β = -0.74,95% CI = -1.09至 - 0.39,p ）结论：密尔沃基黑人成年人的社区社会凝聚力、家庭支持和对社会做出有意义贡献的信念与较低的心理困扰有关。这些发现强调了社会联系的多面性，并表明针对这些特定维度的干预可能有助于减少这一人群的心理困扰。
{"title":"Social connectedness dimensions are associated with lower psychological distress among middle-aged Black Americans","authors":"Yu-Tien Hsu , Zhiqian Song , Ester Villalogna-Olives , Bridgette M. Rice , Tamara Taggart , David R. Williams , Yusuf Ransome","doi":"10.1016/j.jad.2026.121235","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jad.2026.121235","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>We examined how multiple dimensions of social connectedness are associated with psychological distress among Black American adults in Milwaukee, WI, USA.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The sample included 897 Black adults from (MIDUS 3, 2016–2017: <em>n</em> = 389; and MIDUS Refresher, 2012–2013: <em>n</em> = 508). Social connectedness measures included neighborhood cohesion, family/friend support and strain, contribution to community, social contribution (beliefs about one's value to society), and social integration (sense of belonging). Psychological distress was measured using the Kessler-6 Scale (range 0–24) as a continuous outcome. Three serial multiple linear regression models tested associations: Model 1 (unadjusted; included only social connectedness measures), Model 2 (adjusted for demographics and health), and Model 3 (fully adjusted for demographics, health, socioeconomic factors, and spirituality).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>After adjusting for all covariates in the fully adjusted model, three dimensions of social connectedness were significantly associated with lower psychological distress scores: neighborhood social cohesion (β = −0.74, 95% CI = -1.09 to − 0.39, <em>p</em> < 0.001), support from family (β = −0.62, 95% CI = -1.17 to − 0.07, <em>p</em> = 0.028), and social contribution (β = −0.68, 95% CI = -1.23 to − 0.12, <em>p</em> = 0.018). These associations remained significant across all three progressive models. Other social connectedness dimensions were not significantly associated with psychological distress.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Neighborhood social cohesion, family support, and beliefs about contributing meaningfully to society were associated with lower psychological distress among Black adults in Milwaukee. These findings highlight the multifaceted nature of social connectedness and suggest that interventions targeting these specific dimensions may help reduce psychological distress in this population.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14963,"journal":{"name":"Journal of affective disorders","volume":"401 ","pages":"Article 121235"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146099879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-05-15Epub Date: 2026-01-29DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2026.121258
Ruoyun Cao , Xinyu Xu , Huimin Chen , Hongpeng Sun , Chaoyang Yan
Background
Identify the influencing factors that respectively affect the differences in cognitive function trajectories between China and the United States, and explore the reasons for gender and transnational differences.
Methods
Five waves of data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) and the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) were utilized, and Latent Class Growth Models (LCGMs) was employed to identify cognitive trajectories. The optimal machine learning (ML) model was adopted and the Boruta algorithm was used to screen the variables. The SHAP value is used to explain the ranking of feature importance.
Results
The XGBoost model performs best among the six ML models. Education was the top influencing factor across groups. Family factors mattered more in China, while U.S. medical and endowment insurance had stronger effects. Men were more affected by external social networks; women were influenced by family responsibilities and community environments.
Conclusion
Differences were linked to public services, social roles, and traditional culture. These results support the development of tailored interventions targeting gender-specific and culture pathways at the individual, family, society and community levels, offering actionable insights for promoting cognitive health in aging populations globally.
{"title":"Sex differences in cognitive function trajectories and influencing factors in older adults: A machine learning study based on CHARLS and HRS","authors":"Ruoyun Cao , Xinyu Xu , Huimin Chen , Hongpeng Sun , Chaoyang Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.jad.2026.121258","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jad.2026.121258","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Identify the influencing factors that respectively affect the differences in cognitive function trajectories between China and the United States, and explore the reasons for gender and transnational differences.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Five waves of data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) and the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) were utilized, and Latent Class Growth Models (LCGMs) was employed to identify cognitive trajectories. The optimal machine learning (ML) model was adopted and the Boruta algorithm was used to screen the variables. The SHAP value is used to explain the ranking of feature importance.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The XGBoost model performs best among the six ML models. Education was the top influencing factor across groups. Family factors mattered more in China, while U.S. medical and endowment insurance had stronger effects. Men were more affected by external social networks; women were influenced by family responsibilities and community environments.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Differences were linked to public services, social roles, and traditional culture. These results support the development of tailored interventions targeting gender-specific and culture pathways at the individual, family, society and community levels, offering actionable insights for promoting cognitive health in aging populations globally.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14963,"journal":{"name":"Journal of affective disorders","volume":"401 ","pages":"Article 121258"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146096962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-05-15Epub Date: 2026-01-23DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2026.121231
Hetong Ma , Xin Gao , Haoran Chen , Jiayang Wang , Zhaoxue Yin , Xiaochang Zhang , Xiaolei Zhu , Zhen Guo , Jianqiang Lai , Jiao Li
Background
The combined associations of nocturnal sleep duration and depressive symptoms with older adults' cognitive function (assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination, MMSE) remain undercharacterized, with unclear mechanistic pathways and sleep duration-cognition non-linear relationships. This study explored the independent, joint, and mediated associations of depressive symptoms (measured via the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale, GDS-15) and self-reported nocturnal sleep duration with cognitive function/impairment (MMSE <24) in community-dwelling older Chinese adults.
Methods
Data came from the 2019 HAELAS baseline (4145 adults ≥65 years). A three-stage analysis was used: 1) restricted cubic spline (RCS) for non-linear associations of sleep duration/depressive score with MMSE; 2) multivariable logistic regression for independent/joint associations with cognitive impairment; 3) 4-way decomposition for mediated pathways, stratified by sleep-cognition U-shaped inflection point.
Results
Of 4145 participants, 28.0% (n = 1160) had cognitive impairment and 24.92% (n = 1033) had depressive symptoms. Independent associations: GDS-15 score per 1-point increase raised cognitive impairment risk by 10.5% (adjusted OR = 1.105, 95% CI:1.079–1.131, P < 0.001); RCS showed a sleep-cognition U-shape (P < 0.001), with short sleepers (<6 h/night) having 27.4% higher risk vs. normal sleepers (6–7.9 h/night, OR = 1.274, P < 0.05) and long sleepers (≥8 h/night) also showing significant association. Joint associations: All 6 subgroups (depression × sleep) had higher ORs vs. reference (non-depressed +6–7.9 h/night), with Group F (depressed + ≥8 h/night) having the highest risk (OR = 2.62). Mediation: Stratified by sleep inflection (7 h), for sleep ≤7 h, extending sleep exerted a protective total effect on cognition (37.91% indirectly mediated by reduced depressive symptoms, 62.06% direct protective effect), while for sleep >7 h, longer sleep showed a harmful total effect on cognition (mainly driven by direct effect, with depressive symptoms no longer serving as a meaningful mediator). Depressive symptoms exerted a harmful effect on cognition primarily through direct effect, with sleep duration playing a negligible mediating role across both sleep strata.
Conclusions
This study clarifies the sleep-depression-cognition interplay in older Chinese adults, providing an empirical basis for targeted interventions (optimizing sleep to 6–7.9 h/night, alleviating depression) to reduce cognitive impairment risk.
{"title":"Depressive symptoms status and nighttime sleep duration in relation to cognitive performance in Chinese elderly: Insights from a large cross-sectional inquiry","authors":"Hetong Ma , Xin Gao , Haoran Chen , Jiayang Wang , Zhaoxue Yin , Xiaochang Zhang , Xiaolei Zhu , Zhen Guo , Jianqiang Lai , Jiao Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jad.2026.121231","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jad.2026.121231","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The combined associations of nocturnal sleep duration and depressive symptoms with older adults' cognitive function (assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination, MMSE) remain undercharacterized, with unclear mechanistic pathways and sleep duration-cognition non-linear relationships. This study explored the independent, joint, and mediated associations of depressive symptoms (measured via the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale, GDS-15) and self-reported nocturnal sleep duration with cognitive function/impairment (MMSE <24) in community-dwelling older Chinese adults.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Data came from the 2019 HAELAS baseline (4145 adults ≥65 years). A three-stage analysis was used: 1) restricted cubic spline (RCS) for non-linear associations of sleep duration/depressive score with MMSE; 2) multivariable logistic regression for independent/joint associations with cognitive impairment; 3) 4-way decomposition for mediated pathways, stratified by sleep-cognition U-shaped inflection point.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Of 4145 participants, 28.0% (<em>n</em> = 1160) had cognitive impairment and 24.92% (<em>n</em> = 1033) had depressive symptoms. Independent associations: GDS-15 score per 1-point increase raised cognitive impairment risk by 10.5% (adjusted OR = 1.105, 95% CI:1.079–1.131, <em>P</em> < 0.001); RCS showed a sleep-cognition U-shape (<em>P</em> < 0.001), with short sleepers (<6 h/night) having 27.4% higher risk vs. normal sleepers (6–7.9 h/night, OR = 1.274, <em>P</em> < 0.05) and long sleepers (≥8 h/night) also showing significant association. Joint associations: All 6 subgroups (depression × sleep) had higher ORs vs. reference (non-depressed +6–7.9 h/night), with Group F (depressed + ≥8 h/night) having the highest risk (OR = 2.62). Mediation: Stratified by sleep inflection (7 h), for sleep ≤7 h, extending sleep exerted a protective total effect on cognition (37.91% indirectly mediated by reduced depressive symptoms, 62.06% direct protective effect), while for sleep >7 h, longer sleep showed a harmful total effect on cognition (mainly driven by direct effect, with depressive symptoms no longer serving as a meaningful mediator). Depressive symptoms exerted a harmful effect on cognition primarily through direct effect, with sleep duration playing a negligible mediating role across both sleep strata.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This study clarifies the sleep-depression-cognition interplay in older Chinese adults, providing an empirical basis for targeted interventions (optimizing sleep to 6–7.9 h/night, alleviating depression) to reduce cognitive impairment risk.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14963,"journal":{"name":"Journal of affective disorders","volume":"401 ","pages":"Article 121231"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146046622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-05-15Epub Date: 2026-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2026.121246
Alex Gough , Alice Sitch , Tom Marshall
Depression symptom measurement instruments such as PHQ-9, HADS and BDI are used to aid in the diagnosis and management of depression. Variation in within-individual depression symptom measurements may affect their clinical utility but estimates of this variation are currently almost non-existent.
Data on PHQ-9, HADS and BDI results and sociodemographic, lifestyle and comorbidity covariates were extracted from the CPRD database. A minimum of four measurements in the same individual was the only inclusion criterion. Within-individual measured variation was calculated as a coefficient of variation (CV) using a linear regression random effects model.
Results
195,171 participants had at least four measures of PHQ-9 after impossible values were excluded. For HADS, this figure was 8231 participants and for BDI 215, making this by far the largest study of variation of depression symptom measurement instruments to date. The overall total coefficient of variation (CVT) (95% confidence interval) was 0.412 (0.411 to 0.413) for PHQ-9, 0.370 (0.365 to 0.374) for HADS and 0.763 (0.701 to 0.826) for BDI. In contrast to studies of variation of other tests, variation decreased with increased mean patient score (i.e. variation decreased with worsening disease severity).
Estimated within-individual variation in this analysis of real-world data is very high and has not previously been reported. Variation decreases with patient mean score. The high within-individual variation of depression measurement instruments and the higher estimated variation in less severely affected patients have important implications for the diagnosis, monitoring and clinical decision-making for depression.
{"title":"Within-individual variation of depression symptom measurement instruments in primary care: a retrospective cohort study","authors":"Alex Gough , Alice Sitch , Tom Marshall","doi":"10.1016/j.jad.2026.121246","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jad.2026.121246","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Depression symptom measurement instruments such as PHQ-9, HADS and BDI are used to aid in the diagnosis and management of depression. Variation in within-individual depression symptom measurements may affect their clinical utility but estimates of this variation are currently almost non-existent.</div><div>Data on PHQ-9, HADS and BDI results and sociodemographic, lifestyle and comorbidity covariates were extracted from the CPRD database. A minimum of four measurements in the same individual was the only inclusion criterion. Within-individual measured variation was calculated as a coefficient of variation (CV) using a linear regression random effects model.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>195,171 participants had at least four measures of PHQ-9 after impossible values were excluded. For HADS, this figure was 8231 participants and for BDI 215, making this by far the largest study of variation of depression symptom measurement instruments to date. The overall total coefficient of variation (CV<sub>T)</sub> (95% confidence interval) was 0.412 (0.411 to 0.413) for PHQ-9, 0.370 (0.365 to 0.374) for HADS and 0.763 (0.701 to 0.826) for BDI. In contrast to studies of variation of other tests, variation decreased with increased mean patient score (i.e. variation decreased with worsening disease severity).</div><div>Estimated within-individual variation in this analysis of real-world data is very high and has not previously been reported. Variation decreases with patient mean score. The high within-individual variation of depression measurement instruments and the higher estimated variation in less severely affected patients have important implications for the diagnosis, monitoring and clinical decision-making for depression.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14963,"journal":{"name":"Journal of affective disorders","volume":"401 ","pages":"Article 121246"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146113025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-05-15Epub Date: 2026-02-02DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2026.121260
Heng Shao , Zhimin Mao , Zhong Zhao , Yingjie Yang , Yali Huang , Shusen Wang , Huiling Guo , Yan Huang , Yifei Zhang , Qisen Qin , Jingmei Zhong , Dandan Li
Purpose
This study aims to characterize differences during fine-motor execution between late-life depression (LLD) and healthy control (HC) older adults, and to evaluate the feasibility and robustness of classification models based on cluster-derived features.
Methods
We enrolled 95 individuals in 2024 at The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province (LLD, n = 58; HC, n = 37). Participants wore AX6 triaxial accelerometers on both wrists (100 Hz) and completed four Purdue Pegboard subtests and the Clock Drawing Test. Preprocessing included three-axis standardization, computation of signal vector magnitude (SVM), sliding-window segmentation, principal component analysis, and Gaussian mixture model clustering.
Results
On scales, HAMD-17 was significantly higher in LLD than HC, and MMSE also differed. LLD performed worse than HC on all four Purdue Pegboard subtests with significant differences, while the raw Clock Drawing score was not significant. Task-level comparisons of “pattern composition” were significant across all five tasks (Purdue subtests p = 0.001 each; Clock Drawing test p = 0.010). Of 50 clusterwise comparisons, 31 showed significant between-group differences with replication across tasks. Classification performance was as follows: Lasso–logistic, accuracy 0.89 (95% CI 0.81–0.95), sensitivity 0.81, specificity 0.95, AUC 0.95; XGBoost, accuracy 0.89 (95% CI 0.81–0.95), sensitivity 0.91, specificity 0.89, AUC 0.94. Overall, LLD more often exhibited intermittent, higher-peak, rhythm-unstable kinematic patterns during task execution.
Conclusions
Wrist-worn accelerometry combined with standardized fine-motor tasks can distill interpretable, reproducible “motor pattern fingerprints,” objectively delineating differences between LLD and HC in rhythmic organization and motor stability.
目的：本研究旨在表征老年抑郁症（LLD）和健康对照组（HC）老年人精细运动执行的差异，并评估基于聚类衍生特征的分类模型的可行性和鲁棒性。方法：于2024年在云南省第一人民医院招募95例患者（LLD, n = 58；HC, n = 37）。参与者在两只手腕上都佩戴了AX6三轴加速度计（100 Hz），并完成了四个普渡钉板子测试和时钟绘制测试。预处理包括三轴标准化、信号矢量大小（SVM）计算、滑动窗口分割、主成分分析和高斯混合模型聚类。结果：在量表上，LLD的HAMD-17明显高于HC， MMSE也有差异。LLD在所有四项Purdue Pegboard子测试中表现都比HC差，差异显著，而原始时钟绘图评分不显著。“模式组成”的任务水平比较在所有五个任务中都是显著的（Purdue子测试p = 0.001每个；时钟绘制测试p = 0.010）。在50个集群比较中，有31个显示了组间的显著差异。分类表现如下：Lasso-logistic，准确率0.89 (95% CI 0.81 ~ 0.95)，敏感性0.81，特异性0.95,AUC 0.95；XGBoost，准确度0.89 (95% CI 0.81-0.95)，灵敏度0.91，特异性0.89,AUC 0.94。总的来说，LLD在任务执行过程中更经常表现出间歇性、峰值高、节奏不稳定的运动模式。结论：腕带加速度测量结合标准化精细运动任务可以提取可解释、可重复的“运动模式指纹”，客观地描述LLD和HC在节奏组织和运动稳定性方面的差异。
{"title":"Quantifying motor pattern composition in late-life depression with wearable accelerometry and standardized fine-motor assessment","authors":"Heng Shao , Zhimin Mao , Zhong Zhao , Yingjie Yang , Yali Huang , Shusen Wang , Huiling Guo , Yan Huang , Yifei Zhang , Qisen Qin , Jingmei Zhong , Dandan Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jad.2026.121260","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jad.2026.121260","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>This study aims to characterize differences during fine-motor execution between late-life depression (LLD) and healthy control (HC) older adults, and to evaluate the feasibility and robustness of classification models based on cluster-derived features.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We enrolled 95 individuals in 2024 at The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province (LLD, <em>n</em> = 58; HC, <em>n</em> = 37). Participants wore AX6 triaxial accelerometers on both wrists (100 Hz) and completed four Purdue Pegboard subtests and the Clock Drawing Test. Preprocessing included three-axis standardization, computation of signal vector magnitude (SVM), sliding-window segmentation, principal component analysis, and Gaussian mixture model clustering.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>On scales, HAMD-17 was significantly higher in LLD than HC, and MMSE also differed. LLD performed worse than HC on all four Purdue Pegboard subtests with significant differences, while the raw Clock Drawing score was not significant. Task-level comparisons of “pattern composition” were significant across all five tasks (Purdue subtests <em>p</em> = 0.001 each; Clock Drawing test <em>p</em> = 0.010). Of 50 clusterwise comparisons, 31 showed significant between-group differences with replication across tasks. Classification performance was as follows: Lasso–logistic, accuracy 0.89 (95% CI 0.81–0.95), sensitivity 0.81, specificity 0.95, AUC 0.95; XGBoost, accuracy 0.89 (95% CI 0.81–0.95), sensitivity 0.91, specificity 0.89, AUC 0.94. Overall, LLD more often exhibited intermittent, higher-peak, rhythm-unstable kinematic patterns during task execution.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Wrist-worn accelerometry combined with standardized fine-motor tasks can distill interpretable, reproducible “motor pattern fingerprints,” objectively delineating differences between LLD and HC in rhythmic organization and motor stability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14963,"journal":{"name":"Journal of affective disorders","volume":"401 ","pages":"Article 121260"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146119050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-05-15Epub Date: 2026-01-26DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2026.121244
Xiangxin Zhang , Yunyun Liu , Hongyang Li , Feiyu Yuan , Jichao Li , Yanling Shu , Mingyang Wu
Background
How old one feels one's subjective age has been shown to predict important psychological and health outcomes. However, little is known about the role of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and positive childhood experiences (PCEs) in subjective age.
Methods
Subjective age was assessed via self-reported perceived psychological and physiological ages, and subjective aging was defined as the ratio of subjective age to chronological age greater than 1.5. Logistic regression was used to analyze the associations of ACEs and PCEs with subjective aging. Using relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI) as an effect measure, we evaluated whether PCEs moderated ACEs' impact on subjective aging.
Results
Participants had a mean chronological age of 19.3 years, with a mean self-perceived psychological age of 26.9 years and a physiological age of 30.1 years. Most (97.8%) reported PCEs, while 61.5% had ACEs. In adjusted models, those with high ACE exposure (≥5) showed increased odds of subjective physiological aging (OR = 1.976, 95%CI = 1.608–2.429) and a higher likelihood of subjective psychological aging (OR = 2.009, 95%CI = 1.596–2.529) compared to those with an ACE score of 0. Individuals with PCE scores of 10 had lower odds of subjective physiological aging (OR = 0.417, 95%CI = 0.318–0.545) and a lower likelihood of subjective psychological aging (OR = 0.586, 95%CI = 0.441–0.779) than those with lower PCE scores (0–4). Additionally, the effect of high ACE levels on subjective physiological aging was significantly increased by low PCE levels (RERI [95%CI]:3.900 [1.059–6.741]).
Conclusions
ACEs significantly increased the risk of subjective aging. PCEs significantly buffered ACEs' impact, revealing their protective role in aging perceptions.
{"title":"Association of adverse and positive childhood experiences with subjective age: findings from 5759 Chinese young adults","authors":"Xiangxin Zhang , Yunyun Liu , Hongyang Li , Feiyu Yuan , Jichao Li , Yanling Shu , Mingyang Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.jad.2026.121244","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jad.2026.121244","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>How old one feels one's subjective age has been shown to predict important psychological and health outcomes. However, little is known about the role of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and positive childhood experiences (PCEs) in subjective age.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Subjective age was assessed via self-reported perceived psychological and physiological ages, and subjective aging was defined as the ratio of subjective age to chronological age greater than 1.5. Logistic regression was used to analyze the associations of ACEs and PCEs with subjective aging. Using relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI) as an effect measure, we evaluated whether PCEs moderated ACEs' impact on subjective aging.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Participants had a mean chronological age of 19.3 years, with a mean self-perceived psychological age of 26.9 years and a physiological age of 30.1 years. Most (97.8%) reported PCEs, while 61.5% had ACEs. In adjusted models, those with high ACE exposure (≥5) showed increased odds of subjective physiological aging (OR = 1.976, <em>95%CI</em> = 1.608–2.429) and a higher likelihood of subjective psychological aging (OR = 2.009, <em>95%CI</em> = 1.596–2.529) compared to those with an ACE score of 0. Individuals with PCE scores of 10 had lower odds of subjective physiological aging (OR = 0.417, <em>95%CI</em> = 0.318–0.545) and a lower likelihood of subjective psychological aging (OR = 0.586, <em>95%CI</em> = 0.441–0.779) than those with lower PCE scores (0–4). Additionally, the effect of high ACE levels on subjective physiological aging was significantly increased by low PCE levels (RERI [95%CI]:3.900 [1.059–6.741]).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>ACEs significantly increased the risk of subjective aging. PCEs significantly buffered ACEs' impact, revealing their protective role in aging perceptions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14963,"journal":{"name":"Journal of affective disorders","volume":"401 ","pages":"Article 121244"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-05-15Epub Date: 2026-01-27DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2026.121251
He Wang , Yongcheng Ren , Shaolong Zhou , Jiahe Chen , Dong Ding , Shuaixing Song
Background
Depression and chronic pain are major global health challenges, bidirectionally associated and significantly increasing chronic disease risk. This study aimed to systematically investigate the complex interplay, joint effects, and mediation mechanisms among depression, pain, and seven major chronic conditions.
Methods
This population-based, multinational cohort study analyzed longitudinal data from a large number of adults aged 45 years and older across five major cohorts: the Health and Retirement Study, the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, and the Mexican Health and Aging Study. Depression was assessed by CES-D/Euro-D, and pain and chronic conditions by self-report.
Results
Participants averaged 60.62 years of age, with 28% reporting baseline depressive symptoms and approximately 36% reporting pain. Both baseline depression and pain significantly increased the incidence risk of all seven chronic diseases. Crucially, their co-occurrence amplified this risk substantially, with respiratory diseases showing an HR of 2.42 and arthritis an HR of 2.28. Causal mediation analysis revealed bidirectional roles: pain significantly mediated the association between depression and arthritis, with 56.6% mediation observed for arthritis. Meanwhile, depression mediated the association between pain and diabetes/hypertension, with 42.5% mediation observed for diabetes.
Conclusion
This study identifies strong associations and bidirectional mediating roles between depression, pain, and chronic disease risk, with their co-occurrence markedly increasing vulnerability. These findings highlight the importance of early detection and integrated management of depression and pain to help reduce the onset of chronic diseases.
{"title":"Depression, pain, and seven chronic diseases in middle-aged and older adults: Findings from five prospective cohort studies","authors":"He Wang , Yongcheng Ren , Shaolong Zhou , Jiahe Chen , Dong Ding , Shuaixing Song","doi":"10.1016/j.jad.2026.121251","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jad.2026.121251","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Depression and chronic pain are major global health challenges, bidirectionally associated and significantly increasing chronic disease risk. This study aimed to systematically investigate the complex interplay, joint effects, and mediation mechanisms among depression, pain, and seven major chronic conditions.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This population-based, multinational cohort study analyzed longitudinal data from a large number of adults aged 45 years and older across five major cohorts: the Health and Retirement Study, the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, and the Mexican Health and Aging Study. Depression was assessed by CES-D/Euro-D, and pain and chronic conditions by self-report.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Participants averaged 60.62 years of age, with 28% reporting baseline depressive symptoms and approximately 36% reporting pain. Both baseline depression and pain significantly increased the incidence risk of all seven chronic diseases. Crucially, their co-occurrence amplified this risk substantially, with respiratory diseases showing an HR of 2.42 and arthritis an HR of 2.28. Causal mediation analysis revealed bidirectional roles: pain significantly mediated the association between depression and arthritis, with 56.6% mediation observed for arthritis. Meanwhile, depression mediated the association between pain and diabetes/hypertension, with 42.5% mediation observed for diabetes.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study identifies strong associations and bidirectional mediating roles between depression, pain, and chronic disease risk, with their co-occurrence markedly increasing vulnerability. These findings highlight the importance of early detection and integrated management of depression and pain to help reduce the onset of chronic diseases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14963,"journal":{"name":"Journal of affective disorders","volume":"401 ","pages":"Article 121251"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-05-15Epub Date: 2026-01-30DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2026.121238
Hongtao You , Chaojuan Huang , Ligang Fan , Xingliang Feng , Yuyang Zhang , Naiyuan Shao
Background
Lung function has been increasingly linked to brain health, prompting investigation into the causal relationships between lung function and brain structures. This study employs Mendelian Randomization (MR) to explore these causal relationships, leveraging genetic variants as proxies to predict the effects of lung function on brain cortical and subcortical structures.
Methods
We conducted univariable and multivariable MR analyses using GWAS summary statistics for lung function (FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC) and brain structures from the UK Biobank and ENIGMA consortium. Our analyses included five MR methods—IVW, MR-Egger, weighted median, weighted mode, and simple mode—to ensure robust causal inference. Multivariable MR (MVMR) analyses were performed to adjust for potential confounders. Sensitivity analyses were performed to confirm the stability of our results, and we applied Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons.
Results
The univariable MR analysis revealed significant associations between lung function and brain structures. Higher FEV1 was associated with increased global cortical surface area (β = 4428.037, SE = 610.453, p = 4.056E-13), higher FVC with increased global cortical surface area (β = 3650.674, SE = 576.736, p = 2.453E-10), and higher FEV1/FVC with increased paracentral surface area (β = 13.076, SE = 3.538, p = 2.193E-04). FVC was similarly associated with increased parsopercularis thickness (β = 0.013, SE = 0.003, p = 1.160E-04). Significant associations persisted in subcortical regions, with higher FEV1 and FVC linked to increased brainstem volume (FEV1: β = 0.226, SE = 0.049, p = 3.617E-06; FVC: β = 0.203, SE = 0.044, p = 4.158E-06). Multivariable MR confirmed these associations, even after adjusting for smoking, education, socioeconomic status, and physical activity. Significant associations persisted in cortical surface area, with higher FVC linked to increased global cortical surface area, and increased paracentral surface area for FEV1/FVC. Sensitivity and pleiotropy analyses indicated no significant heterogeneity or horizontal pleiotropy, confirming the robustness of the results.
Conclusion
Our study provides robust evidence of a causal relationship between lung function and brain structure, emphasizing the protective effects of better respiratory health on brain integrity.
{"title":"Causal effects of lung function on brain cortical and subcortical structure: a two-sample univariable and multivariable Mendelian Randomization study","authors":"Hongtao You , Chaojuan Huang , Ligang Fan , Xingliang Feng , Yuyang Zhang , Naiyuan Shao","doi":"10.1016/j.jad.2026.121238","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jad.2026.121238","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Lung function has been increasingly linked to brain health, prompting investigation into the causal relationships between lung function and brain structures. This study employs Mendelian Randomization (MR) to explore these causal relationships, leveraging genetic variants as proxies to predict the effects of lung function on brain cortical and subcortical structures.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We conducted univariable and multivariable MR analyses using GWAS summary statistics for lung function (FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC) and brain structures from the UK Biobank and ENIGMA consortium. Our analyses included five MR methods—IVW, MR-Egger, weighted median, weighted mode, and simple mode—to ensure robust causal inference. Multivariable MR (MVMR) analyses were performed to adjust for potential confounders. Sensitivity analyses were performed to confirm the stability of our results, and we applied Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The univariable MR analysis revealed significant associations between lung function and brain structures. Higher FEV1 was associated with increased global cortical surface area (β = 4428.037, SE = 610.453, <em>p</em> = 4.056E-13), higher FVC with increased global cortical surface area (β = 3650.674, SE = 576.736, <em>p</em> = 2.453E-10), and higher FEV1/FVC with increased paracentral surface area (β = 13.076, SE = 3.538, <em>p</em> = 2.193E-04). FVC was similarly associated with increased parsopercularis thickness (β = 0.013, SE = 0.003, <em>p</em> = 1.160E-04). Significant associations persisted in subcortical regions, with higher FEV1 and FVC linked to increased brainstem volume (FEV1: β = 0.226, SE = 0.049, <em>p</em> = 3.617E-06; FVC: β = 0.203, SE = 0.044, <em>p</em> = 4.158E-06). Multivariable MR confirmed these associations, even after adjusting for smoking, education, socioeconomic status, and physical activity. Significant associations persisted in cortical surface area, with higher FVC linked to increased global cortical surface area, and increased paracentral surface area for FEV1/FVC. Sensitivity and pleiotropy analyses indicated no significant heterogeneity or horizontal pleiotropy, confirming the robustness of the results.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Our study provides robust evidence of a causal relationship between lung function and brain structure, emphasizing the protective effects of better respiratory health on brain integrity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14963,"journal":{"name":"Journal of affective disorders","volume":"401 ","pages":"Article 121238"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146100219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-05-15Epub Date: 2026-01-27DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2026.121277
Yong Guo , Xinxue Gao , Jiayi Liu , Qinge Shen , Xiuzhen Jia , Hongyong Zhang , Yang Wu , Wu Li , Huimin Gao , Cong Zhou , Jingjing Zhou , Fujian Chen , Jian Cui
Background
Previous studies have reported alterations in gray matter volume (GMV) in patients with Somatic Symptom Disorder (SSD), but the specific characteristics of cortical morphology and brain network organization remain poorly understood. This study aims to investigate cortical structural changes, focusing on cortical thickness (CT) and surface area (SA), and further explore potential disruptions in the structural covariance networks (SCNs) in individuals with SSD.
Methods
High-resolution T1-weighted MRI data were acquired from 50 patients with SSD and 60 healthy controls (HCs), to assess group differences in CT and SA using FreeSurfer. Partial correlation analyses were conducted to explore associations between cortical metrics and clinical variables. SCNs were constructed based on regional morphometric features, and graph theoretical analysis was employed to evaluate network topology.
Results
Compared to HCs, SSD patients showed reduced CT in the left superior frontal gyrus (SFG), left pars triangularis gyrus (PTG), and bilateral rostral middle frontal gyrus (rMFG). Notably, CT in the right rMFG was negatively associated with somatic symptom severity. Graph theoretical analysis of the CT-based SCN revealed increased nodal degree in the right inferior temporal gyrus, along with higher small-worldness index (σ), normalized clustering coefficient (γ), and local efficiency in the right hemisphere. In the SA-based SCN, decreased nodal efficiency was observed in the left middle occipital sulcus and lunate sulcus.
Conclusion
These findings highlight both cortical structural alterations and disrupted SCN organization in SSD. Such abnormalities may serve as potential neuroimaging markers for understanding the neurobiological mechanisms underlying SSD.
{"title":"Cortical morphometric alterations and disrupted structural covariance networks in Somatic Symptom Disorder","authors":"Yong Guo , Xinxue Gao , Jiayi Liu , Qinge Shen , Xiuzhen Jia , Hongyong Zhang , Yang Wu , Wu Li , Huimin Gao , Cong Zhou , Jingjing Zhou , Fujian Chen , Jian Cui","doi":"10.1016/j.jad.2026.121277","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jad.2026.121277","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Previous studies have reported alterations in gray matter volume (GMV) in patients with Somatic Symptom Disorder (SSD), but the specific characteristics of cortical morphology and brain network organization remain poorly understood. This study aims to investigate cortical structural changes, focusing on cortical thickness (CT) and surface area (SA), and further explore potential disruptions in the structural covariance networks (SCNs) in individuals with SSD.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>High-resolution T1-weighted MRI data were acquired from 50 patients with SSD and 60 healthy controls (HCs), to assess group differences in CT and SA using FreeSurfer. Partial correlation analyses were conducted to explore associations between cortical metrics and clinical variables. SCNs were constructed based on regional morphometric features, and graph theoretical analysis was employed to evaluate network topology.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Compared to HCs, SSD patients showed reduced CT in the left superior frontal gyrus (SFG), left pars triangularis gyrus (PTG), and bilateral rostral middle frontal gyrus (rMFG). Notably, CT in the right rMFG was negatively associated with somatic symptom severity. Graph theoretical analysis of the CT-based SCN revealed increased nodal degree in the right inferior temporal gyrus, along with higher small-worldness index (σ), normalized clustering coefficient (γ), and local efficiency in the right hemisphere. In the SA-based SCN, decreased nodal efficiency was observed in the left middle occipital sulcus and lunate sulcus.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>These findings highlight both cortical structural alterations and disrupted SCN organization in SSD. Such abnormalities may serve as potential neuroimaging markers for understanding the neurobiological mechanisms underlying SSD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14963,"journal":{"name":"Journal of affective disorders","volume":"401 ","pages":"Article 121277"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146085762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-05-15Epub Date: 2026-01-26DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2026.121239
Yongqian Wang , Darui Gao , Jie Liang , Mengmeng Ji , Yanyu Zhang , Yang Pan , Wenya Zhang , Zhiren Wang , Fude Yang , Fanfan Zheng , Wuxiang Xie
Background
While smoking and drinking are known to influence cognitive function, the future risk of incident dementia among individuals diagnosed with mental and behavioral disorders due to tobacco use (MBT) and mental and behavioral disorders due to alcohol use (MBA) remains unclear.
Methods
Data were sourced from the UK Biobank, a publicly accessible database in the United Kingdom. The analysis included 362,934 participants free of dementia at baseline. MBT and MBA were identified using ICD-10 codes from first occurrence data in the UK Biobank dataset. Dementia outcomes, defined algorithmically by the UK Biobank, included all-cause dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and vascular dementia. Cox regression models assessed the associations of MBT and MBA with incident dementia.
Results
Among only smoking participants, those with MBT had an adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 1.47 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.10–1.96) for all-cause dementia, compared with non-MBT participants. Among only drinking participants, those with MBA had an adjusted HR of 2.34 (95% CI: 2.05–2.68) for all-cause dementia, compared with non-MBA participants. Among both smoking and drinking participants, those with both MBT and MBA (HR = 3.86, 95% CI: 2.78–5.35), those with only MBT (HR = 1.31, 95% CI: 1.02–1.67), and those with only MBA (HR = 2.46, 1.39–4.35) had a significantly higher risk of incident dementia, compared with non-MBT and non-MBA participants.
Conclusions
Individuals diagnosed with MBT, MBA, or both are associated with a higher likelihood of incident dementia. These findings underscore the need for interventions targeting these behaviors to mitigate the dementia incidence.
{"title":"Associations of mental and behavioral disorders due to tobacco and alcohol use with incident dementia","authors":"Yongqian Wang , Darui Gao , Jie Liang , Mengmeng Ji , Yanyu Zhang , Yang Pan , Wenya Zhang , Zhiren Wang , Fude Yang , Fanfan Zheng , Wuxiang Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.jad.2026.121239","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jad.2026.121239","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>While smoking and drinking are known to influence cognitive function, the future risk of incident dementia among individuals diagnosed with mental and behavioral disorders due to tobacco use (MBT) and mental and behavioral disorders due to alcohol use (MBA) remains unclear.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Data were sourced from the UK Biobank, a publicly accessible database in the United Kingdom. The analysis included 362,934 participants free of dementia at baseline. MBT and MBA were identified using ICD-10 codes from first occurrence data in the UK Biobank dataset. Dementia outcomes, defined algorithmically by the UK Biobank, included all-cause dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and vascular dementia. Cox regression models assessed the associations of MBT and MBA with incident dementia.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Among only smoking participants, those with MBT had an adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 1.47 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.10–1.96) for all-cause dementia, compared with non-MBT participants. Among only drinking participants, those with MBA had an adjusted HR of 2.34 (95% CI: 2.05–2.68) for all-cause dementia, compared with non-MBA participants. Among both smoking and drinking participants, those with both MBT and MBA (HR = 3.86, 95% CI: 2.78–5.35), those with only MBT (HR = 1.31, 95% CI: 1.02–1.67), and those with only MBA (HR = 2.46, 1.39–4.35) had a significantly higher risk of incident dementia, compared with non-MBT and non-MBA participants.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Individuals diagnosed with MBT, MBA, or both are associated with a higher likelihood of incident dementia. These findings underscore the need for interventions targeting these behaviors to mitigate the dementia incidence.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14963,"journal":{"name":"Journal of affective disorders","volume":"401 ","pages":"Article 121239"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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